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Bariwal J, Kumar V, Dong Y, Mahato RI. Design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1137-1204. [PMID: 30484872 DOI: 10.1002/med.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in the initiation and progression of various cancers and is essential for embryonic and postnatal development. This pathway remains in the quiescent state in adult tissues but gets activated upon inflammation and injuries. Inhibition of Hh signaling pathway using natural and synthetic compounds has provided an attractive approach for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. While the majority of Hh pathway inhibitors target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), some small molecules that target the signaling cascade downstream of SMO are of particular interest. Substantial efforts are being made to develop new molecules targeting various components of the Hh signaling pathway. Here, we have discussed the discovery of small molecules as Hh inhibitors from the diverse chemical background. Also, some of the recently identified natural products have been included as a separate section. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each chemical class is the focus of this review. Also, clinically advanced molecules are discussed from the last 5 to 7 years. Nanomedicine-based delivery approaches for Hh pathway inhibitors are also discussed concisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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2
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Xin M, Zhang L, Tu C, Tang F, Wen J. Novel 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamide derivatives as potent hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5029-5036. [PMID: 30249494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors have been designed and synthesized based on our previously reported scaffold of 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamide. The Hh signaling pathway inhibitory activities were evaluated by Gli-luciferase reporter method and most compounds showed more potent inhibitory activities than vismodegib. Three compounds were picked out to evaluated in vivo for their PK properties, and compound 23b bearing a 2-pyridyl A-ring and (morpholin-4-yl)methylene at 3-position of D-ring demonstrated satisfactory PK properties. This study suggested the 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamides were a series of potent Hh signaling pathway inhibitors, deserving to further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Liandi Zhang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Chongxing Tu
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Feng Tang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Jun Wen
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
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Xin M, Ji X, De La Cruz LK, Thareja S, Wang B. Strategies to target the Hedgehog signaling pathway for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:870-913. [PMID: 29315702 DOI: 10.1002/med.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential pathway in the human body, and plays a major role in embryo development and tissue patterning. Constitutive activation of the Hh signaling pathway through sporadic mutations or other mechanisms is explicitly associated with cancer development and progression in various solid malignancies. Therefore, targeted inhibition of the Hh signaling pathway has emerged as an attractive and validated therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Vismodegib, a first-in-class Hh signaling pathway inhibitor was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2012, and sonidegib, another potent Hh pathway inhibitor, received FDA's approval in 2015 as a new treatment of locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma. The clinical success of vismodegib and sonidegib provided strong support for the development of Hh signaling pathway inhibitors via targeting the smoothened (Smo) receptor. Moreover, Hh signaling pathway inhibitors aimed to target proteins, which are downstream or upstream of Smo, have also been pursued based on the identification of additional therapeutic benefits. Recently, much progress has been made in Hh singling and inhibitors of this pathway. Herein, medicinal chemistry strategies, especially the structural optimization process of different classes of Hh inhibitors, are comprehensively summarized. Further therapeutic potentials and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xinyue Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Introduction of fluorine to phenyl group of 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamides leading to a series of potent hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Maschinot CA, Pace JR, Hadden MK. Synthetic Small Molecule Inhibitors of Hh Signaling As Anti-Cancer Chemotherapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:4033-57. [PMID: 26310919 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150827093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a developmental signaling pathway that is essential to the proper embryonic development of many vertebrate systems. Dysregulation of Hh signaling has been implicated as a causative factor in the development and progression of several forms of human cancer. As such, the development of small molecule inhibitors of Hh signaling as potential anti-cancer chemotherapeutics has been a major area of research interest in both academics and industry over the past ten years. Through these efforts, synthetic small molecules that target multiple components of the Hh pathway have been identified and advanced to preclinical or clinical development. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the current status of several synthetic small molecule Hh pathway inhibitors and explore the potential of several recently disclosed inhibitory scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M K Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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Xin M, Zhang L, Jin Q, Tang F, Wen J, Gu L, Cheng L, Zhao Y. Discovery of novel 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamide derivatives as highly potent and orally available hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xin M, Zhang L, Wen J, Shen H, Liu Z, Zhao X, Jin Q, Wang M, Cheng L, Huang W, Tang F. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of trifluoromethyl containing 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino)benzamides as Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 7-substituted 3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amines as potent Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Xin M, Wang Y, Huang W, Jin Q, Tang F, Wu G, Zhao Y, Xiang H. Discovery of thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amines as novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6059-68. [PMID: 26277759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of BTK inhibitors bearing thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amine framework as the core scaffold were designed, synthesized and well characterized. In this paper, twenty one compounds displayed variant inhibitory activities against BTK in vitro, and compound 14 g showed the most potent inhibitory activity against BTK enzyme, with the IC50 value of 12.8 nM. Moreover, compounds 14 g displayed relatively good kinase selectivity and was subsequently evaluated in vivo for profiling its PK properties. This work identified the thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amine derivatives as novel BTK inhibitors and verified the value of thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amine scaffold in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qiu Jin
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Feng Tang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Zhao X, Xin M, Huang W, Ren Y, Jin Q, Tang F, Jiang H, Wang Y, Yang J, Mo S, Xiang H. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 5-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potent reversible Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:348-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Five-membered heteroaromatic ring fused-pyrimidine derivatives: Design, synthesis, and hedgehog signaling pathway inhibition study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3486-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Banerjee U, Hadden MK. Recent advances in the design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:751-71. [PMID: 24850423 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is known to be dysregulated in several forms of cancer. Hence, specifically targeting this signaling cascade is a valid and promising strategy for successful therapeutic intervention. Several components within the Hh pathway have been proven to be druggable; however, challenges in the discovery and development process for small molecules targeting this pathway have been identified. AREAS COVERED This review details both the current state and future potential of Hh pathway inhibitors as anticancer chemotherapeutics that target a variety of human malignancies. EXPERT OPINION The initial development of Hh pathway inhibitors focused on small-molecule antagonists of Smoothened, a transmembrane protein that is a key regulator of pathway signaling. More recently, efforts to identify and develop inhibitors of pathway signaling that function through alternate mechanisms have been increasing. However, none of these have advanced into clinical trials. Further, early evidence suggesting the broad application of Hh pathway inhibitors as a monotherapy in a wide range of human cancers has not been validated. The potential for Hh pathway inhibitors as combination therapy has demonstrated promising preclinical results. However, more research to identify rational drug combinations to fully explore the potential of this anticancer drug class is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092 , USA +1 860 486 8446 ;
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Xin M, Zhang L, Shen H, Wen J, Tu C, Liu Z, Cheng L, Zhao X. Design, synthesis, and biological study of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as novel hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Xin M, Zhang L, Tang F, Tu C, Wen J, Zhao X, Liu Z, Cheng L, Shen H. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine derivatives as novel hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Manetti F, Taddei M, Petricci E. Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Small Molecule Smoothened Modulators Discovered by High-Throughput Screening and Rational Design. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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