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Molinaro C, Kelly S, Tang A, Iding H, Stocker P, Linghu X, Gosselin F. Asymmetric Synthesis of N-Alkyl Amino Acids through a Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of PEGylated N-Alkyl Amino Esters. Org Lett 2023; 25:8927-8931. [PMID: 38051775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of a practical procedure for a lipase-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of PEGylated N-alkyl amino esters is reported. This method allows for the preparation of a broad range of aromatic and aliphatic enantiomerically enriched N-alkyl unnatural amino acids in up to 98% yield and 99% ee. We have found that PEGylated esters have a significant solubility advantage and improved reactivity over traditional hydrophobic lipase substrates, thereby allowing for efficient and scalable dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Molinaro
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech USA, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sean Kelly
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech USA, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Allison Tang
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech USA, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Iding
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Stocker
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xin Linghu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech USA, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech USA, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Chira R, Fangmeyer J, Neaga IO, Zaharia V, Karst U, Bodoki E, Oprean R. Simulation of the oxidative metabolization pattern of netupitant, an NK 1 receptor antagonist, by electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:661-666. [PMID: 34765280 PMCID: PMC8572700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the frequent use of netupitant in polytherapy, the elucidation of its oxidative metabolization pattern is of major importance. However, there is a lack of published research on the redox behavior of this novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Therefore, this study was performed to simulate the intensive hepatic biotransformation of netupitant using an electrochemically driven method. Most of the known enzyme-mediated reactions occurring in the liver (i.e., N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and N-oxidation) were successfully mimicked by the electrolytic cell using a boron-doped diamond working electrode. The products were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Aside from its ability to pinpoint formerly unknown metabolites that could be responsible for the known side effects of netupitant or connected with any new perspective concerning future therapeutic indications, this electrochemical process also represents a facile alternative for the synthesis of oxidation products for further in vitro and in vivo studies. Study of the electrochemical behavior of netupitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist. Electrochemical simulation of the phase I oxidative metabolization of netupitant. Identification of the generated oxidation species by LC/ESI(+)-MS. Separation and identification of electrochemically generated isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Chira
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jens Fangmeyer
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ioan O. Neaga
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Zaharia
- Organic Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Uwe Karst
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Corresponding author.
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Abstract
The NK1 tachykinin G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) binds substance P, the first neuropeptide to be discovered in mammals. Through activation of NK1R, substance P modulates a wide variety of physiological and disease processes including nociception, inflammation, and depression. Human NK1R (hNK1R) modulators have shown promise in clinical trials for migraine, depression, and emesis. However, the only currently approved drugs targeting hNK1R are inhibitors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). To better understand the molecular basis of ligand recognition and selectivity, we solved the crystal structure of hNK1R bound to the inhibitor L760735, a close analog of the drug aprepitant. Our crystal structure reveals the basis for antagonist interaction in the deep and narrow orthosteric pocket of the receptor. We used our structure as a template for computational docking and molecular-dynamics simulations to dissect the energetic importance of binding pocket interactions and model the binding of aprepitant. The structure of hNK1R is a valuable tool in the further development of tachykinin receptor modulators for multiple clinical applications.
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Gadais C, Ballet S. The Neurokinins: Peptidomimetic Ligand Design and Therapeutic Applications. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:1515-1561. [PMID: 30209994 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180913095918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinins are indisputably essential neurotransmitters in numerous pathoand physiological events. Being widely distributed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues, their discovery rapidly promoted them to drugs targets. As a necessity for molecular tools to understand the biological role of this class, endogenous peptides and their receptors prompted the scientific community to design ligands displaying either agonist and antagonist activity at the three main neurokinin receptors, called NK1, NK2 and NK3. Several strategies were implemented for this purpose. With a preference to small non-peptidic ligands, many research groups invested efforts in synthesizing and evaluating a wide range of scaffolds, but only the NK1 antagonist Aprepitant (EMENDT) and its prodrug Fosaprepitant (IVEMENDT) have been approved by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced and Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (CINV and PONV, respectively). While non-peptidic drugs showed limitations, especially in side effect control, peptidic and pseudopeptidic compounds progressively regained attention. Various strategies were implemented to modulate affinity, selectivity and activity of the newly designed ligands. Replacement of canonical amino acids, incorporation of conformational constraints, and fusion with non-peptidic moieties gave rise to families of ligands displaying individual or dual NK1, NK2 and NK3 antagonism, that ultimately were combined with non-neurokinin ligands (such as opioids) to target enhanced biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Gadais
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Krautscheid Y, Senning CJÅ, Sartori SB, Singewald N, Schuster D, Stuppner H. Pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and in vitro testing reveal haloperidol, eprazinone, and fenbutrazate as neurokinin receptors ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1747-57. [PMID: 24849814 DOI: 10.1021/ci500106z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin receptors (NKRs) have been shown to be involved in many physiological processes, rendering them promising novel drug targets, but also making them the possible cause for side effects of several drugs. Aiming to answer the question whether the binding to NKRs could have a share in the side effects or even the desired effects of already licensed drugs, we generated a set of ligand-based common feature pharmacophore models based on the structural information about subtype-selective and nonselective NKR antagonists and screened an in-house database mainly composed of licensed drugs. The prospective pharmacological investigations of the virtual hits haloperidol, eprazinone, and fenbutrazate confirmed them to be NKR ligands in vitro. By the identification of licensed drugs as so far unknown NKR ligands, this study contributes to establishing an activity profile of the investigated compounds and confirms the presented pharmacophore models as useful tools for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Krautscheid
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, ‡Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CAMD Group, §Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Hanessian S, Jennequin T, Boyer N, Babonneau V, Soma U, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, De Nanteuil G. Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Balanced Dual NK1/NK3 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:550-5. [PMID: 24900878 DOI: 10.1021/ml400528y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with a program directed at potent and balanced dual NK1/NK3 receptor ligands, a focused exploration of an original class of peptidomimetic derivatives was performed. The rational design and molecular hybridization of a novel phenylalanine core series was achieved to maximize the in vitro affinity and antagonism at both human NK1 and NK3 receptors. This study led to the identification of a new potent dual NK1/NK3 antagonist with pK i values of 8.6 and 8.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas Jennequin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent Babonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Udaykumar Soma
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Clotilde Mannoury la Cour
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guillaume De Nanteuil
- Neuroscience Chemistry Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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