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Kumar R, Kumar A, Kumar A, Singh AK, Kumar P. Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Pyrazoline Derivatives as PI3K Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:256-272. [PMID: 37143279 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230504163312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Design, synthesis and molecular docking studies of quinoline/naphthalene containing pyrazoline derivatives as PI3K inhibitors. BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) belong to the family of enzymes, which are associated with various cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation etc. Overexpression or any changes in these functions may result in various abnormalities, which in turn cause cancer. OBJECTIVES To perform synthesis and molecular docking studies of quinoline/naphthalene containing pyrazoline derivatives as PI3K inhibitors. METHODS 2-Chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde was synthesized by a reaction of acetanilide and POCl3. The latter was reacted with substituted acetophenones to synthesize chalcones, which were reacted with substituted phenyl hydrazines to yield pyrazoline derivatives (Series I). Similarly, pchloro benzaldehyde was reacted with 2-acetonapthone to yield chalcone with substituted phenyl hydrazines to yield pyrazoline derivatives (Series II). RESULTS The synthetic compounds were subjected to molecular modelling experiments using Schrodinger 2016 software and evaluated in silico for their PI3K binding affinities. All the compounds had better docking scores than AMG-319 (-4.36 Kcal/mol) and comparable docking scores with PI-103 (-6.83 Kcal/mol). CONCLUSION Compounds 5 and 3 had the best docking scores (-7.85 and -7.17 Kcal/mol, respectively). The synthesized compounds have better docking scores than the reference drug AMG-319. As a result, they might be used as lead molecules in investigating PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
- Maharaja Agrasen School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
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2
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Durrant TN, Hers I. PI3K inhibitors in thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Clin Transl Med 2020; 9:8. [PMID: 32002690 PMCID: PMC6992830 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-020-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that regulate important intracellular signalling and vesicle trafficking events via the generation of 3-phosphoinositides. Comprising eight core isoforms across three classes, the PI3K family displays broad expression and function throughout mammalian tissues, and the (patho)physiological roles of these enzymes in the cardiovascular system present the PI3Ks as potential therapeutic targets in settings such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis and heart failure. This review will discuss the PI3K enzymes and their roles in cardiovascular physiology and disease, with a particular focus on platelet function and thrombosis. The current progress and future potential of targeting the PI3K enzymes for therapeutic benefit in cardiovascular disease will be considered, while the challenges of developing drugs against these master cellular regulators will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom N Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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3
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Miller MS, Thompson PE, Gabelli SB. Structural Determinants of Isoform Selectivity in PI3K Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030082. [PMID: 30813656 PMCID: PMC6468644 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, and inflammatory and immune diseases. The four highly homologous Class I isoforms, PI3K, PI3K, PI3K and PI3K have unique, non-redundant physiological roles and as such, isoform selectivity has been a key consideration driving inhibitor design and development. In this review, we discuss the structural biology of PI3Ks and how our growing knowledge of structure has influenced the medicinal chemistry of PI3K inhibitors. We present an analysis of the available structure-selectivity-activity relationship data to highlight key insights into how the various regions of the PI3K binding site influence isoform selectivity. The picture that emerges is one that is far from simple and emphasizes the complex nature of protein-inhibitor binding, involving protein flexibility, energetics, water networks and interactions with non-conserved residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Miller
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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A Review of Antiplatelet Activity of Traditional Medicinal Herbs on Integrative Medicine Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7125162. [PMID: 30719065 PMCID: PMC6335729 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7125162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic events mainly occurred by platelet activation and aggregation. The vascular occlusion causes serious disease states such as unstable angina, ischemic stroke, and heart attack. Due to the pervading of thrombotic diseases, new antiplatelet drugs are necessary for preventing and treating arterial thrombosis without adverse side effects. Traditional medicinal herbs have been used for the treatment of human ailments for a long time. The clinically useful and safe products from traditional medicinal herbs were identified and developed in numerous pharmacological approaches. A complementary system of traditional medicinal herbs is a good candidate for pharmacotherapy. However, it still has a limitation in its function and efficacy. Thus, it is necessary to study the mode of action of traditional medicinal herbs as alternative therapeutic agents. In this review, we focused on our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of traditional medicinal herbs in antiplatelet activity and antithrombotic effect of traditional medicinal herbs on platelet function.
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5
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Garces AE, Stocks MJ. Class 1 PI3K Clinical Candidates and Recent Inhibitor Design Strategies: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4815-4850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimie E. Garces
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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6
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Memariani Z, Moeini R, Hamedi SS, Gorji N, Mozaffarpur SA. Medicinal plants with antithrombotic property in Persian medicine: a mechanistic review. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018; 45:158-179. [PMID: 29124622 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-017-1580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in a wide range of vessels diseases. Due to the high prevalence of thromboembolic disorders investigations are being carried out on new antithrombotic agents with limited adverse side effects in which herbal medicines are considered as alternative remedies. Persian medicine (PM) as a traditional medicine has a good potential for pharmacotherapy based on its own principles and development of drugs via investigating PM literature. In PM manuscripts there are some concepts that express the management of blood clots and antithrombotic properties. This study reviewed the pharmacological effects of medicinal plants mentioned in PM literature for blood clot management in light of current knowledge. Plants mentioned in PM for management of blood clot belong to 12 families in which Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Compositae were the most repeated ones. Among the proposed plants Allium sativum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Boswellia serrata, Sesamum indicum, Matricaria chamomilla and Carthamus tinctorius have been the most researched plants in modern antithrombotic studies while for some plants such as Helichrysum stoechas, Dracocephalum kotschi, Carum carvi, Bunium persicum and Lagoecia cuminoides no evidence could be found. One of the interesting notes in clot management in PM texts was introducing the target organ for some of the recommended herbs like Carum carvi and Bunium persicum for dissolving blood clot in stomach and Commiphora mukul for thrombosed hemorrhoid. It seems review of PM recommendations can help to design future researches for antithrombotic drugs discovering with more effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Traditional Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reihaneh Moeini
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Traditional Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shokooh Sadat Hamedi
- School of Traditional Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Narjes Gorji
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran. .,School of Traditional Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Seyyed Ali Mozaffarpur
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Traditional Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
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7
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Phenylsulfonylurea Derivatives as PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071553. [PMID: 29954109 PMCID: PMC6099940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Five series of novel phenylsulfonylurea derivatives, 19a⁻d, 20a⁻d, 21a⁻d, 22a⁻d and 23a⁻d, bearing 4-phenylaminoquinoline scaffold were designed, synthesized and their IC50 values against four cancer cell lines (HepG-2, A549, PC-3 and MCF-7) were evaluated. Most compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity activity against the cancer cell lines. Structure⁻activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacological results indicated that introduction of 4-aminoquinoline scaffold and phenylsulfonylurea scaffold were beneficial for anti-tumor activity. Moreover, para-methoxyl substitution of 4-anilino moiety and para-halogen substitution of phenylsulfonylurea have different impacts on different series of compounds. Furthermore, the micromolecule group substitution in the 6-position of the quinoline ring have a slight impact on the cellular activity of the target compounds.
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8
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives as Selective PI3Kβ Inhibitors. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070876. [PMID: 27384552 PMCID: PMC6274018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of PI3Kβ (Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases beta subunit) inhibitors with the structure of benzothiazole scaffold have been designed and synthesized. All the compounds have been evaluated for inhibitory activities against PI3Kα, β, γ, δ and mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin). Two superior compounds have been further evaluated for the IC50 values against PI3Ks/mTOR. The most promising compound 11 displays excellent anti-proliferative activity and selectivity in multiple cancer cell lines, especially in the prostate cancer cell line. Docking studies indicate the morpholine group in 2-position of benzothiazole is necessary for the potent antitumor activity, which confirms our design is reasonable.
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9
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Zheng Z, Pinson JA, Mountford SJ, Orive S, Schoenwaelder SM, Shackleford D, Powell A, Nelson EM, Hamilton JR, Jackson SP, Jennings IG, Thompson PE. Discovery and antiplatelet activity of a selective PI3Kβ inhibitor (MIPS-9922). Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:339-351. [PMID: 27387421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of amino-substituted triazines were developed and examined for PI3Kβ inhibition and anti-platelet function. Structural adaptations of a morpholine ring of the prototype pan-PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 yielded PI3Kβ selective compounds, where the selectivity largely derives from an interaction with the non-conserved Asp862 residue, as shown by site directed mutagenesis. The most PI3Kβ selective inhibitor from the series was studied in detail through a series of in vitro and in vivo functional studies. MIPS-9922, 10 potently inhibited ADP-induced washed platelet aggregation. It also inhibited integrin αIIbβ3 activation and αIIbβ3 dependent platelet adhesion to immobilized vWF under high shear. It prevented arterial thrombus formation in the in vivo electrolytic mouse model of thrombosis without inducing prolonged bleeding or excess blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Pinson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Orive
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Simone M Schoenwaelder
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Powell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Erin M Nelson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), 89 Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ian G Jennings
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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10
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Vanhaesebroeck B, Whitehead MA, Piñeiro R. Molecules in medicine mini-review: isoforms of PI3K in biology and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:5-11. [PMID: 26658520 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K lipid kinases are involved in signal transduction and intracellular vesicular traffic, endowing these enzymes with multiple cellular functions and important roles in normal physiology and disease. In this mini-review, we aim to distill from the vast PI3K literature the key relevant concepts for successful targeting of this pathway in disease. Of the eight isoforms of PI3K, the class I PI3Ks have been implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of various diseases, most prominently cancer, overgrowth syndromes, inflammation and autoimmunity, with emerging potential roles in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The development of class I PI3K inhibitors, mainly for use in cancer and inflammation, is a very active area of drug development. In 2014, an inhibitor of the p110δ isoform of PI3K was approved for the treatment of specific human B cell malignancies. The key therapeutic indications of targeting each class I PI3K isoform are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Maria A Whitehead
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Guidetti GF, Canobbio I, Torti M. PI3K/Akt in platelet integrin signaling and implications in thrombosis. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:36-52. [PMID: 26159296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood platelets are anucleated circulating cells that play a critical role in hemostasis and are also implicated in arterial thrombosis, a major cause of death worldwide. The biological function of platelets strongly relies in their reactiveness to a variety of extracellular agonists that regulate their adhesion to extracellular matrix at the site of vascular injury and their ability to form rapidly growing cell aggregates. Among the membrane receptors expressed on the cell surface, integrins are crucial for both platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation. Integrin affinity for specific ligands is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways activated in stimulated platelets, and, once engaged, integrins themselves generate and propagate signals inside the cells to reinforce and consolidate platelet response and thrombus formation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (PI3Ks) have emerged as crucial players in platelet activation, and they are directly implicated in the regulation of integrin function. This review will discuss the contribution of PI3Ks in platelet integrin signaling, focusing on the role of specific members of class I PI3Ks and their downstream effector Akt on both integrin inside-out and outside-in signaling. The contribution of the PI3K/Akt pathways stimulated by integrin engagement and platelet activation in thrombus formation and stabilization will also be discussed in order to highlight the possibility to target these enzymes in effective anti-thrombotic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni F Guidetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Canobbio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Torti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Giordanetto F, Barlaam B, Berglund S, Edman K, Karlsson O, Lindberg J, Nylander S, Inghardt T. Discovery of 9-(1-phenoxyethyl)-2-morpholino-4-oxo-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxamides as oral PI3Kβ inhibitors, useful as antiplatelet agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3936-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Discovery of 9-(1-anilinoethyl)-2-morpholino-4-oxo-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxamides as PI3Kβ/δ inhibitors for the treatment of PTEN-deficient tumours. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3928-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Welker ME, Kulik G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4063-91. [PMID: 23735831 PMCID: PMC3711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors that have been reported outside of the patent literature in the last 5years but is largely centered on synthetic work reported in 2011 and 2012. While focused on syntheses of inhibitors, some information on in vitro and in vivo testing of compounds is also included. Many of these reported compounds are reversible, competitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding inhibitors, so given the structural similarities of many of these compounds to the adenine core, this review presents recent work on inhibitors based on where the synthetic chemistry was started, that is, inhibitor syntheses which started with purines/pyrimidines are followed by inhibitor syntheses which began with pyridines, pyrazines, azoles, and triazines then moves to inhibitors which bear no structural resemblance to adenine: liphagal, wortmannin and quercetin analogs. The review then finishes with a short section on recent syntheses of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) analogs since competitive PI binding inhibitors represent an alternative to the competitive ATP binding inhibitors which have received the most attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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15
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Lin H. Isoform Selective PI3K-beta Inhibitors. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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