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Hammerschmidt SJ, Maus H, Weldert AC, Gütschow M, Kersten C. Improving binding entropy by higher ligand symmetry? - A case study with human matriptase. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:969-982. [PMID: 37252099 PMCID: PMC10211324 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding different contributions to the binding entropy of ligands is of utmost interest to better predict affinity and the thermodynamic binding profiles of protein-ligand interactions and to develop new strategies for ligand optimization. To these means, the largely neglected effects of introducing higher ligand symmetry, thereby reducing the number of energetically distinguishable binding modes on binding entropy using the human matriptase as a model system, were investigated. A set of new trivalent phloroglucinol-based inhibitors that address the roughly symmetric binding site of the enzyme was designed, synthesized, and subjected to isothermal titration calorimetry. These highly symmetric ligands that can adopt multiple indistinguishable binding modes exhibited high entropy-driven affinity in line with affinity-change predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Staudingerweg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Hannah Maus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Staudingerweg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Annabelle C Weldert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Staudingerweg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Staudingerweg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
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2
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Improving the selectivity of 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Fuentes-Prior P. Priming of SARS-CoV-2 S protein by several membrane-bound serine proteinases could explain enhanced viral infectivity and systemic COVID-19 infection. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100135. [PMID: 33268377 PMCID: PMC7834812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has already caused over a million deaths worldwide, and this death toll will be much higher before effective treatments and vaccines are available. The causative agent of the disease, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, shows important similarities with the previously emerged SARS-CoV-1, but also striking differences. First, SARS-CoV-2 possesses a significantly higher transmission rate and infectivity than SARS-CoV-1 and has infected in a few months over 60 million people. Moreover, COVID-19 has a systemic character, as in addition to the lungs, it also affects the heart, liver, and kidneys among other organs of the patients and causes frequent thrombotic and neurological complications. In fact, the term "viral sepsis" has been recently coined to describe the clinical observations. Here I review current structure-function information on the viral spike proteins and the membrane fusion process to provide plausible explanations for these observations. I hypothesize that several membrane-associated serine proteinases (MASPs), in synergy with or in place of TMPRSS2, contribute to activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Relative concentrations of the attachment receptor, ACE2, MASPs, their endogenous inhibitors (the Kunitz-type transmembrane inhibitors, HAI-1/SPINT1 and HAI-2/SPINT2, as well as major circulating serpins) would determine the infection rate of host cells. The exclusive or predominant expression of major MASPs in specific human organs suggests a direct role of these proteinases in e.g., heart infection and myocardial injury, liver dysfunction, kidney damage, as well as neurological complications. Thorough consideration of these factors could have a positive impact on the control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Molecular Bases of Disease, Biomedical Research Institute (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Zuo K, Qi Y, Yuan C, Jiang L, Xu P, Hu J, Huang M, Li J. Specifically targeting cancer proliferation and metastasis processes: the development of matriptase inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:507-524. [PMID: 31471691 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease, which has been suggested to play critical roles in numerous pathways of biological developments. Matriptase is the activator of several oncogenic proteins, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). The activations of these matriptase substrates subsequently lead to the generation of plasmin, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and the triggers for many other signaling pathways related to cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, matriptase is considered an emerging target for the treatments of cancer. Thus far, inhibitors of matriptase have been developed as potential anti-cancer agents, which include small-molecule inhibitors, peptide-based inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. This review covers established literature to summarize the chemical and biochemical aspects, especially the inhibitory mechanisms and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of matriptase inhibitors with the goal of proposing the strategies for their future developments in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zuo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianping Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Ye F, Chen S, Liu X, Ye X, Wang K, Zeng Z, Su Y, Zhang X, Zhou H. 3-Cl-AHPC inhibits pro-HGF maturation by inducing matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:155-166. [PMID: 30370662 PMCID: PMC6307790 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is an epithelia-specific membrane-anchored serine protease, and its dysregulation is highly related to the progression of a variety of cancers. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) inhibits matriptase activity through forming complex with activated matriptase. The balance of matriptase activation and matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation determines the intensity and duration of matriptase activity. 3-Cl-AHPC, 4-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid, is an adamantly substituted retinoid-related molecule and a ligand of retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ). 3-Cl-AHPC is of strong anti-cancer effect but with elusive mechanisms. In our current study, we show that 3-Cl-AHPC time- and dose- dependently induces matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation, leading to the suppression of activated matriptase in cancer cells and tissues. Furthermore, 3-Cl-AHPC promotes matriptase shedding but without increasing the activity of shed matriptase. Moreover, 3-Cl-AHPC inhibits matriptase-mediated cleavage of pro-HGF through matriptase/HAI-1 complex induction, resulting in the suppression of pro-HGF-stimulated signalling and cell scattering. Although 3-Cl-AHPC binds to RARγ, its induction of matriptase/HAI-1 complex is not RARγ dependent. Together, our data demonstrates that 3-Cl-AHPC down-regulates matriptase activity through induction of matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation in a RARγ-independent manner, providing a mechanism of 3-Cl-AHPC anti-cancer activity and a new strategy to inhibit abnormal matriptase activity via matriptase/HAI-1 complex induction using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xingxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Keqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Cancer CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Xiao‐kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Cancer CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. The Antiviral Potential of Host Protease Inhibitors. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The replication of numerous pathogenic viruses depends on host proteases, which therefore emerged as potential antiviral drug targets. In some cases, e.g., for influenza viruses, their function during the viral propagation cycle is relatively well understood, where they cleave and activate viral surface glycoproteins. For other viruses, e.g., Ebola virus, the function of host proteases during replication is still not clear. Host proteases may also contribute to the pathogenicity of virus infection by activating proinflammatory cytokines. For some coronaviruses, human proteases can also serve in a nonproteolytical fashion simply as receptors for virus entry. However, blocking of such protein-protein contacts is challenging, because receptor surfaces are often flat and difficult to address with small molecules. In contrast, many proteases possess well-defined binding pockets. Therefore, they can be considered as well-druggable targets, especially, if they are extracellularly active. The number of their experimental crystal structures is steadily increasing, which is an important prerequisite for a rational structure-based inhibitor design using computational chemistry tools in combination with classical medicinal chemistry approaches. Moreover, host proteases can be considered as stable targets, and their inhibition should prevent rapid resistance developments, which is often observed when addressing viral proteins. Otherwise, the inhibition of host proteases can also affect normal physiological processes leading to a higher probability of side effects and a narrow therapeutic window. Therefore, they should be preferably used in combination therapies with additional antiviral drugs. This strategy should provide a stronger antiviral efficacy, allow to use lower drug doses, and minimize side effects. Despite numerous experimental findings on their antiviral activity, no small-molecule inhibitors of host proteases have been approved for the treatment of virus infections, so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Bigatti M, Dal Corso A, Vanetti S, Cazzamalli S, Rieder U, Scheuermann J, Neri D, Sladojevich F. Impact of a Central Scaffold on the Binding Affinity of Fragment Pairs Isolated from DNA-Encoded Self-Assembling Chemical Libraries. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1748-1752. [PMID: 28944578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The screening of encoded self-assembling chemical libraries allows the identification of fragment pairs that bind to adjacent pockets on target proteins of interest. For practical applications, it is necessary to link these ligand pairs into discrete organic molecules, devoid of any nucleic acid component. Here we describe the discovery of a synergistic binding pair for acid alpha-1 glycoprotein and a chemical strategy for the identification of optimal linkers, connecting the two fragments. The procedure yielded a set of small organic ligands, the best of which exhibited a dissociation constant of 9.9 nm, as measured in solution by fluorescence polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samuele Cazzamalli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Maiwald A, Hammami M, Wagner S, Heine A, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T. Changing the selectivity profile – from substrate analog inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa to potent matriptase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:89-97. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1172574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maiwald
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maya Hammami
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Han Z, Harris PKW, Karmakar P, Kim T, Owusu BY, Wildman SA, Klampfer L, Janetka JW. α-Ketobenzothiazole Serine Protease Inhibitors of Aberrant HGF/c-MET and MSP/RON Kinase Pathway Signaling in Cancer. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:585-99. [PMID: 26889658 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the HGF and MSP growth-factor processing serine endopeptidases HGFA, matriptase and hepsin is correlated with increased metastasis in multiple tumor types driven by c-MET or RON kinase signaling. We rationally designed P1' α-ketobenzothiazole mechanism-based inhibitors of these proteases. Structure-activity studies are presented, which resulted in the identification of potent inhibitors with differential selectivity. The tetrapeptide inhibitors span the P1-P1' substrate cleavage site via a P1' amide linker off the benzothiazole, occupying the S3' pocket. Optimized inhibitors display sub-nanomolar enzyme inhibition against one, two, or all three of HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin. Several compounds also have good selectivity against the related trypsin-like proteases, thrombin and Factor Xa. Finally, we show that inhibitors block the fibroblast (HGF)-mediated migration of invasive DU145 prostate cancer cells. In addition to prostate cancer, breast, colon, lung, pancreas, gliomas, and multiple myeloma tumors all depend on HGF and MSP for tumor survival and progression. Therefore, these unique inhibitors have potential as new therapeutics for a diverse set of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Peter K W Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tommy Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ben Y Owusu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Scott A Wildman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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