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Jin X, Piao HR, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen FE. Design of the naphthyl-diarylpyrimidines as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) via structure-based extension into the entrance channel. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113868. [PMID: 34583311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel naphthyl-diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives were designed and synthesized to explore the entrance channel of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors binding pocket (NNIBP) by incorporating different flexible side chains at the C-6 position. The biological evaluation results showed that all analogues possessed promising HIV-1 inhibitory activity at the nanomolar concentration range. Three compounds (7, 9 and 39) displayed excellent potency against WT HIV-1 strain with EC50 values ranging from 5 to 10 nM and high selectivity indexes (SI = 3504, 30488 and 22846, respectively), which were higher than for nevirapine and comparable to the values for etravirine. The RT inhibition activity, preliminary structure-activity relationship and molecular docking study showed that the side chain at the C-6 position of the DAPYs occupied the entrance channel and significantly influenced anti-HIV activity and selectivity. Additionally, the physicochemical properties were investigated to evaluate the drug-like features, which indicated that introducing various substituents on the pyrimidine ring can improve solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Kudalkar SN, Ullah I, Bertoletti N, Mandl HK, Cisneros JA, Beloor J, Chan AH, Quijano E, Saltzman WM, Jorgensen WL, Kumar P, Anderson KS. Structural and pharmacological evaluation of a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor as a promising long acting nanoformulation for treating HIV. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:110-116. [PMID: 31034849 PMCID: PMC6554724 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been proven effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and has significantly improved the health outcomes in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The therapeutic benefits of cART have been challenged because of the toxicity and emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains along with lifelong patient compliance resulting in non-adherence. These issues also hinder the clinical benefits of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), which are one of the vital components of cART for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. In this study, using a computational and structural based drug design approach, we have discovered an effective HIV -1 NNRTI, compound I (Cmpd I) that is very potent in biochemical assays and which targets key residues in the allosteric binding pocket of wild-type (WT)-RT as revealed by structural studies. Furthermore, Cmpd I exhibited very potent antiviral activity in HIV-1 infected T cells, lacked cytotoxicity (therapeutic index >100,000), and no significant off-target effects were noted in pharmacological assays. To address the issue of non-adherence, we developed a long-acting nanoformulation of Cmpd I (Cmpd I-NP) using poly (lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) particles. The pharmacokinetic studies of free and nanoformulated Cmpd I were carried out in BALB/c mice. Intraperitoneal administration of Cmpd I and Cmpd I-NP in BALB/c mice revealed prolonged serum residence time of 48 h and 30 days, respectively. The observed serum concentrations of Cmpd I in both cases were sufficient to provide >97% inhibition in HIV-1 infected T-cells. The significant antiviral activity along with favorable pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of Cmpd I, provide compelling and critical support for its further development as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalley N Kudalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nicole Bertoletti
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Hanna K Mandl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - José A Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert H Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Elias Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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3
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Recent progress in HIV-1 inhibitors targeting the entrance channel of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding pocket. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:277-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Valuev-Elliston VT, Kochetkov SN. Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Combinatorial Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523068 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is one of the most effective means for fighting against HIV-infection. HAART primarily targets HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and 14 of 28 compounds approved by the FDA as anti-HIV drugs act on this enzyme. HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) hold a special place among HIV RT inhibitors owing to their high specificity and unique mode of action. Nonetheless, these drugs show a tendency to decrease their efficacy due to high HIV-1 variability and formation of resistant virus strains tolerant to clinically applied HIV NNRTIs. A combinatorial approach based on varying substituents within various fragments of the parent molecule that results in development of highly potent compounds is one of the approaches aimed at designing novel HIV NNRTIs. Generation of HIV NNRTIs based on pyrimidine derivatives explicitly exemplifies this approach, which is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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5
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From in silico hit to long-acting late-stage preclinical candidate to combat HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E802-E811. [PMID: 29279368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717932115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic affecting over 37 million people worldwide continues, with nearly one-half of the infected population on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Major therapeutic challenges remain because of the emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains, limitations because of safety and toxicity with current HIV-1 drugs, and patient compliance for lifelong, daily treatment regimens. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that target the viral polymerase have been a key component of the current HIV-1 combination drug regimens; however, these issues hamper them. Thus, the development of novel more effective NNRTIs as anti-HIV-1 agents with fewer long-term liabilities, efficacy on new drug-resistant HIV-1 strains, and less frequent dosing is crucial. Using a computational and structure-based design strategy to guide lead optimization, a 5 µM virtual screening hit was transformed to a series of very potent nanomolar to picomolar catechol diethers. One representative, compound I, was shown to have nanomolar activity in HIV-1-infected T cells, potency on clinically relevant HIV-1 drug-resistant strains, lack of cytotoxicity and off-target effects, and excellent in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior. In this report, we show the feasibility of compound I as a late-stage preclinical candidate by establishing synergistic antiviral activity with existing HIV-1 drugs and clinical candidates and efficacy in HIV-1-infected humanized [human peripheral blood lymphocyte (Hu-PBL)] mice by completely suppressing viral loads and preventing human CD4+ T-cell loss. Moreover, a long-acting nanoformulation of compound I [compound I nanoparticle (compound I-NP)] in poly(lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) was developed that shows sustained maintenance of plasma drug concentrations and drug efficacy for almost 3 weeks after a single dose.
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Wei L, Wang HL, Huang L, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH, Xie L. Drug-like property-driven optimization of 4-substituted 1,5-diarylanilines as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against rilpivirine-resistant mutant virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2788-2792. [PMID: 28465101 PMCID: PMC5503476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our prior structure-activity relationship (SAR) results, our current lead optimization of 1,5-diarylanilines (DAANs) focused on the 4-substituent (R1) on the central phenyl ring as a modifiable position related simultaneously to improved drug resistance profiles and drug-like properties. Newly synthesized p-cyanovinyl-DAANs (8a-8g) with different R1 side chains plus prior active p-cyanoethyl-DAANs (4a-4c) were evaluated not only for anti-HIV potency against both wild-type HIV virus and rilpivirine-resistant (E138K, E138K+M184I) viral replication, but also for multiple drug-like properties, including aqueous solubility, lipophilicity, and metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and human plasma. This study revealed that both ester and amide R1 substituents led to low nanomolar anti-HIV potency against wild-type and rilpivirine-resistant viral strains (E138K-resistance fold changes<3). The N-substituted amide-R1 side chains were superior to ester-R1 likely due to improved aqueous solubility, lipophilicity, and higher metabolic stability in vitro. Thus, three amide-DAANs 8e, 4a, and 4b were identified with high potency against wild-type and rilpivirine-resistant viral strains and multiple desirable drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Huang
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lan Xie
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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7
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Kudalkar SN, Beloor J, Chan AH, Lee WG, Jorgensen WL, Kumar P, Anderson KS. Structural and Preclinical Studies of Computationally Designed Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Treating HIV infection. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:383-391. [PMID: 28167742 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) are hindered by their unsatisfactory pharmacokinetic (PK) properties along with the rapid development of drug-resistant variants. However, the clinical efficacy of these inhibitors can be improved by developing compounds with enhanced pharmacological profiles and heightened antiviral activity. We used computational and structure-guided design to develop two next-generation NNRTI drug candidates, compounds I and II, which are members of a class of catechol diethers. We evaluated the preclinical potential of these compounds in BALB/c mice because of their high solubility (510 µg/ml for compound I and 82.9 µg/ml for compound II), low cytotoxicity, and enhanced antiviral activity against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 RT and resistant variants. Additionally, crystal structures of compounds I and II with WT RT suggested an optimal binding to the NNRTI binding pocket favoring the high anti-viral potency. A single intraperitoneal dose of compounds I and II exhibited a prolonged serum residence time of 48 hours and concentration maximum (Cmax) of 4000- to 15,000-fold higher than their therapeutic/effective concentrations. These Cmax values were 4- to 15-fold lower than their cytotoxic concentrations observed in MT-2 cells. Compound II showed an enhanced area under the curve (0-last) and decreased plasma clearance over compound I and efavirenz, the standard of care NNRTI. Hence, the overall (PK) profile of compound II was excellent compared with that of compound I and efavirenz. Furthermore, both compounds were very well tolerated in BALB/c mice without any detectable acute toxicity. Taken together, these data suggest that compounds I and II possess improved anti-HIV-1 potency, remarkable in vivo safety, and prolonged in vivo circulation time, suggesting strong potential for further development as new NNRTIs for the potential treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalley N Kudalkar
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert H Chan
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Won-Gil Lee
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Priti Kumar
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.N.K., A.H.C., K.S.A.), Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (J.B., P.K.), and Chemistry (W.-G.L., W.L.J.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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8
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Huang B, Kang D, Yang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel diarylpyrimidines and diaryltriazines as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs with dramatically improved solubility: a patent evaluation of US20140378443A1. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:281-9. [PMID: 26559996 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diarylpyrimidine and diaryltriazine derivatives, two representative structurally related classes of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with robust potencies against wild-type and several mutant strains of HIV-1, have attracted more and more attention in the last decade. However, they have been suffering from poor aqueous solubility. A series of novel diarylpyrimidines and diaryltriazines with solubilizing substituents attached to the central rings were reported as potent NNRTIs in the patent US20140378443A1. Some compounds exhibited potencies against wild-type HIV-1 which were comparable or even superior to those of dapivirine, etravirine and rilpivirine. In addition, dramatically enhanced solubilities were observed for these new compounds. Moreover, some structure optimization strategies for improving aqueous solubility are detailed in this review, providing new insights into development of next-generation NNRTIs endowed with favorable solubility. We anticipate that application of these strategies will ultimately lead to discovery of new anti-HIV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jiapei Yang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
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Lee WG, Frey KM, Gallardo-Macias R, Spasov KA, Bollini M, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Picomolar Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase: Design and Crystallography of Naphthyl Phenyl Ethers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1259-62. [PMID: 25408842 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol diethers that incorporate a 6-cyano-1-naphthyl substituent have been explored as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). Promising compounds are reported that show midpicomolar activity against the wild-type virus and sub-20 nM activity against viral variants bearing Tyr181Cys and Lys103Asn mutations in HIV-RT. An X-ray crystal structure at 2.49 Å resolution is also reported for the key compound 6e with HIV-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gil Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | | | - Krasimir A. Spasov
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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10
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Liu N, Qin B, Sun LQ, Yu F, Lu L, Jiang S, Lee KH, Xie L. Physicochemical property-driven optimization of diarylaniline compounds as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3719-23. [PMID: 25042339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using physicochemical property-driven optimization, twelve new diarylaniline compounds (DAANs) (7a-h, 11a-b and 12a-b) were designed and synthesized. Among them, compounds 12a-b not only showed high potency (EC50 0.96-4.92 nM) against both wild-type and drug-resistant viral strains with the lowest fold change (FC 0.91 and 5.13), but also displayed acceptable drug-like properties based on aqueous solubility and lipophilicity (LE>0.3, LLE>5, LELP<10). The correlations between potency and physicochemical properties of these DAAN analogues are also described. Compounds 12a-b merit further development as potent clinical trial candidates against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bingjie Qin
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lian-Qi Sun
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lan Xie
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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11
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Wu ZY, Liu N, Qin B, Huang L, Yu F, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Jiang S, Chen CH, Lee KH, Xie L. Optimization of the antiviral potency and lipophilicity of halogenated 2,6-diarylpyridinamines as a novel class of HIV-1 NNRTIS. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1546-55. [PMID: 24895029 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen new halogenated diarylpyridinamine (DAPA) analogues modified at the phenoxy C-ring were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV activity and certain drug-like properties. Ten compounds showed high anti-HIV activity (EC50 <10 nM). In particular, (E)-6-(2''-bromo-4''-cyanovinyl-6''-methoxy)phenoxy-N(2) -(4'-cyanophenyl)pyridin-2,3-diamine (8 c) displayed low-nanomolar antiviral potency (3-7 nM) against wild-type and drug-resistant viral strains bearing the E138K or K101E mutations, which are associated with resistance to rilvipirine (1 b). Compound 8 c exhibited much lower resistance fold changes (RFC: 1.1-2.1) than 1 b (RFC: 11.8-13.0). Compound 8 c also exhibited better metabolic stability (in vitro half-life) than 1 b in human liver microsomes, possessed low lipophilicity (clog D: 3.29; measured log P: 3.31), and had desirable lipophilic efficiency indices (LE>0.3, LLE>5, LELP<10). With balanced potency and drug-like properties, 8 c merits further development as an anti-HIV drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850 (China)
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12
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Mislak AC, Frey KM, Bollini M, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. A mechanistic and structural investigation of modified derivatives of the diaryltriazine class of NNRTIs targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2203-11. [PMID: 24726448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are vital in treating HIV-1 infection by inhibiting reverse transcriptase (RT). Drug toxicity and resistance drive the need for effective new inhibitors with improved physiochemical properties and potent antiviral activity. Computer-aided and structure-based drug design have guided the addition of solubilizing substituents to the diaryltriazine scaffold. These derivatives have markedly improved solubility and maintain low nanomolar antiviral activity against RT. The molecular and structural basis of inhibition for this series was determined to facilitate future inhibitor development with improved pharmacological profiles. METHODS The molecular mechanism of inhibition was investigated using transient-state kinetic analysis. Crystal structures of RT in complex with each inhibitor were obtained to investigate the structural basis of inhibition. RESULTS The diaryltriazine and its morpholine derivative have RT inhibition constants of 9±2nM and 14±4nM, respectively. They adopt differential binding modes within the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket to distort the catalytic site geometry and primer grip regions. The novel morpholinopropoxy substituent extends into the RT/solvent interface of the NNIBP. CONCLUSIONS Kinetic and structural analyses show that these inhibitors behave as conventional NNRTIs and inhibit the polymerization step. This study confirms that appending solubilizing substituents on the azine ring of diaryltriazine class of NNRTIs that extend into the RT/solvent interface effectively maintains low nanomolar potency and improves physiochemical properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The modification of NNRTI scaffolds with solubilizing substituents, which extend into the RT/solvent interface, yields potent antivirals and is an effective strategy for developing novel inhibitors with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Mislak
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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13
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Lee WG, Gallardo-Macias R, Frey KM, Spasov KA, Bollini M, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Picomolar inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase featuring bicyclic replacement of a cyanovinylphenyl group. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16705-13. [PMID: 24151856 PMCID: PMC3877923 DOI: 10.1021/ja408917n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the catechol diether class are highly potent non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). The most active compounds yield EC50 values below 0.5 nM in assays using human T-cells infected by wild-type HIV-1. However, these compounds such as rilpivirine, the most recently FDA-approved NNRTI, bear a cyanovinylphenyl (CVP) group. This is an uncommon substructure in drugs that gives reactivity concerns. In the present work, computer simulations were used to design bicyclic replacements for the CVP group. The predicted viability of a 2-cyanoindolizinyl alternative was confirmed experimentally and provided compounds with 0.4 nM activity against the wild-type virus. The compounds also performed well with EC50 values of 10 nM against the challenging HIV-1 variant that contains the Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutation in the RT enzyme. Indolyl and benzofuranyl analogues were also investigated; the most potent compounds in these cases have EC50 values toward wild-type HIV-1 near 10 nM and high-nanomolar activities toward the double-variant. The structural expectations from the modeling were much enhanced by obtaining an X-ray crystal structure at 2.88 Å resolution for the complex of the parent 2-cyanoindolizine 10b and HIV-1 RT. The aqueous solubilities of the most potent indolizine analogues were also measured to be ~40 μg/mL, which is similar to that for the approved drug efavirenz and ~1000-fold greater than for rilpivirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | | | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
| | - Krasimir A. Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
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14
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Bollini M, Cisneros JA, Spasov KA, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Optimization of diarylazines as anti-HIV agents with dramatically enhanced solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5213-6. [PMID: 23937980 PMCID: PMC3759246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are reported that have ca. 100-fold greater solubility than the structurally related drugs etravirine and rilpivirine, while retaining high anti-viral activity. The solubility enhancements come from strategic placement of a morpholinylalkoxy substituent in the entrance channel of the NNRTI binding site. Compound 4d shows low-nanomolar activity similar to etravirine towards wild-type HIV-1 and key viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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15
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Bollini M, Frey KM, Cisneros JA, Spasov KA, Das K, Bauman JD, Arnold E, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Extension into the entrance channel of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase--crystallography and enhanced solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5209-12. [PMID: 23899617 PMCID: PMC3761378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) are reported that feature extension into the entrance channel near Glu138. Complexes of the parent anilinylpyrimidine 1 and the morpholinoethoxy analog 2j with HIV-RT have received crystallographic characterization confirming the designs. Measurement of aqueous solubilities of 2j, 2k, the parent triazene 2a, and other NNRTIs demonstrate profound benefits for addition of the morpholinyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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