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Xue T, Ma C, Liu L, Xiao C, Ni SF, Zeng R. Characterization of A π-π stacking cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile directed toward application in photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1455. [PMID: 38365855 PMCID: PMC10873295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of the electron-donor-acceptor complexes have been an effective approach to achieve radicals by triggering electron transfer. However, the catalytic version of electron-donor-acceptor complex photoactivation is quite underdeveloped comparing to the well-established utilization of electronically biased partners. In this work, we utilize 4-nitrophthalonitrile as an electron acceptor to facilitate the efficient π-stacking with electron-rich aromatics to form electron-donor-acceptor complex. The characterization and energy profiles on the cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene disclose that the electron transfer is highly favorable under the light irradiation. This electron acceptor catalyst can be efficiently applied in the benzylic C-H bond photoactivation by developing the Giese reaction of alkylanisoles and the oxidation of the benzyl alcohols. A broad scope of electron-rich aromatics can be tolerated and a mechanism is also proposed. Moreover, the corresponding π-anion interaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with potassium formate can further facilitate the hydrocarboxylation of alkenes efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chunhui Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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Zhu T, Zhang XJ, Zhou Z, Xu Z, Ma M, Zhao B. Synthesis of functionalized malononitriles via Fe-catalysed hydrogen atom transfers of alkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1480-1487. [PMID: 35103271 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02332b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is a practical and convenient approach that enabled radical-mediated conjugate addition of unreactive alkenes to electron-deficient alkenes leading to a broad range of substituted malononitriles. These reactions are believed to proceed by Fe-catalysed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) onto the alkenes affording carbon-centered radical intermediates with Markovnikov selectivity, followed by the capture of electron-deficient alkenes. We explored this synthesis approach under mild conditions with high efficiency and broad substrate scope and the utility is highlighted by the further synthetic transformations of the obtained substituted malononitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zitong Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Mengtao Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Binlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Liu R, Chia SPM, Goh YY, Cheo HW, Fan B, Li R, Zhou R, Wu J. Visible-Light-Mediated Regioselective Allylation, Benzylation, and Silylation of Methylene-Malononitriles via Photoredox-Induced Radical Cation Fragmentation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; 00024 Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Shane Pui Mun Chia
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi Yiing Goh
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Wen Cheo
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Republic of Singapore
| | - Binbin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; 00024 Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; 00024 Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; 00024 Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Republic of Singapore
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Lemos A, Melo R, Preto AJ, Almeida JG, Moreira IS, Cordeiro MNDS. In Silico Studies Targeting G-protein Coupled Receptors for Drug Research Against Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:786-848. [PMID: 29521236 PMCID: PMC6080095 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180308161642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative brain disorder that mainly affects the motor system. The causes are still unknown, and even though currently there is no cure, several therapeutic options are available to manage its symptoms. The development of novel antiparkinsonian agents and an understanding of their proper and optimal use are, indeed, highly demanding. For the last decades, L-3,4-DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine or levodopa (L-DOPA) has been the gold-standard therapy for the symptomatic treatment of motor dysfunctions associated to PD. However, the development of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations (wearing-off and on-off phenomena) associated with long-term L-DOPA replacement therapy have limited its antiparkinsonian efficacy. The investigation for non-dopaminergic therapies has been largely explored as an attempt to counteract the motor side effects associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Being one of the largest cell membrane protein families, G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) have become a relevant target for drug discovery focused on a wide range of therapeutic areas, including Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. The modulation of specific GPCRs potentially implicated in PD, excluding dopamine receptors, may provide promising non-dopaminergic therapeutic alternatives for symptomatic treatment of PD. In this review, we focused on the impact of specific GPCR subclasses, including dopamine receptors, adenosine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, on the pathophysiology of PD and the importance of structure- and ligand-based in silico approaches for the development of small molecules to target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jose Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Guilherme Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina Sousa Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Natalia Dias Soeiro Cordeiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
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Zhou R, Liu H, Tao H, Yu X, Wu J. Metal-free direct alkylation of unfunctionalized allylic/benzylic sp 3 C-H bonds via photoredox induced radical cation deprotonation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4654-4659. [PMID: 28970885 PMCID: PMC5618257 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00953d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite notable recent efforts, a catalytic and convenient strategy for the direct alkylation of unactivated allylic or benzylic sp3 C-H bonds remains a formidable challenge facing the synthesis community. We herein report an unprecedented allylic/benzylic alkylation using only an organo-photoredox catalyst, which enables coupling of a broad scope of alkenes/arenes and electron-deficient alkenes in an atom- and redox-economic manner. A photoredox induced alkene/arene radical cation deprotonation is proposed to smoothly generate the key allylic and benzylic radical intermediates. It represents the first C-C bond formation via radical cation deprotonation under visible light conditions. The resulting products can be easily scaled up and directly converted to γ,δ-unsaturated or α,β-diaryl-acids, -esters, -amides, -pyrazoles, -isoxazoles, as well as lactones, which enables this mild and selective sp3 C-H alkylation to rapidly access complex bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Republic of Singapore .
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Taiyuan University of Technology , Taiyuan , 030024 , China
| | - Haiwang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Republic of Singapore .
| | - Hairong Tao
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Xingjian Yu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Republic of Singapore .
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Republic of Singapore .
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Knaus T, Mutti FG, Humphreys LD, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Systematic methodology for the development of biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing cascades: application to the synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids from α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 25372591 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are flavin dependent enzymes that catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bonds. In particular, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. enals and enones) as well as nitroalkenes are rapidly reduced. Conversely, α,β-unsaturated esters are poorly accepted substrates whereas free carboxylic acids are not converted at all. The only exceptions are α,β-unsaturated diacids, diesters as well as esters bearing an electron-withdrawing group in α- or β-position. Here, we present an alternative approach that has a general applicability for directly obtaining diverse chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids. This approach combines two enzyme classes, namely ERs and aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ald-DHs), in a concurrent reductive-oxidative biocatalytic cascade. This strategy has several advantages as the starting material is an α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, a class of compounds extremely reactive for the reduction of the alkene moiety. Furthermore no external hydride source from a sacrificial substrate (e.g. glucose, formate) is required since the hydride for the first reductive step is liberated in the second oxidative step. Such a process is defined as a hydrogen-borrowing cascade. This methodology has wide applicability as it was successfully applied to the synthesis of chiral substituted hydrocinnamic acids, aliphatic acids, heterocycles and even acetylated amino acids with elevated yield, chemo- and stereo-selectivity. A systematic methodology for optimizing the hydrogen-borrowing two-enzyme synthesis of α-chiral substituted carboxylic acids was developed. This systematic methodology has general applicability for the development of diverse hydrogen-borrowing processes that possess the highest atom efficiency and the lowest environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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7
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Zhu F, Xu PW, Zhou F, Wang CH, Zhou J. Recycle Waste Salt as Reagent: A One-Pot Substitution/Krapcho Reaction Sequence to α-Fluorinated Esters and Sulfones. Org Lett 2015; 17:972-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Wei Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Hong Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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