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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Li G, Cheng Y, Han C, Song C, Huang N, Du Y. Pyrazole-containing pharmaceuticals: target, pharmacological activity, and their SAR studies. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1300-1321. [PMID: 36439976 PMCID: PMC9667768 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole is a five-membered heterocycle bearing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. Both pharmaceutical agents and natural products with pyrazole as a nucleus have exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the last few decades, more than 40 pyrazole-containing drugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of a broad range of clinical conditions including celecoxib (anti-inflammatory), CDPPB (antipsychotic), difenamizole (analgesic), etc. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of the pyrazole core, pyrazole-containing drugs may exert better pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects compared with drugs containing similar heterocyclic rings. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of all the existing drugs bearing a pyrazole nucleus that have been approved or in clinical trials, involving their pharmacological activities and SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yifu Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University Qing Dao City Shandong Province 266237 China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institution of Biological Sciences Beijing, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park Beijing 102206 China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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3
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Kumar S, Mittal A, Mittal A. A review upon medicinal perspective and designing rationale of DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116354. [PMID: 34428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the highly prevalence disorder and increasing day by day worldwidely. T2DM is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by deficiency in insulin or resistance to insulin and thus increases the glucose levels in the blood. Various approaches are there to treat diabetes but still there is no cure for this disease. DPP-4 inhibitor is a privileged target in the field of drug discovery and provides various opportunities in exploring this target for development of molecules as antidiabetic agents. DPP-4 acts by inhibiting the incretin action and thus decreases the level of blood glucose by imparting minimal side effects. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin etc. are the different DPP-4 based drugs approved throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cyanopyrrolidines, triazolopiperazine amide, pyrrolidines are basic core nucleus present in various DPP-4 inhibitors and has potential effects. In the past few years, researchers had applied various approaches to synthesize potent DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agent without side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular risks, retinopathy etc. This review will also emphasize the recent strategies and rationale utilized by researchers for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. This review also reveals about the various other approaches like molecular modelling, ligand based drug designing, high throughput screening etc. are used by the various research group for the development of potential DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana 142021, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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4
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Abdullah MA, Lee YR, Mastuki SN, Leong SW, Wan Ibrahim WN, Mohammad Latif MA, Ramli ANM, Mohd Aluwi MFF, Mohd Faudzi SM, Kim CH. Development of diarylpentadienone analogues as alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: Synthesis, in vitro biological and in vivo toxicity evaluations, and molecular docking analysis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104277. [PMID: 32971414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminated- (1-9) and sulfonamide-containing diarylpentadienones (10-18) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-diabetic potential on α-glucosidase and DPP-4 enzymes. It was found that all the new molecules were non-associated PAINS compounds. The sulfonamide-containing series (compounds 10-18) selectively inhibited α-glucosidase over DPP-4, in which compound 18 demonstrated the highest activity with an IC50 value of 5.69 ± 0.5 µM through a competitive inhibition mechanism. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies concluded that the introduction of the trifluoromethylbenzene sulfonamide moiety was essential for the suppression of α-glucosidase. The most active compound 18, was then further tested for in vivo toxicities using the zebrafish animal model, with no toxic effects detected in the normal embryonic development, blood vessel formation, and apoptosis of zebrafish. Docking simulation studies were also carried out to better understand the binding interactions of compound 18 towards the homology modeled α -glucosidase and the human lysosomal α -glucosidase enzymes. The overall results suggest that the new sulfonamide-containing diarylpentadienones, compound 18, could be a promising candidate in the search for a new α-glucosidase inhibitor, and can serve as a basis for further studies involving hit-to-lead optimization, in vivo efficacy and safety assessment in an animal model and mechanism of action for the treatment of T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aisyah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Alif Mohammad Latif
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, 26300 Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, 26300 Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
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5
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Stability-Indicating HPLC method for estimation of omarigliptin in tablets – Oxidative and photolytic kinetics and degradation products formed under oxidative conditions. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Carlson AS, Liu EC, Topczewski JJ. A Cascade Reaction of Cinnamyl Azides with Acrylates Directly Generates Tetrahydro-Pyrrolo-Pyrazole Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6044-6059. [PMID: 32281795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing reactions to generate complex and modular building blocks in a concise and direct fashion remains a contemporary synthetic challenge. This work describes a stereoselective cascade reaction between allylic azides and acrylates that directly generates tetrahydro-pyrrolo-pyrazole ring systems. These products contain up to four contiguous stereocenters, two of which may be tetrasubstituted carbon atoms attached to a nitrogen atom. Over 30 examples are provided with an average isolated yield of 71% (ranging from 40% to 94%). The reaction was easily scaled to use more than one gram of starting material, and the products can be readily diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - En-Chih Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph J Topczewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Martins MCMR, Pantaleao SQ, de Oliveira Almeida M, Weber KC, Honorio KM. In silico Studies on the Interaction Between Bioactive Ligands and DPPIV: Insights on Potential Candidates for the Treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Med Chem 2020; 17:247-263. [PMID: 31995015 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200129151256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is related to the glycemic control associated with the stimulation of the pancreas to produce insulin. So, its inhibition is a good strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS In this study, we have employed molecular modeling strategies such as CoMFA, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and binding free energy calculations of a set of DPP-IV inhibitors in order to understand the main characteristics related to the biological activity of these ligands against the enzyme. RESULTS The models obtained from CoMFA presented significant values of internal (0.768) and external (0.988) validations. Important interactions with some residues, such as Glu205, Tyr666, Arg125, Ser630, Phe357 and Tyr662, were also identified. In addition, calculations of the electronic properties allowed relating the LUMO and HOMO energies with the biological activity of the compounds studied. The results obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations and the SIE calculations (ΔG) indicated that the inhibitor 40 increases the stability of the DPP-IV target. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, from this study, it is possible to propose molecular modifications of these DPP-IV inhibitors in order to improve their potential to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C M R Martins
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-170, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Q Pantaleao
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-170, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Karen C Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051970, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Kathia M Honorio
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-170, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
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8
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Discovery of amide-bridged pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as tumor targeted classical antifolates with selective uptake by folate receptor α and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115125. [PMID: 31679978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that classical 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates bind to folate receptor (FR) α and the target purine biosynthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) with different cis and trans conformations. In this study, we designed novel analogs of this series with an amide moiety in the bridge region that can adopt both the cis and trans lowest energy conformations. This provides entropic benefit, by restricting the number of side-chain conformations of the unbound ligand to those most likely to promote binding to FRα and the target enzyme required for antitumor activity. NMR of the most active compound 7 showed both cis and trans amide bridge conformations in ~1:1 ratio. The bridge amide group in the best docked poses of 7 in the crystal structures of FRα and GARFTase adopted both cis and trans conformations, with the lowest energy conformations predicted by Maestro and evidenced by NMR within 1 kcal/mol. Compound 7 showed ~3-fold increased inhibition of FRα-expressing cells over its non-restricted parent analog 1 and was selectively internalized by FRα over the reduced folate carrier (RFC), resulting in significant in vitro antitumor activity toward FRα-expressing KB human tumor cells. Antitumor activity of 7 was abolished by treating cells with adenosine but was incompletely protected by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) at higher drug concentrations, suggesting GARFTase and AICA ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase) in de novo purine biosynthesis as the likely intracellular targets. GARFTase inhibition by compound 7 was confirmed by an in situ cell-based activity assay. Our results identify a "first-in-class" classical antifolate with a novel amide linkage between the scaffold and the side chain aryl L-glutamate that affords exclusive selectivity for transport via FRα over RFC and antitumor activity resulting from inhibition of GARFTase and likely AICARFTase. Compound 7 offers significant advantages over clinically used inhibitors of this class that are transported by the ubiquitous RFC, resulting in dose-limiting toxicities.
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9
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Bazhin AA, Chambon M, Vesin J, Bortoli J, Collins JW, Turcatti G, Chou CJ, Goun EA. A Universal Assay for Aminopeptidase Activity and Its Application for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Drug Discovery. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1098-1104. [PMID: 30511572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4, CD26), are potent therapeutic targets for pharmacological interventions because they play key roles in many important pathological pathways. To analyze aminopeptidase activity in vitro (including high-throughput screening [HTS]), in vivo, and ex vivo, we developed a highly sensitive and quantitative bioluminescence-based readout method. We successfully applied this method to screening drugs with potential DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Using this method, we found that cancer drug mitoxantrone possesses significant DPP-4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacophore of mitoxantrone was further investigated by testing a variety of its structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chieh Jason Chou
- Microbiome and Metabolism , Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
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10
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Ojeda-Montes MJ, Gimeno A, Tomas-Hernández S, Cereto-Massagué A, Beltrán-Debón R, Valls C, Mulero M, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Activity and selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV inhibitors: Lessons we can learn from SAR studies and their application to virtual screening. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1874-1915. [PMID: 29660786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has emerged over the last decade as one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and consequently (a) 11 DPP-IV inhibitors have been on the market since 2006 (three in 2015), and (b) 74 noncovalent complexes involving human DPP-IV and drug-like inhibitors are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The present review aims to (a) explain the most important activity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition according to the binding site structure of DPP-IV, (b) explain the most important selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition in comparison with other related enzymes (i.e., DPP8 and DPP9), and (c) use the information deriving from this activity/selectivity cliff analysis to suggest how virtual screening protocols might be improved to favor the early identification of potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors in molecular databases (because they have not succeeded in identifying selective DPP-IV inhibitors with IC50 ≤ 100 nM). All these goals are achieved with the help of available homology models for DPP8 and DPP9 and an analysis of the structure-activity studies used to develop the noncovalent inhibitors that form part of some of the complexes with human DPP-IV available at the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ojeda-Montes
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrià Cereto-Massagué
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Valls
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
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Ito Y, Mori M, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto T. Pharmacological action and clinical results of Omarigliptin (MARIZEV ® tablet), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for once-weekly treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 149:128-137. [PMID: 28260743 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Li MF, Hu XX, Ma AQ. Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of omarigliptin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28317144 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Omarigliptin is a novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this work, a sensitive and selective ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of omarigliptin in rat plasma. Sample preparation was performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation of analytes was achieved on an RRHD Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm), using gradient mobile phase (0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode, with target fragment ions m/z 399.1 → 152.9 for omarigliptin and m/z 237.1 → 194 for the internal standard. The total run time was 4 min. Retention time of omarigliptin and internal standard was 1.25 and 2.12 min, respectively. Relative standard deviation (%) of the intra- and inter-day precision was below 10.0%, and accuracy was between 97.9% and 105.3%. Calibration curve was established over the range 2-5000 ng/mL with good linearity. The lower limit of quantification and limit of detection of omarigliptin were 2 and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. Mean recoveries were in the range 87.3-95.1% for omarigliptin. No matrix effect was observed in this method. This novel method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of omarigliptin in rats. The absolute bioavailability of omarigliptin was identified as high as 87.31%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ai-Qun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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13
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The discovery of novel 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidines as potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2622-6. [PMID: 27106708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent and selective 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors were identified. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts focused on improving the intrinsic DPP-4 inhibition potency, increasing protease selectivity, and demonstrating clean ion channel and cytochrome P450 profiles while trying to achieve a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once weekly dosing in humans.
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