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Ramesh G, Balamurugan R. Triflic Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole-Substituted Indane Derivatives via In Situ Formed Acetal-Facilitated Nucleophilic Addition and 4π-Electron-5-Carbon Electrocyclization Sequence. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16278-16292. [PMID: 34762435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the synthesis of indole-substituted indanes from o-alkenylbenzaldehydes under acetalization conditions has been presented. The cyclization occurs via a nucleophilic addition of indole on the oxacarbenium ion generated from acetal formed under the reaction condition followed by a conrotatory 4π-electrocyclization reaction, which takes care of the exclusive diastereoselectivity observed during the cyclization step. Olefin geometry of o-alkenylbenzaldehyde and the amount of indole play a decisive role in the success of this cyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golla Ramesh
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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2
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Dorababu A. Indole - a promising pharmacophore in recent antiviral drug discovery. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1335-1353. [PMID: 34095843 PMCID: PMC8126882 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicyclic molecule indole has been in the limelight because of its numerous pharmacological potencies. It is used as an excellent scaffold in drug discovery of medicinal drugs such as antimicrobials, anticancer agents, antihypertensives, anti-proliferative agents and anti-inflammatory agents. In spite of its diverse therapeutic activity, it is used as a key pharmacophore in synthesizing the most potent biological agents. Besides, viral infections are ubiquitous and their prevention and cure have become a great challenge. In this regard, the design of indole-containing antiviral drugs is accomplished to combat viral infections. A lot of research is being carried out towards antiviral drug discovery by many researchers round the clock. Herein, the antiviral activity of recently discovered indole scaffolds is compiled and critically evaluated to give a meaningful summary. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of remarkable antiviral agents is discussed. Also, the structural motifs attributed to noteworthy antiviral properties are highlighted to guide future antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Govt. First Grade College Huvinahadagali-583219 Karnataka India
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Pribut N, Basson AE, van Otterlo WAL, Liotta DC, Pelly SC. Aryl Substituted Benzimidazolones as Potent HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:196-202. [PMID: 30783503 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV as the etiological agent of AIDS, the virus has infected millions of people each year. Fortunately, with the use of HAART, viremia can be suppressed to below detectable levels in the infected individuals, which significantly improves their quality of life and prevents the onset of AIDS. However, HAART is not curative and issues relating to adherence and drug resistance may lead to the re-emergence of viremia, the development of AIDS, and ultimately death. To address a pressing need for the development of new and efficacious antiretroviral agents with activity against viruses bearing prevalent resistant mutations, we have designed two generations of benzimidazolone derivatives as HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The first generation benzimidazolone inhibitors were found to be potent inhibitors of wild-type HIV reverse transcriptase but were ineffective in the presence of common resistance mutations such as K103N and Y181C. A second generation benzimidazolone inhibitor (compound 42) not only showed inhibitory activity against wild-type HIV but also remained active against HIV containing the K103N, Y181C, and K103N/Y181C drug resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pribut
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Western Cape South Africa
| | - Adriaan E. Basson
- School of Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Parktown, JHB, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Western Cape South Africa
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stephen C. Pelly
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Shirvani P, Fassihi A, Saghaie L. Recent Advances in the Design and Development of Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Scaffolds. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:52-77. [PMID: 30417561 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have always been an important part of the anti-HIV-1 combination therapy known as combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) since 1996. The use of NNRTIs for about 22 years has led to some mutations in the residues that compose the reverse transcriptase active site, resulting in the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the search for new potent NNRTIs with an improved safety profile and activity against drug-resistant HIV strains is indispensable, and many hit and lead NNRTIs have been discovered in the last decade. This review provides an overview of the development in this field from 2013 to August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Shirvani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib Avenue, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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6
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Chachignon H, Guyon H, Cahard D. CF 3SO 2X (X = Na, Cl) as reagents for trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethylsulfenyl-, -sulfinyl- and -sulfonylation and chlorination. Part 2: Use of CF 3SO 2Cl. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2800-2818. [PMID: 30018666 PMCID: PMC5753100 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progresses of the application of trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride, CF3SO2Cl, in the formation of C–CF3, C–SCF3, C–SOCF3, and C–Cl bonds are summarised in this second part of a two-part review published back-to-back on both sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate, CF3SO2Na, (Part 1) and trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride, CF3SO2Cl (Part 2). There are many reactions in common between these two reagents but it should be noted that CF3SO2Cl reacts under reductive conditions while CF3SO2Na requires oxidative conditions. Electrophilic chlorination is obviously the exclusive preserve of CF3SO2Cl that has been exploited with emphasis in enantioselective chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chachignon
- UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, Normandie Université, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Guyon
- UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, Normandie Université, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Dominique Cahard
- UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, Normandie Université, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Jiang C, Li J, Lü G, Zheng Y, Yu X, Lü S, Hai L, Wu Y. Potassium tert-Butanolate promoted reaction of benzaldehydes and indoles: a new strategy for synthesis of bis(indolyl)arylmethanes. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-6382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pribut N, Veale CGL, Basson AE, van Otterlo WAL, Pelly SC. Application of the Huisgen cycloaddition and 'click' reaction toward various 1,2,3-triazoles as HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3700-4. [PMID: 27287366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel anti-HIV agents remains an important medicinal chemistry challenge given that no cure for the disease is imminent, and the continued use of current NNRTIs inevitably leads to problems associated with resistance. Inspired by the pyrazole-containing NNRTI lersivirine (LSV), we embarked upon a study to establish whether 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles could be used as a new scaffold for the creation of novel NNRTIs. An especially attractive feature of triazoles used for this purpose is the versatility in accessing variously functionalised systems using either the thermally regulated Huisgen cycloaddition, or the related 'click' reaction. Employing three alternative forms of these reactions, we were able to synthesise a range of triazole compounds and evaluate their efficacy in a phenotypic HIV assay. To our astonishment, even compounds closely mimicking LSV were only moderately effective against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pribut
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Clinton G L Veale
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Adriaan E Basson
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Johannesburg, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Willem A L van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Stephen C Pelly
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Benzoic acid: an efficient and rapid catalyst for the synthesis of α-hydroxyl(indolyl)ethanones from indoles. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li X, Gao P, Zhan P, Liu X. Substituted indoles as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent evaluation (WO2015044928). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:629-35. [PMID: 26742549 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1135902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The invention described in this patent (WO2015044928) is related to compounds based on the substituted indole scaffold, their synthetic process and application to inhibit HIV-1 replication as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Some of the newly claimed compounds presented improved potency against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain in comparison to previously disclosed indole-based NNRTIs and were also shown to be effective against common resistant HIV-1 strains. In light of their novel structural characteristics, simple synthetic route and improved anti-HIV activity, these compounds deserve further study as promising NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P.R.China
| | - Ping Gao
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P.R.China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P.R.China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , P.R.China
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Novel indole sulfides as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1580-1584. [PMID: 26876929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous communication we described a series of indole based NNRTIs which were potent inhibitors of HIV replication, both for the wild type and K103N strains of the virus. However, the methyl ether functionality on these compounds, which was crucial for potency, was susceptible to acid promoted indole assisted SN1 substitution. This particular problem did not bode well for an orally bioavailable drug. Here we describe bioisosteric replacement of this problematic functional group, leading to a series of compounds which are potent inhibitors of HIV replication, and are acid stable.
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Jin L, Feng J, Lu G, Cai C. Di-tert-butyl Peroxide (DTBP)-Mediated Oxidative Cross- Coupling of Isochroman and Indole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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