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Zhou H, Yao J, Zhao Z, Lu J. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of benzylaminoimidazoline derivatives as novel norepinephrine transporter ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:738-748. [PMID: 37328929 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzylaminoimidazoline derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for norepinephrine transporter (NET) targeting. Among them, N-(3-iodobenzyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine (Compound 9) displayed the highest affinity for NET (IC50 = 5.65 ± 0.97 μM). The corresponding radiotracer [125 I]9 was further prepared by copper-mediated radioiodination and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular uptake results suggested that [125 I]9 was specifically taken up by the NET-expressing SK-N-SH cell line. Biodistribution studies showed that [125 I]9 accumulated in the heart (5.54 ± 1.24 %ID/g at 5 min p.i. and 0.79 ± 0.08 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.) and adrenal gland (14.83 ± 3.47 %ID/g at 5 min p.i. and 3.87 ± 0.24 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.). The uptake in the heart and adrenal gland could be significantly inhibited by preinjection of desipramine (DMI). These results indicated that the benzylaminoimidazoline derivatives retained affinity for NET, which could provide structure-activity relationship data for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Nekolla SG, Rischpler C, Higuchi T. Preclinical Imaging of Cardiovascular Disesase. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:586-598. [PMID: 37268498 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging techniques, such as SPECT, PET, CT, echocardiography, or MRI, have become essential in cardiovascular research. They allow for the evaluation of biological processes in vivo without the need for invasive procedures. Nuclear imaging methods, such as SPECT and PET, offer numerous advantages, including high sensitivity, reliable quantification, and the potential for serial imaging. Modern SPECT and PET imaging systems, equipped with CT and MRI components in order to get access to morphological information with high spatial resolution, are capable of imaging a wide range of established and innovative agents in both preclinical and clinical settings. This review highlights the utility of SPECT and PET imaging as powerful tools for translational research in cardiology. By incorporating these techniques into a well-defined workflow- similar to those used in clinical imaging- the concept of "bench to bedside" can be effectively implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G Nekolla
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik der TU München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Li X, Shi S, Zhou H, Zhao Z, Lu J. Novel [ 18F]-Labeled Meta-Bromobenzylguanidine Derivatives: Potential Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probes for the Norepinephrine Transporter. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3811-3819. [PMID: 34519204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel norepinephrine transporter (NET)-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) probes with optimal pharmacokinetic properties, a series of meta-bromobenzylguanidine derivatives was synthesized. 4-Fluorodiethoxyethane-3-bromobenzylguanidine (compound 12) showed relatively good affinity for the NET (IC50 = 1.00 ± 0.04 μM). The corresponding radiotracer 18F-12 was prepared in high radiochemical purity (>98%) via a three-step method. The in vitro cellular uptake results demonstrated that 18F-12 was specifically taken up by NET-expressing SK-N-SH cells by the uptake-1 mechanism. Biodistribution studies in mice showed that 18F-12 exhibited high cardiac uptake (10.45 ± 0.66 %ID/g at 5 min p.i. and 6.44 ± 0.40 %ID/g at 120 min p.i.), faster liver clearance, and a lower dose of absorbed radiation than [123I]-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG). Small animal PET imaging confirmed the high heart-to-background ratio of 18F-12 and the uptake-1 mechanism specific for the NET in rats, indicating its potential as a promising PET radiotracer for cardiac sympathetic nerve imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Isotopes, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Initial Evaluation of AF78: a Rationally Designed Fluorine-18-Labelled PET Radiotracer Targeting Norepinephrine Transporter. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:602-611. [PMID: 31332629 PMCID: PMC7250802 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Taking full advantage of positron emission tomography (PET) technology, fluorine-18-labelled radiotracers targeting norepinephrine transporter (NET) have potential applications in the diagnosis and assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve conditions as well as the delineation of neuroendocrine tumours. However, to date, none have been used clinically. Drawbacks of currently reported radiotracers include suboptimal kinetics and challenging radiolabelling procedures. Procedures We developed a novel fluorine-18-labelled radiotracer targeting NET, AF78, with efficient one-step radiolabelling based on the phenethylguanidine structure. Radiosynthesis of AF78 was undertaken, followed by validation in cell uptake studies, autoradiography, and in vivo imaging in rats. Results [18F]AF78 was successfully synthesized with 27.9 ± 3.1 % radiochemical yield, > 97 % radiochemical purity and > 53.8 GBq/mmol molar activity. Cell uptake studies demonstrated essentially identical affinity for NET as norepinephrine and meta-iodobenzylgaunidine. Both ex vivo autoradiography and in vivo imaging in rats showed homogeneous and specific cardiac uptake. Conclusions The new PET radiotracer [18F]AF78 demonstrated high affinity for NET and favourable biodistribution in rats. A structure-activity relationship between radiotracer structures and affinity for NET was revealed, which may serve as the basis for the further design of NET targeting radiotracers with favourable features. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11307-019-01407-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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5
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Recent advances in radiotracers targeting norepinephrine transporter: structural development and radiolabeling improvements. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:851-873. [PMID: 32274584 PMCID: PMC7223405 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is a major target for the evaluation of the cardiac sympathetic nerve system in patients with heart failure and Parkinson's disease. It is also used in the therapeutic applications against certain types of neuroendocrine tumors, as exemplified by the clinically used 123/131I-MIBG as theranostic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agent. With the development of more advanced positron emission tomography (PET) technology, more radiotracers targeting NET have been reported, with superior temporal and spatial resolutions, along with the possibility of functional and kinetic analysis. More recently, fluorine-18-labelled NET tracers have drawn increasing attentions from researchers, due to their longer radiological half-life relative to carbon-11 (110 min vs. 20 min), reduced dependence on on-site cyclotrons, and flexibility in the design of novel tracer structures. In the heart, certain NET tracers provide integral diagnostic information on sympathetic innervation and the nerve status. In the central nervous system, such radiotracers can reveal NET distribution and density in pathological conditions. Most radiotracers targeting cardiac NET-function for the cardiac application consistent of derivatives of either norepinephrine or MIBG with its benzylguanidine core structure, e.g. 11C-HED and 18F-LMI1195. In contrast, all NET tracers used in central nervous system applications are derived from clinically used antidepressants. Lastly, possible applications of NET as selective tracers over organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the kidneys and other organs controlled by sympathetic nervous system will also be discussed.
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Jang KS, Lee SS, Oh YH, Lee SH, Kim SE, Kim DW, Lee BC, Lee S, Raffel DM. Control of reactivity and selectivity of guanidinyliodonium salts toward 18F-Labeling by monitoring of protecting groups: Experiment and theory. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Jung YW, Gu G, Raffel DM. Improved synthesis of 4-[ 18 F]fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine using an iodonium ylide precursor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:835-842. [PMID: 31361048 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled hydroxyphenethylguanidines were recently developed in our laboratory as a new class of PET radiopharmaceuticals for quantifying regional cardiac sympathetic nerve density in heart disease patients. Studies of 4-[18 F]fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18 F]4F-MHPG) and 3-[18 F]fluoro-p-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18 F]3F-PHPG) in human subjects have shown that these radiotracers can be used to generate high-resolution maps of regional sympathetic nerve density using the Patlak graphical method. Previously, these compounds were synthesized using iodonium salt precursors, which provided sufficient radiochemical yields for on-site clinical PET studies. However, we were interested in exploring new methods that could offer significantly higher radiochemical yields. Spirocyclic iodonium ylide precursors have recently been established as an attractive new approach to radiofluorination of electron-rich aromatic compounds, offering several advantages over iodonium salt precursors. The goal of this study was to prepare a spirocyclic iodonium ylide precursor for synthesizing [18 F]4F-MHPG and evaluate its efficacy in production of this radiopharmaceutical. Under optimized automated reaction conditions, the iodonium ylide precursor provided radiochemical yields averaging 7.8% ± 1.4% (n = 8, EOS, not decay corrected), around threefold higher than those achieved previously using an iodonium salt precursor. With further optimization and scale-up, this approach could potentially support commercial distribution of [18 F]4F-MHPG to PET centers without on-site radiochemistry facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woon Jung
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guie Gu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Raffel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Kobayashi R, Chen X, Werner RA, Lapa C, Javadi MS, Higuchi T. New horizons in cardiac innervation imaging: introduction of novel 18F-labeled PET tracers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:2302-2309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Jung YW, Jang KS, Gu G, Koeppe RA, Sherman PS, Quesada CA, Raffel DM. [ 18F]Fluoro-Hydroxyphenethylguanidines: Efficient Synthesis and Comparison of Two Structural Isomers as Radiotracers of Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1530-1542. [PMID: 28322043 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled phenethylguanidines are currently under development in our laboratory as radiotracers for quantifying regional cardiac sympathetic nerve density using PET imaging techniques. In this study, we report an efficient synthesis of 18F-hydroxyphenethylguanidines consisting of nucleophilic aromatic [18F]fluorination of a protected diaryliodonium salt precursor followed by a single deprotection step to afford the desired radiolabeled compound. This approach has been shown to reliably produce 4-[18F]fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18F]4F-MHPG, [18F]1) and its structural isomer 3-[18F]fluoro-p-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([18F]3F-PHPG, [18F]2) with good radiochemical yields. Preclinical evaluations of [18F]2 in nonhuman primates were performed to compare its imaging properties, metabolism, and myocardial kinetics with those obtained previously with [18F]1. The results of these studies have demonstrated that [18F]2 exhibits imaging properties comparable to those of [18F]1. Myocardial tracer kinetic analysis of each tracer provides quantitative metrics of cardiac sympathetic nerve density. Based on these findings, first-in-human PET studies with [18F]1 and [18F]2 are currently in progress to assess their ability to accurately measure regional cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with heart disease, with the ultimate goal of selecting a lead compound for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woon Jung
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Keun Sam Jang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Guie Gu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip S. Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David M. Raffel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, 2276 Medical
Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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N-(11)C-Methyl-Dopamine PET Imaging of Sympathetic Nerve Injury in a Swine Model of Acute Myocardial Ischemia: A Comparison with (13)N-Ammonia PET. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8430637. [PMID: 27034950 PMCID: PMC4807067 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8430637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Using a swine model of acute myocardial ischemia, we sought to validate N-11C-methyl-dopamine (11C-MDA) as an agent capable of imaging cardiac sympathetic nerve injury. Methods. Acute myocardial ischemia was surgically generated in Chinese minipigs. ECG and serum enzyme levels were used to detect the presence of myocardial ischemia. Paired 11C-MDA PET and 13N-ammonia PET scans were performed at baseline, 1 day, and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery to relate cardiac sympathetic nerve injury to blood perfusion. Results. Seven survived the surgical procedure. The ECG-ST segment was depressed, and levels of the serum enzymes increased. Cardiac uptake of tracer was quantified as the defect volume. Both before and immediately after surgery, the images obtained with 11C-MDA and 13N-ammonia were similar. At 1 to 6 months after surgery, however, 11C-MDA postsurgical left ventricular myocardial defect volume was significantly greater compared to 13N-ammonia. Conclusions. In the Chinese minipig model of acute myocardial ischemia, the extent of the myocardial defect as visualized by 11C-MDA is much greater than would be suggested by blood perfusion images, and the recovery from myocardial sympathetic nerve injury is much slower than the restoration of blood perfusion. 11C-MDA PET may provide additional biological information during recovery from ischemic heart disease.
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Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
The most commonly utilized PET radionuclide is fluorine-18 ((18)F) because of its convenient half-life and excellent imaging properties. In this review, we present the first analysis of patents issued for radiotracers labeled with fluorine-18 (between 2009 and 2015), and provide perspective on current trends and future directions in PET radiotracer development.
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15
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Vaidyanathan G, McDougald D, Koumarianou E, Choi J, Hens M, Zalutsky MR. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-[18F]fluoropropoxy-3-iodobenzylguanidine ([18F]FPOIBG): A novel 18F-labeled analogue of MIBG. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:673-84. [PMID: 25956997 PMCID: PMC4481138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a norepinephrine transporter (NET) substrate, has been extensively used as an imaging agent to study the pathophysiology of the heart and for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. The goal of this study was to develop an (18)F-labeled analogue of MIBG that like MIBG itself could be synthesized in a single radiochemical step. Towards this end, we designed 4-fluoropropoxy-3-iodobenzylguanidine (FPOIBG). METHODS Standards of FPOIBG and 4-fluoropropoxy-3-bromobenzylguanidine (FPOBBG) as well as their tosylate precursors for labeling with (18)F, and a tin precursor for the preparation of radioiodinated FPOIBG were synthesized. Radiolabeled derivatives were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic iododestannylation from the corresponding precursors. Labeled compounds were evaluated for NET transporter recognition in in vitro assays using three NET-expressing cell lines and in biodistribution experiments in normal mice, with all studies performed in a paired-label format. Competitive inhibition of [(125)I]MIBG uptake by unlabeled benzylguanidine compounds was performed in UVW-NAT cell line to determine IC50 values. RESULTS [(18)F]FPOIBG was synthesized from the corresponding tosylate precursor in 5.2 ± 0.5% (n = 6) overall radiochemical yields starting with aqueous fluoride in about 105 min. In a paired-label in vitro assay, the uptake of [(18)F]FPOIBG at 2h was 10.2 ± 1.5%, 39.6 ± 13.4%, and 13.3 ± 2.5%, in NET-expressing SK-N-SH, UVW-NAT, and SK-N-BE(2c) cells, respectively, while these values for [(125)I]MIBG were 57.3 ± 8.1%, 82.7 ± 8.9%, and 66.3 ± 3.6%. The specificity of uptake of both tracers was demonstrated by blocking with desipramine. The (125)I-labeled congener of FPOIBG gave similar results. On the other hand, [(18)F]FPOBBG, a compound recently reported in the literature, demonstrated much higher uptake, albeit less than that of co-incubated [(125)I]MIBG. IC50 values for FPOIBG were higher than those obtained for MIBG and FPOBBG. Unlike the case with [(18)F]FPOBBG, the heart uptake [(18)F]FPOIBG in normal mice was significantly lower than that of MIBG. CONCLUSION Although [(18)F]FPOIBG does not appear to warrant further consideration as an (18)F-labeled MIBG analogue, analogues wherein the iodine in it is replaced with a chlorine, fluorine or hydrogen might be worth pursuing. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE An (18)F-labeled analogue of the well-known radiopharmaceutical MIBG could have significant impact, potentially improving imaging of NET related disease in cardiology and in the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Although (18)F-labeled analogues of MIBG have been reported including LMI1195, we undertook this work hypothesizing that based on its greater structural similarity to MIBG, FPOIBG might be a better analogue than LMI1195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
| | - Darryl McDougald
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Eftychia Koumarianou
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jaeyeon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Marc Hens
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Fedorova OS, Orlovskaya VV, Maleev VI, Belokon’ YN, Savel’eva TF, Chang CV, Chen CL, Liu RS, Krasikova RN. An approach to the asymmetric synthesis of 18F-labeled analog of l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (6-l-threo-[18F]FDOPS) — a new radiotracer for visualization of norepinephrine transporters by positron emission tomography. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Christensen TE, Kjaer A, Hasbak P. The clinical value of cardiac sympathetic imaging in heart failure. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:178-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Emil Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging; Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging; Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philip Hasbak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging; Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Jang KS, Jung YW, Gu G, Koeppe RA, Sherman PS, Quesada CA, Raffel DM. 4-[18F]Fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine: a radiopharmaceutical for quantifying regional cardiac sympathetic nerve density with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7312-23. [PMID: 23965035 PMCID: PMC4520396 DOI: 10.1021/jm400770g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
4-[(18)F]Fluoro-m-hydroxyphenethylguanidine ([(18)F]4F-MHPG, [(18)F]1) is a new cardiac sympathetic nerve radiotracer with kinetic properties favorable for quantifying regional nerve density with PET and tracer kinetic analysis. An automated synthesis of [(18)F]1 was developed in which the intermediate 4-[(18)F]fluoro-m-tyramine ([(18)F]16) was prepared using a diaryliodonium salt precursor for nucleophilic aromatic [(18)F]fluorination. In PET imaging studies in rhesus macaque monkeys, [(18)F]1 demonstrated high quality cardiac images with low uptake in lungs and the liver. Compartmental modeling of [(18)F]1 kinetics provided net uptake rate constants Ki (mL/min/g wet), and Patlak graphical analysis of [(18)F]1 kinetics provided Patlak slopes Kp (mL/min/g). In pharmacological blocking studies with the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor desipramine (DMI), each of these quantitative measures declined in a dose-dependent manner with increasing DMI doses. These initial results strongly suggest that [(18)F]1 can provide quantitative measures of regional cardiac sympathetic nerve density in human hearts using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Sam Jang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yong-Woon Jung
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Guie Gu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Phillip S. Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David M. Raffel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, 2276 Medical Sciences I Building, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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