1
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Aboshouk DR, Youssef MA, Bekheit MS, Hamed AR, Girgis AS. Antineoplastic indole-containing compounds with potential VEGFR inhibitory properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5690-5728. [PMID: 38362086 PMCID: PMC10866129 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Various techniques, tools and therapeutics/materials have been developed in the last few decades for the treatment of cancer, together with great interest, funding and efforts from the scientific society. However, all the reported studies and efforts seem insufficient to combat the various types of cancer, especially the advanced ones. The overexpression of tyrosine kinases is associated with cancer proliferation and/or metastasis. VEGF, an important category of tyrosine kinases, and its receptors (VEGFR) are hyper-activated in different cancers. Accordingly, they are known as important factors in the angiogenesis of different tumors and are considered in the development of effective therapeutic approaches for controlling many types of cancer. In this case, targeted therapeutic approaches are preferable to the traditional non-selective approaches to minimize the side effects and drawbacks associated with treatment. Several indole-containing compounds have been identified as effective agents against VEGFR. Herein, we present a summary of the recent indolyl analogs reported within the last decade (2012-2023) with potential antineoplastic and VEGFR inhibitory properties. The most important drugs, natural products, synthesized potent compounds and promising hits/leads are highlighted. Indoles functionalized and conjugated with various heterocycles beside spiroindoles are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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2
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Liu XJ, Zhao HC, Hou SJ, Zhang HJ, Cheng L, Yuan S, Zhang LR, Song J, Zhang SY, Chen SW. Recent development of multi-target VEGFR-2 inhibitors for the cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106425. [PMID: 36801788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), as an important tyrosine transmembrane protein, plays an important role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation and migration, regulating angiogenesis and other biological functions. VEGFR-2 is aberrantly expressed in many malignant tumors, and it is also related to the occurrence, development, and growth of tumors and drug resistance. Currently, there are nine VEGFR-2 targeted inhibitors approved by US.FDA for clinical use as anticancer drugs. Due to the limited clinical efficacy and potential toxicity of VEGFR inhibitors, it is necessary to develop new strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of VEGFR inhibitors. The development of multitarget therapy, especially dual-target therapy, has become a hot research field of cancer therapy, which may provide an effective strategy with higher therapeutic efficacy, pharmacokinetic advantages and low toxicity. Many groups have reported that the therapeutic effects could be improved by simultaneously inhibiting VEGFR-2 and other targets, such as EGFR, c-Met, BRAF, HDAC, etc. Therefore, VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities have been considered to be promising and effective anticancer agents for cancer therapy. In this work, we reviewed the structure and biological functions of VEGFR-2, and summarized the drug discovery strategies, and inhibitory activities of VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities reported in recent years. This work might provide the reference for the development of VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities as novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, China
| | - Su-Juan Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shi-Wu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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3
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Chaudhari PJ, Bari SB, Surana SJ, Shirkhedkar AA, Bonde CG, Khadse SC, Ugale VG, Nagar AA, Cheke RS. Discovery and Anticancer Activity of Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole- and Aziridine-Based Indolin-2-ones via In Silico Design Followed by Supramolecular Green Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17270-17294. [PMID: 35647471 PMCID: PMC9134430 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three crucial anticancer scaffolds, namely indolin-2-one, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and aziridine, are explored to synthesize virtually screened target molecules based on the c-KIT kinase protein. The stem cell factor receptor c-KIT was selected as target because most U.S. FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors bearing the indolin-2-one scaffold profoundly inhibit c-KIT. Molecular hybrids of indolin-2-one with 1,3,4-thiadiazole (IIIa-m) and aziridine (VIa and VIc) were afforded through a modified Schiff base green synthesis using β-cyclodextrin-SO3H in water as a recyclable proton-donor catalyst. A computational study found that indolin-2,3-dione forms a supramolecular inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin-SO3H through noncovalent interactions. A molecular docking study of all the synthesized compounds was executed on the c-KIT kinase domain, and most compounds displayed binding affinities similar to that of Sunitinib. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic significance of the aryl thioether linkage in small molecules, 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids (IIIa-m) were extended to a new series of 3-((5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-ones (IVa-m) via thioetherification using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride as the catalyst for C-S bond formation. Target compounds were tested against NCI-60 human cancer cell lines for a single-dose concentration. Among all three series of indolin-2-ones, the majority of compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum activity toward various cancer cell lines. Compounds IVc and VIc were further evaluated for a five-dose anticancer study. Compound IVc showed a potent activity of IC50 = 1.47 μM against a panel of breast cancer cell lines, whereas compound VIc exhibited the highest inhibition for a panel of colon cancer cell lines at IC50 = 1.40 μM. In silico ADME property descriptors of all the target molecules are in an acceptable range. Machine learning algorithms were used to examine the metabolites and phase I and II regioselectivities of compounds IVc and VIc, and the results suggested that these two compounds could be potential leads for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J. Chaudhari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- . Tel: +91 954 578 09 64. Fax: +912563255189
| | - Sanjaykumar B. Bari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Atul A. Shirkhedkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Chandrakant G. Bonde
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Saurabh C. Khadse
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Vinod G. Ugale
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- Bioprospecting
group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
| | - Akhil A. Nagar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rameshwar S. Cheke
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of
Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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4
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Liu J, Liu F, Li Z, Li C, Wu S, Shen J, Wang H, Du S, Wei H, Hou Y, Ding S, Chen Y. Novel 4-phenoxypyridine derivatives bearing imidazole-4-carboxamide and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide moieties: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation as potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Chaudhari P, Bari S, Surana S, Shirkhedkar A, Wakode S, Shelar S, Racharla S, Ugale V, Ghodke M. Logical synthetic strategies and structure-activity relationship of indolin-2-one hybrids as small molecule anticancer agents: An overview. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Pathania S, Pentikäinen OT, Singh PK. A holistic view on c-Kit in cancer: Structure, signaling, pathophysiology and its inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188631. [PMID: 34606974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases play an important role in many cellular processes, and their dysregulation leads to diseases, most importantly cancer. One such receptor tyrosine kinase is c-Kit, a type-III receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in various intracellular signaling pathways. The role of different mutant isoforms of c-Kit has been established in several types of cancers. Accordingly, promising c-Kit inhibition results have been reported for the treatment of different cancers (e.g., gastrointestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and other tumors). Therefore, lots of effort has been put to target c-Kit for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide a comprehensive compilation to provide an insight into c-Kit inhibitor discovery. This compilation provides key information regarding the structure, signaling pathways related to c-Kit, and, more importantly, pharmacophores, binding modes, and SAR analysis for almost all small-molecule heterocycles reported for their c-Kit inhibitory activity. This work could be used as a guide in understanding the basic requirements for targeting c-Kit, and how the selectivity and efficacy of the molecules have been achieved till today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Olli T Pentikäinen
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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7
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Rasal NK, Jagtap SV, Bhange DS. Antimicrobial and antiproliferative study of chalcone clubbed 2,
4‐dimethylpyrrole‐3‐carboxamide
derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kisan Rasal
- Department of Chemistry Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, India) Sangvi Pune India
| | - Sangeeta Vijay Jagtap
- Department of Chemistry Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, India) Sangvi Pune India
| | - Dattatraya Soma Bhange
- Department of Chemistry Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, India) Sangvi Pune India
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8
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Guo T, Ma S. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:600-620. [PMID: 33179854 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer has been one of the most significant challenges for the medical field. Further research on the signal transduction pathway of tumor cells is driving the rapid development of antitumor agents targeting tyrosine kinases. However, most of the currently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on the "single target/single drug" design are becoming less and less effective in the treatment of complex, heterogeneous, and multigenic cancers; this also results in resistance to chemotherapy. In contrast, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MT-TKIs) can effectively block multiple pathways of intracellular signal transduction. Therefore, they have therapeutic advantages over single-targeted inhibitors and have become a hotspot in antitumor drug research in recent years. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the discovery of MT-TKIs based on their chemical structures. In particular, we describe the kinase inhibitory and antitumor activity of promising compounds, as well as their structure - activity relationships (SARs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, West Wenhua Road 44, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, West Wenhua Road 44, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
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9
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR-2)/KDR Inhibitors: Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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10
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RNAm expression profile of cancer marker genes in HepG2 cells treated with different concentrations of a new indolin-3-one from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12781. [PMID: 30143666 PMCID: PMC6109079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the effects of a newly identified indolin-3-one compound (compound 1), produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on HepG2 cells. The MTT assays demonstrated decreased metabolic activities in HepG2 cells treated with compound 1, with dose- and time-dependent intensifying effect, starting at a concentration of 40 µM. The IC50 after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h treatments were 41.35, 52.7, 92.79 and 66.65 μM of compound 1, respectively. Below 80 µM, no significative damage on erythrocytes membranes was observed by the hemolytic assays. The RT-qPCR revealed that the compound modulated key genes involved in carcinogenesis process, indicating possible indolin-3-one mechanisms of action. The data showed that gene expression alterations promoted by compound 1, in concentrations up to 60 μM after 48 h, led to a decrease in cellular progression and there was no direct cellular damage. In addition, non-cytotoxic concentrations of compound 1 halved the concentration of the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin, maintaining similar therapeutic effect against HepG2 cells. The novelty of the molecule and the biological activities observed in the present study emphasize the potential of the compound 1 in cancer therapy research.
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11
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Olivier WJ, Smith JA, Bissember AC. Methods for the synthesis of annulated pyrroles via cyclisation strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1216-1226. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03144k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we review the methods that have been employed to synthesise annulated pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J. Olivier
- School of Physical Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Physical Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Physical Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
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12
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Jiang H, Feng Z, Chen T, Li Z, Huang W, Luo Y, Zhao Y. (E)-3-(Aryl(arylamino)Methylene)Indolin-2-One Derivatives: An Efficient Synthetic Approach and Evaluation of their Cancer Inhibitory Activity. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3184/174751918x15166485941737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of (E)-3-(aryl(arylamino)methylene)indolin-2-one derivatives were synthesised using an efficient synthetic approach. The method involved reaction of 3-bromo-3-(bromo(aryl)methyl)indolin-2-one with substituted anilines through nucleophilic substitution and a simultaneous elimination using NaHCO3 in DMF. The anticancer activity of the products against four cell lines, HCT-116, A549, SKOV3 and MDA-MB-231, was also evaluated, and several compounds showed moderate inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Taiping Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zicheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
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13
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Wang J, Shu M, Wen X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Hu Y, Lin Z. Discovery of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors by quantitative structure–activity relationships, molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing the combined strategy to understand the features of KDR–ligands complexes, and provide a basis for rational design of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Mao Shu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Xiaorong Wen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- Research Center of Bioinspired Material Science and Engineering
- Bioengineering College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Yong Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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14
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In silico exploration of c-KIT inhibitors by pharmaco-informatics methodology: pharmacophore modeling, 3D QSAR, docking studies, and virtual screening. Mol Divers 2015; 20:41-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kang CM, Liu DQ, Wang XY, Dai YJ, Cheng JG, Lv YT. 3D-QSAR and docking study on 3-benzimidazol-2-ylhydroquinolin-2-one derivatives as VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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