1
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Ji L, Fang Y, Tang J, Liu C, Huang C, Hu Q, Li Q, Chen Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 18F-labelled dopamine D 3 receptor selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 62:128630. [PMID: 35182773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is highly expressed in the limbic regions of the brain and closely related to a variety of neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and drug-seeking behavior. In vivo imaging of D3R with radio-labelled tracers and positron emission tomography (PET) has become a powerful technique in related disorders. In this study, we synthesized three novel aromatically 18F-labelled phenylpiperazine-like D3R selective radioactive ligands ([18F]5b, [18F]8b and [18F]11b) and developed a simple, rapid and efficient 18F-labelling method by condition optimization. Radiosynthesis of [18F]5b, [18F]8b and [18F]11b was achieved by 18F-fluorination from nitroarene precursors. Final radiochemical purities of [18F]5b, [18F]8b and [18F]11b solution were > 99% and remained good stability (> 98% for up to 6 h) in PBS and FBS. PET imaging and cellular binding studies revealed that [18F]8b had a higher D3R affinity than [18F]5b and [18F]11b. Autoradiography and biodistribution studies of the brain showed that [18F]8b had medium intensity specific accumulation in the striatum and cortex. Meanwhile, the low skeletal uptake of [18F]8b revealed a good in vivo stability with negligible defluorination. These results indicated that [18F]8b might be a potential 18F-labelled D3R PET imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yi Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Jie Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Chunyi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Qianyue Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qingming Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Zhengping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
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2
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Formation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives by oxidation of 4-phenyl-1-pivaloylsemicarbazide. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Krüll J, Fehler SK, Hofmann L, Nebel N, Maschauer S, Prante O, Gmeiner P, Lanig H, Hübner H, Heinrich MR. Synthesis, Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Buprenorphine-Derived Phenylazocarboxamides as Novel μ-Opioid Receptor Ligands. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1175-1186. [PMID: 32378310 PMCID: PMC7383964 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted structural modifications have led to a novel type of buprenorphine-derived opioid receptor ligand displaying an improved selectivity profile for the μ-OR subtype. On this basis, it is shown that phenylazocarboxamides may serve as useful bioisosteric replacements for the widely occurring cinnamide units, without loss of OR binding affinity or subtype selectivity. This study further includes functional experiments pointing to weak partial agonist properties of the novel μ-OR ligands, as well as docking and metabolism experiments. Finally, the unique bifunctional character of phenylazocarboxylates, herein serving as precursors for the azocarboxamide subunit, was exploited to demonstrate the accessibility of an 18 F-fluorinated analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Krüll
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefanie K. Fehler
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Laura Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Natascha Nebel
- Department of Nuclear MedicineMolecular Imaging and RadiochemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergSchwabachanlage 1291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear MedicineMolecular Imaging and RadiochemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergSchwabachanlage 1291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear MedicineMolecular Imaging and RadiochemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergSchwabachanlage 1291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Harald Lanig
- Central Institute for Scientific Computing (ZISC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstr. 5a91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyPharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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4
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Stewart MN, Shao X, Desmond TJ, Forrest TJ, Arteaga J, Stauff J, Scott PJH. Synthesis and pre-clinical evaluation of a potential radiotracer for PET imaging of the dopamine D 3 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1315-1322. [PMID: 30151086 PMCID: PMC6097203 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00094h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to understand the function of dopamine D3 receptors. Due to high sequence homology with D2 receptors, development of D3-selective PET radiotracers has been challenging. In an effort to overcome this issue, we report the radiosynthesis of a new selective D3 ligand with carbon-11 ([11C]1 ), and its initial preclincial evaluation as a potential PET radiotracer for in vivo imaging of D3 receptors. [11C]1 was prepared via [11C]CO2 fixation in 0.1% non-corrected radiochemical yield, good radiochemical purity (>95%) and high specific activity (>2000 Ci mmol-1). [11C]1 exhibited specific binding to D3 receptors using ex vivo autoradiography experiments with rat brain, but only 14-fold selectivity over D2 receptors which is lower than the 1400-fold value reported previously for cell studies. Rodent PET imaging revealed reasonable uptake of the radiotracer in areas of the brain known to be rich in D3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Stewart
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48105 , USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Timothy J Desmond
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Taylor J Forrest
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48105 , USA
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5
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Nebel N, Strauch B, Maschauer S, Lasch R, Rampp H, Fehler SK, Bock LR, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR, Prante O. [ 18F]Fluorophenylazocarboxylates: Design and Synthesis of Potential Radioligands for Dopamine D3 and μ-Opioid Receptor. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8649-8659. [PMID: 29479577 PMCID: PMC5819854 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
18F-Labeled building blocks from the type of [18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl esters offer a rapid, mild, and reliable method for the 18F-fluoroarylation of biomolecules. Two series of azocarboxamides were synthesized as potential radioligands for dopamine D3 and the μ-opioid receptor, revealing compounds 3d and 3e with single-digit and sub-nanomolar affinity for the D3 receptor and compound 4c with only micromolar affinity for the μ-opioid receptor, but enhanced selectivity for the μ-subtype in comparison to the lead compound AH-7921. A "minimalist procedure" without the use of a cryptand and base for the preparation of 4-[18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl ester [18F]2a was established, together with the radiosynthesis of methyl-, methoxy-, and phenyl-substituted derivatives ([18F]2b-f). With the substituted [18F]fluorophenylazocarbylates in hand, two prototype azocarboxylates radioligands were synthesized by 18F-fluoroarylation, namely the methoxy azocarboxamide [18F]3d as the D3 receptor radioligand and [18F]4a as a prototype structure of the μ-opioid receptor radioligand. By introducing the new series of [18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl esters, the method of 18F-fluoroarylation was significantly expanded, thereby demonstrating the versatility of 18F-labeled phenylazocarboxylates for the design of potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography .
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Nebel
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strauch
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Hannelore Rampp
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Stefanie K. Fehler
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Leonard R. Bock
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
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6
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Mach RH, Luedtke RR. Challenges in the development of dopamine D2- and D3-selective radiotracers for PET imaging studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 61:291-298. [PMID: 28857231 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D2-like receptors (ie, D2/3 receptors) have been the most extensively studied CNS receptor with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The 3 different radiotracers that have been used in these studies are [11 C]raclopride, [18 F]fallypride, and [11 C]PHNO. Because these radiotracers have a high affinity for both dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, the density of dopamine receptors in the CNS is reported as the D2/3 binding potential, which reflects a measure of the density of both receptor subtypes. Although the development of D2- and D3-selective PET radiotracers has been an active area of research for many years, this by and large presents an unmet need in the area of translational PET imaging studies. This article discusses some of the challenges that have inhibited progress in this area of research and the current status of the development of subtype selective radiotracers for imaging D3 and D2 dopamine receptors with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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7
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Lachmann D, Studte C, Männel B, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, König B. Photochromic Dopamine Receptor Ligands Based on Dithienylethenes and Fulgides. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28650111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe the incorporation of the well-investigated class of photochromic dithienylethenes (DTEs) and fulgides into known dopamine receptor ligands such as 1,4-disubstituted aromatic and hydroxybenzoxazinone piperazines as well as aminoindanes. Subtype and functional selective photochromic ligands were obtained and characterized by NMR and UV/VIS spectroscopic measurements. The photophysical properties of the DTE based dopamine ligands revealed a high fatigue resistance for the diarylmaleimides, but the ringclosure could not be accomplished in polar solvents due to a known twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Several cyclopentene-DTEs showed high PSS, but a fast degradation by forming an irreversible byproduct. Focusing on the fulgides, high photostationary states and switching in polar solvents were possible. The compounds 43, 45 and 46 containing the isopropyl group showed only isomerization between the open E-form and the closed C-form. At a concentration of 1 nm, the cyclopentene-DTE 29-open showed a more than 11-fold higher activation of D2S , a pharmacologically important G protein-coupled receptor, than its photochromic congener 29-closed. Interestingly, the fulgimide-based pair 52-(E)-open/52-closed could be discovered as an alternative photoswitch with inverse activation properties exhibiting four-fold higher activity in the closed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lachmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Studte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Männel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Emil Fischer Center, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Nebel N, Maschauer S, Kuwert T, Hocke C, Prante O. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Selected Fluorine-18 Labeled Radioligands for PET Imaging of the Dopamine D3 Receptor. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091144. [PMID: 27589704 PMCID: PMC6272905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine D3 receptors seem to play a key role in the control of drug-seeking behavior. The imaging of their regional density with positron emission tomography (PET) could thus help in the exploration of the molecular basis of drug addiction. A fluorine-18 labeled D3 subtype selective radioligand would be beneficial for this purpose; however, as yet, there is no such tracer available. The three candidates [18F]1, [18F]2a and [18F]2b were chosen for in vitro and in vivo characterization as radioligands suitable for selective PET imaging of the D3 receptor. Their evaluation included the analysis of radiometabolites and the assessment of non-specific binding by in vitro rat brain autoradiography. While [18F]1 and [18F]2a revealed high non-specific uptake in in vitro rat brain autoradiography, the D3 receptor density was successfully determined on rat brain sections (n = 4) with the candidate [18F]2b offering a Bmax of 20.38 ± 2.67 pmol/g for the islands of Calleja, 19.54 ± 1.85 pmol/g for the nucleus accumbens and 16.58 ± 1.63 pmol/g for the caudate putamen. In PET imaging studies, the carboxamide 1 revealed low signal/background ratios in the rat brain and relatively low uptake in the pituitary gland, while the azocarboxamides [18F]2a and [18F]2b showed binding that was blockable by the D3 receptor ligand BP897 in the ventricular system and the pituitary gland in PET imaging studies in living rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Nebel
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Olaf Prante
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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9
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Nebel N, Maschauer S, Hocke C, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Optimization and synthesis of an (18) F-labeled dopamine D3 receptor ligand using [(18) F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic tert-butylester. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 59:48-53. [PMID: 26707848 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is still no efficient fluorine-18-labeled dopamine D3 subtype selective receptor ligand for studies with positron emission tomography. We aim at improving the D3 selectivity and hydrophilicity of a candidate ligand by changing the substitution pattern to a 2,3-dichlorophenylpiperazine and hydroxylation of the butyl chain. The compound [(18) F]3 exhibited D3 affinity of Ki = 3.6 nM, increased subtype selectivity (Ki (D2 /D3 ) = 60), and low affinity to 5-HT1A and α1 receptors (Ki (5-HT1A /D3 ) = 34; Ki (α1 /D3 ) = 100). The two-step radiosynthesis was optimized for analog [(18) F]4 by reducing the necessary concentration of the precursor amine (57 mM), which reacted with [(18) F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic tert-butylester under basic conditions. The optimization of the base (Cs 2 CO3 , 23 mM) and the adjustment of reaction temperature led to the radiochemical yield of 63% after 5 min at 35°C. The optimized reaction conditions were transferred on to the synthesis of [(18) F]3 with an overall non-decay corrected yield of 8-12% in a specific activity of 32-102 GBq/µmol after a total synthesis time of 30-35 min. This provides a D 3 radioligand candidate with improved attributes concerning selectivity and radiosynthesis for further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Nebel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
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