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Hu J, Fu S, Zhan Z, Zhang J. Advancements in dual-target inhibitors of PI3K for tumor therapy: Clinical progress, development strategies, prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116109. [PMID: 38183777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) modify lipids by the phosphorylation of inositol phospholipids at the 3'-OH position, thereby participating in signal transduction and exerting effects on various physiological processes such as cell growth, metabolism, and organism development. PI3K activation also drives cancer cell growth, survival, and metabolism, with genetic dysregulation of this pathway observed in diverse human cancers. Therefore, this target is considered a promising potential therapeutic target for various types of cancer. Currently, several selective PI3K inhibitors and one dual-target PI3K inhibitor have been approved and launched on the market. However, the majority of these inhibitors have faced revocation or voluntary withdrawal of indications due to concerns regarding their adverse effects. This article provides a comprehensive review of the structure and biological functions, and clinical status of PI3K inhibitors, with a specific emphasis on the development strategies and structure-activity relationships of dual-target PI3K inhibitors. The findings offer valuable insights and future directions for the development of highly promising dual-target drugs targeting PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Donlon TA, Chen R, Masaki KH, Willcox BJ, Morris BJ. Association with Longevity of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1 Gene Variants Stems from Protection against Mortality Risk in Men with Cardiovascular Disease. Gerontology 2021; 68:162-170. [PMID: 34077942 DOI: 10.1159/000515390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variation in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reregulatory subunit 1 gene (PIK3R1) is associated with longevity. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects this association. METHODS We performed a longitudinal study of longevity-associated PIK3R1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7709243 genotype by CVD status in 3,584 elderly American men of Japanese ancestry. RESULTS At baseline (1991-1993), 2,254 subjects had CVD and 1,314 did not. The follow-up until Dec 31, 2019 found that overall, men with a CVD had higher mortality than men without a CVD (p = 1.7 × 10-5). However, survival curves of CVD subjects differed according to PIK3R1 genotype. Those with longevity-associated PIK3R1 TT/CC had survival curves similar to those of subjects without a CVD (p = 0.11 for TT/CC, and p = 0.054 for TC), whereas survival curves for CVD subjects with the CT genotype were significantly attenuated compared with survival curves of subjects without a CVD (p = 0.0000012 compared with TT/CC, and p = 0.0000028 compared with TC). Men without CVD showed no association of longevity-associated genotype with life span (p = 0.58). Compared to subjects without any CVD, hazard ratios for mortality risk were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.14-1.39; p = 0.0000043) for CT subject with CVD and 1.07 (95% CI 0.99-1.17; p = 0.097) for CC/TT subjects with CVD. There was no genotypic effect on life span for 1,007 subjects with diabetes and 486 with cancer. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel insights into the basis for PIK3R1 as a longevity gene. We suggest that the PIK3R1 longevity genotype attenuates mortality risk in at-risk individuals by protection against cellular stress caused by CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Donlon
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Randi Chen
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Kamal H Masaki
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Brian J Morris
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
FOXO proteins are transcription factors that are involved in numerous physiological processes and in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic neurological diseases. For example, FOXO proteins are context-dependent tumour suppressors that are frequently inactivated in human cancers, and FOXO3 is the second most replicated gene associated with extreme human longevity. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of FOXO proteins is a promising approach to developing therapeutics for cancer and for healthy ageing. In this Review, we overview the role of FOXO proteins in health and disease and discuss the pharmacological approaches to modulate FOXO function.
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de Sena M. Pinheiro P, Rodrigues DA, do Couto Maia R, Thota S, Fraga CA. The Use of Conformational Restriction in Medicinal Chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1712-1733. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712205025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the early preclinical phase, from hit identification and optimization to a lead compound,
several medicinal chemistry strategies can be used to improve potency and/or selectivity. The
conformational restriction is one of these approaches. It consists of introducing some specific structural
constraints in a lead candidate to reduce the overall number of possible conformations in order to favor
the adoption of a bioactive conformation and, as a consequence, molecular recognition by the target receptor.
In this work, we focused on the application of the conformational restriction strategy in the last
five years for the optimization of hits and/or leads of several important classes of therapeutic targets in
the drug discovery field. Thus, we recognize the importance of several kinase inhibitors to the current
landscape of drug development for cancer therapy and the use of G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
modulators. Several other targets are also highlighted, such as the class of epigenetic drugs. Therefore,
the possibility of exploiting conformational restriction as a tool to increase the potency and selectivity
and promote changes in the intrinsic activity of some ligands intended to act on many different targets
makes this strategy of structural modification valuable for the discovery of novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Sena M. Pinheiro
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo do Couto Maia
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sreekanth Thota
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A.M. Fraga
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rao RN, MM B, Maiti B, Thakuria R, Chanda K. Efficient Access to Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines/pyrazines/pyrimidines via Catalyst-Free Annulation Reaction under Microwave Irradiation in Green Solvent. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:164-171. [PMID: 29373013 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An expeditious catalyst-free heteroannulation reaction for imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines/pyrimidines/pyrazines was developed in green solvent under microwave irradiation. Using H2O-IPA as the reaction medium, various substituted 2-aminopyridines/pyrazines/pyrimidines underwent annulation reaction with α-bromoketones under microwave irradiation to provide the corresponding imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines/pyrimidines/pyrazines in excellent yields. The synthetic methodology appears to be very simple and superior to the already reported procedures with the high abundance of commercial reagents and great ability in expanding the molecular diversity. The present synthetic sequence is visualized as an environmentally benign process which allows the introduction of three points of structural diversity to expand chemical space with excellent purity and yields. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the derivatives were evaluated. Screening results uncovered three derivatives with strong inhibition of albumin denaturation and two derivatives were active on Proteus and Klebsiella bacteria. These positive bioassay results implied that the library of potential anti-inflammatory agents could be rapidly prepared in an ecofriendly manner, and provided new insights into drug discovery for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Balamurali MM
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Chennai-632014, India
| | - Barnali Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
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Liu Y, Wan WZ, Li Y, Zhou GL, Liu XG. Recent development of ATP-competitive small molecule phosphatidylinostitol-3-kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7181-7200. [PMID: 27769061 PMCID: PMC5351699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinostitol-3-kinase (PI3K) is the potential anticancer target in the PI3K/Akt/ mTOR pathway. Here we reviewed the ATP-competitive small molecule PI3K inhibitors in the past few years, including the pan Class I PI3K inhibitors, the isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors and/or the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Zhu Wan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Lian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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7
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Identification of novel PI3K inhibitors through a scaffold hopping strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4794-4799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Generation of tricyclic imidazo[1,2- a ]pyrazines as novel PI3K inhibitors by application of a conformational restriction strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2536-2543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koroleva EV, Ignatovich ZI, Sinyutich YV, Gusak KN. Aminopyrimidine derivatives as protein kinases inhibitors. Molecular design, synthesis, and biologic activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Montes-Casado M, Ojeda G, Acosta YY, Herranz J, Martínez S, Blanco-Aparicio C, Criado G, Pastor J, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. ETP-46321, a dual p110α/δ class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor modulates T lymphocyte activation and collagen-induced arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 106:56-69. [PMID: 26883061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential to function of normal and tumor cells, and to modulate immune responses. T lymphocytes express high levels of p110α and p110δ class IA PI3K. Whereas the functioning of PI3K p110δ in immune and autoimmune reactions is well established, the role of p110α is less well understood. Here, a novel dual p110α/δ inhibitor (ETP-46321) and highly specific p110α (A66) or p110δ (IC87114) inhibitors have been compared concerning T cell activation in vitro, as well as the effect on responses to protein antigen and collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. In vitro activation of naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 was inhibited more effectively by the p110δ inhibitor than by the p110α inhibitor as measured by cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ), T-bet expression and NFAT activation. In activated CD4(+) T cells re-stimulated through CD3 and ICOS, IC87114 inhibited Akt and Erk activation, and the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, and IFN-γ better than A66. The p110α/δ inhibitor ETP-46321, or p110α plus p110δ inhibitors also inhibited IL-21 secretion by differentiated CD4(+) T follicular (Tfh) or IL-17-producing (Th17) helper cells. In vivo, therapeutic administration of ETP-46321 significantly inhibited responses to protein antigen as well as collagen-induced arthritis, as measured by antigen-specific antibody responses, secretion of IL-10, IL-17A or IFN-γ, or clinical symptoms. Hence, p110α as well as p110δ Class IA PI3Ks are important to immune regulation; inhibition of both subunits may be an effective therapeutic approach in inflammatory autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Y Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Herranz
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - C Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - G Criado
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), E-28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - U Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - P Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Ren J, Yang M, Liu H, Cao D, Chen D, Li J, Tang L, He J, Chen YL, Geng M, Xiong B, Shen J. Multi-substituted 8-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines by Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction and their Hsp90 inhibitory activity. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1531-5. [PMID: 25490978 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a 2,3-diamino pyrazine substrate and yttrium triflate catalyst, various 2-alkyl and aryl substituted 3,8-diaminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines were efficiently prepared through Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé MCR. In particular, a novel 2-piperonyl 3,8-diaminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine structure was prepared exclusively with this new method and was found to have moderate Hsp90 inhibitory activity. A crystalline complex with N-terminus ATP domain of Hsp90 and one of the new Hsp90 inhibitors was also obtained to elucidate the origin of activity of 2-piperonyl 3,8-diaminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
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Balzano D, Fawal MA, Velázquez JV, Santiveri CM, Yang J, Pastor J, Campos-Olivas R, Djouder N, Lietha D. Alternative Activation Mechanisms of Protein Kinase B Trigger Distinct Downstream Signaling Responses. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24975-85. [PMID: 26286748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) is an important mediator of signals that control various cellular processes including cell survival, growth, proliferation, and metabolism. PKB promotes these processes by phosphorylating many cellular targets, which trigger distinct downstream signaling events. However, how PKB is able to selectively target its substrates to induce specific cellular functions remains elusive. Here we perform a systematic study to dissect mechanisms that regulate intrinsic kinase activity versus mechanisms that specifically regulate activity toward specific substrates. We demonstrate that activation loop phosphorylation and the C-terminal hydrophobic motif are essential for high PKB activity in general. On the other hand, we identify membrane targeting, which for decades has been regarded as an essential step in PKB activation, as a mechanism mainly affecting substrate selectivity. Further, we show that PKB activity in cells can be triggered independently of PI3K by initial hydrophobic motif phosphorylation, presumably through a mechanism analogous to other AGC kinases. Importantly, different modes of PKB activation result in phosphorylation of distinct downstream targets. Our data indicate that specific mechanisms have evolved for signaling nodes, like PKB, to select between various downstream events. Targeting such mechanisms selectively could facilitate the development of therapeutics that might limit toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Balzano
- From the Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group
| | - Mohamad-Ali Fawal
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group
| | - Jose V Velázquez
- From the Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group
| | - Clara M Santiveri
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, and
| | - Joshua Yang
- From the Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group
| | - Joaquín Pastor
- the Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, and
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group
| | - Daniel Lietha
- From the Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group,
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Goel R, Luxami V, Paul K. Recent advances in development of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines: synthesis, reactivity and their biological applications. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3525-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, reactivity and multifarious biological activities at the different positions of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines are concisely discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Goel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala 147004
- India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala 147004
- India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala 147004
- India
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14
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Andrs M, Korabecny J, Jun D, Hodny Z, Bartek J, Kuca K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) inhibitors: importance of the morpholine ring. J Med Chem 2014; 58:41-71. [PMID: 25387153 DOI: 10.1021/jm501026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) are two related families of kinases that play key roles in regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, survival, and responses to diverse stresses including DNA damage. To design novel efficient strategies for treatment of cancer and other diseases, these kinases have been extensively studied. Despite their different nature, these two kinase families have related origin and share very similar kinase domains. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these kinases usually carry analogous structural motifs. The most common feature of these inhibitors is a critical hydrogen bond to morpholine oxygen, initially present in the early nonspecific PI3K and PIKK inhibitor 3 (LY294002), which served as a valuable chemical tool for development of many additional PI3K and PIKK inhibitors. While several PI3K pathway inhibitors have recently shown promising clinical responses, inhibitors of the DNA damage-related PIKKs remain thus far largely in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 81, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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15
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Abstract
The intracellular location and regulation of proteins within each cell is critically important and is typically deregulated in disease especially cancer. The clinical hypothesis for inhibiting the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is based on the dependence of certain key proteins within malignant cells. This includes a host of well-characterized tumor suppressor and oncoproteins that require specific localization for their function. This aberrant localization of tumour suppressors and oncoproteins results in their their respective inactivation or over-activation. This incorrect localization occurs actively via the nuclear pore complex that spans the nuclear envelope and is mediated by transport receptors. Accordingly, given the significant need for novel, specific disease treatments, the nuclear envelope and the nuclear transport machinery have emerged as a rational therapeutic target in oncology to restore physiological nucleus/cytoplasmic homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that this approach might be of substantial therapeutic use. This review summarizes the mechanisms of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, its role in cancer biology and the therapeutic potential of targeting this critical cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hill
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
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16
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Chadha N, Jasuja H, Kaur M, Singh Bahia M, Silakari O. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα): 3D-QSAR analysis utilizing the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm to refine receptor-ligand complexes for molecular alignment. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:221-247. [PMID: 24601789 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.883428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) is a lipid kinase involved in several cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival, and its anomalous regulation leads to cancerous conditions. PI3Kα inhibition completely blocks the cancer signalling pathway, hence it can be explored as an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In the present study, docking analysis of 49 selective imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine inhibitors of PI3Kα was carried out using the QM-Polarized ligand docking (QPLD) program of the Schrödinger software, followed by the refinement of receptor-ligand conformations using the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm in the Liaison program, and alignment of refined conformations of inhibitors was utilized for the development of an atom-based 3D-QSAR model in the PHASE program. Among the five generated models, the best model was selected corresponding to PLS factor 2, displaying the highest value of Q(2)test (0.650). The selected model also displayed high values of r(2)train (0.917), F-value (166.5) and Pearson-r (0.877) and a low value of SD (0.265). The contour plots generated for the selected 3D-QSAR model were correlated with the results of docking simulations. Finally, this combined information generated from 3D-QSAR and docking analysis was used to design new congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chadha
- a Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research , Punjabi University , Patiala , Punjab , India
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Welker ME, Kulik G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4063-91. [PMID: 23735831 PMCID: PMC3711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors that have been reported outside of the patent literature in the last 5years but is largely centered on synthetic work reported in 2011 and 2012. While focused on syntheses of inhibitors, some information on in vitro and in vivo testing of compounds is also included. Many of these reported compounds are reversible, competitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding inhibitors, so given the structural similarities of many of these compounds to the adenine core, this review presents recent work on inhibitors based on where the synthetic chemistry was started, that is, inhibitor syntheses which started with purines/pyrimidines are followed by inhibitor syntheses which began with pyridines, pyrazines, azoles, and triazines then moves to inhibitors which bear no structural resemblance to adenine: liphagal, wortmannin and quercetin analogs. The review then finishes with a short section on recent syntheses of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) analogs since competitive PI binding inhibitors represent an alternative to the competitive ATP binding inhibitors which have received the most attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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Zanella F, Dos Santos NR, Link W. Moving to the core: spatiotemporal analysis of Forkhead box O (FOXO) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Traffic 2013; 14:247-58. [PMID: 23231504 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of proteins is an essential aspect of normal cell function, and defects in this process have been detected in many disease-associated conditions. The detection and quantification of nuclear translocation was significantly boosted by the association of robotized microscopy with automated image analysis, a technology designated as high-content screening. Image-based high-content screening and analysis provides the means to systematically observe cellular translocation events in time and space in response to chemical or genetic perturbation at large scale. This approach yields powerful insights into the regulation of complex signaling networks independently of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships. In this review, we briefly overview the different mechanisms involved in nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking. In addition, we discuss high-content approaches used to interrogate the mechanistic and spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular signaling events using Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as important and clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zanella
- School of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA
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Martínez González S, Hernández AI, Varela C, Lorenzo M, Ramos-Lima F, Cendón E, Cebrián D, Aguirre E, Gomez-Casero E, Albarrán MI, Alfonso P, García-Serelde B, Mateos G, Oyarzabal J, Rabal O, Mulero F, Gonzalez-Granda T, Link W, Fominaya J, Barbacid M, Bischoff JR, Pizcueta P, Blanco-Aparicio C, Pastor J. Rapid identification of ETP-46992, orally bioavailable PI3K inhibitor, selective versus mTOR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5208-14. [PMID: 22819764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases mediating numerous cell processes such as proliferation, migration and differentiation. PI3K is an important target for cancer therapeutics due to the deregulation of this signaling pathway in a wide variety of human cancers. Herein, we describe the rapid identification of ETP-46992, within 2-aminocarbonyl imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazine series, with suitable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that allows the establishment of mechanism of action and efficacy in vivo studies. ETP-46992 showed tumor growth inhibition in a GEMM mouse tumor model driven by a K-Ras(G12V) oncogenic mutation and in tumor xenograft models with PI3K pathway deregulated (BT474).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez González
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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