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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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N-substituted noscapine derivatives as new antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis, antiparasitic activity and molecular docking study. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103116. [PMID: 31377384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel N-substituted noscapine derivatives were synthesized by a three-component Strecker reaction of cyclic ether of N-nornoscapine with varied aldehydes, in the presence of cyanide ion. Moreover, the corresponding amides were synthesized by the oxidation of cyanide moieties in good yields. The in vitro antiprotozoal activity of the products was also investigated. Interestingly, some analogues did put on display promising antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense with IC50 values between 2.5 and 10.0 µM and selectivity index (SI) ranged from 0.8 to 13.2. Eight compounds exhibited activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain with IC50 ranging 1.7-6.4 µM, and SI values between 2.8 and 10.5 against L6 rat myoblast cell lines. Molecular docking was carried out on trypanothione reductase (TbTR, PDB ID: 2WOW) and UDP-galactose 4' epimerase (TbUDPGE PDB: 1GY8) as targets for studying the envisaged mechanism of action. Compounds 6j2 and 6b2 displayed excellent docking scores with -8.59 and -8.86 kcal/mol for TbTR and TbUDPGE, respectively.
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Qin LY, Zhu HT, Zhan L, Zhu Y, Luo Y. An improved and practical synthesis of Fmoc Rink linker. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819836490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fmoc Rink linker is a widely used peptide-resin linker in the solid-phase synthesis of peptide-amides. This paper describes an improved and practical eight-step synthetic approach for this compound in a 50% overall yield, using p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the starting material. The procedure is operationally simple and amenable to scale-up synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-yan Qin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P.R. China
| | - Hao-ting Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Suzhou Highfine Biotech Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215129, P.R. China
| | - Yu Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P.R. China
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Shchur IV, Shchegolkov EV, Burgart YV, Triandafilova GA, Maslova VV, Solodnikov SY, Krasnykh OP, Borisevich SS, Khursan SL, Saloutin VI. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 4-Cycloaminopolyfluorosalicylic Acids. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Shchur
- The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; S. Kovalevskoy Str., 22 Ekaterinburg 620990 Russia
| | - Evgenii V. Shchegolkov
- The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; S. Kovalevskoy Str., 22 Ekaterinburg 620990 Russia
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin; Mira Str., 19 Ekaterinburg 620002 Russia
| | - Yanina V. Burgart
- The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; S. Kovalevskoy Str., 22 Ekaterinburg 620990 Russia
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin; Mira Str., 19 Ekaterinburg 620002 Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sophia S. Borisevich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa Institute of Chemistry; Octyabrya Av., 71 Ufa 450078 Russia
| | - Sergey L. Khursan
- The Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa Institute of Chemistry; Octyabrya Av., 71 Ufa 450078 Russia
| | - Victor I. Saloutin
- The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; S. Kovalevskoy Str., 22 Ekaterinburg 620990 Russia
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin; Mira Str., 19 Ekaterinburg 620002 Russia
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Almallah H, Brenner E, Matt D, Harrowfield J, Jahjah M, Hijazi A. Palladium complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes displaying an unsymmetrical N-alkylfluorenyl/ N′-aryl substitution pattern and their behaviour in Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14516-14529. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd–PEPPSI complexes with a mixedN-alkylfluorenyl/N′-aryl substitution pattern were found to be considerably more active in Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling than the standard complexes [PdCl2(IMes)(Py)] and [PdCl2(IPr)(Py)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzé Almallah
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67070 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| | - Eric Brenner
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67070 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| | - Dominique Matt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67070 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| | - Jack Harrowfield
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS)
- UMR 7606 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67083 Strasbourg cedex
- France
| | - Mohamad Jahjah
- Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory
- Faculty of Sciences
- Lebanese University
- R. Hariri University Campus
- Beyrouth
| | - Akram Hijazi
- Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory
- Faculty of Sciences
- Lebanese University
- R. Hariri University Campus
- Beyrouth
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Carmichael RA, Sophanpanichkul P, Chalifoux WA. β-Silyl-Assisted Tandem Diels–Alder/Nazarov Reaction of 1-Aryl-3-(trimethylsilyl) Ynones. Org Lett 2017; 19:2592-2595. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Punyanuch Sophanpanichkul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada—Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Alvariño R, Alonso E, Tribalat MA, Gegunde S, Thomas OP, Botana LM. Evaluation of the Protective Effects of Sarains on H 2O 2-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:368-380. [PMID: 28478531 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sarains are diamide alkaloids isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai that have previously shown antibacterial, insecticidal and anti-fouling activities. In this study, we examined for the first time the neuroprotective effects of sarains 1, 2 and A against oxidative stress in a human neuronal model. SH-SY5Y cells were co-incubated with sarains at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 μM, and the well-known oxidant hydrogen peroxide at 150 μM for 6 h and the protective effects of the compounds were evaluated. Among the sarains tested, sarain A was the most promising compound, improving mitochondrial function and decreasing reactive oxygen species levels in human neuroblastoma cells treated with the compound at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM. This compound was also able to increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases by inducing the translocation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the nucleus at the lower concentrations tested (0.01 and 0.1 μM). Moreover, sarain A at 0.1 and 1 μM blocked the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening through cyclophilin D inhibition. These results suggest that the protective effects produced by the treatment with sarain A are related with its ability to block the mPTP and to enhance the Nrf2 pathway, indicating that sarain A may be a candidate compound for further studies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Marie-Aude Tribalat
- Géoazur UMR Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 250 Avenue Albert Einstein, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Sandra Gegunde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003, Lugo, Spain
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Géoazur UMR Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 250 Avenue Albert Einstein, 06108, Nice, France.,Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003, Lugo, Spain.
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