1
|
Lombardi L, Cerveri A, Giovanelli R, Castiñeira Reis M, Silva López C, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Direct Synthesis of α-Aryl-α-Trifluoromethyl Alcohols via Nickel Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211732. [PMID: 36161744 PMCID: PMC9828748 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling between the redox-active N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide and iodoarenes is documented. The protocol reproduces a formal arylation of trifluoroacetaldehyde under mild conditions in high yields (up to 88 %) and with large functional group tolerance (30 examples). A combined computational and experimental investigation revealed a pivotal solvent assisted 1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) process to generate a nucleophilic α-hydroxy-α-trifluoromethyl C-centered radical for the Csp2 -Csp3 bond forming process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis—CAlma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Alessandro Cerveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Riccardo Giovanelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis—CAlma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis—CAlma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis—CAlma Mater Studiorum—Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Talebi M, Majidi K, Bassam K, Abdi M, Daneshvar M, Moayedi SS, Pourhesabi S, Attarroshan M, Boumi S, Kabiri M, Hosseini FS, Khoshneviszadeh M, Amanlou M. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking analysis of novel 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole -based kojic acid derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
3
|
Metabolomic navigated Citrus waste repurposing to restore amino acids disorder in neural lesion. Food Chem 2022; 387:132933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
4
|
MacLean MR, Fanburg B, Hill N, Lazarus HM, Pack TF, Palacios M, Penumatsa KC, Wring SA. Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4103-4118. [PMID: 36036567 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Hill
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Specker E, Matthes S, Wesolowski R, Schütz A, Grohmann M, Alenina N, Pleimes D, Mallow K, Neuenschwander M, Gogolin A, Weise M, Pfeifer J, Ziebart N, Heinemann U, von Kries JP, Nazaré M, Bader M. Structure-Based Design of Xanthine-Benzimidazole Derivatives as Novel and Potent Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11126-11149. [PMID: 35921615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylases catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and, in the periphery, functions as a local hormone with multiple physiological functions. Studies in genetically altered mouse models have shown that dysregulation of peripheral serotonin levels leads to metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases. Overproduction of serotonin by tumor cells causes severe symptoms typical for the carcinoid syndrome, and tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors are already in clinical use for patients suffering from this disease. Here, we describe a novel class of potent tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors, characterized by spanning all active binding sites important for catalysis, specifically those of the cosubstrate pterin, the substrate tryptophan as well as directly chelating the catalytic iron ion. The inhibitors were designed to efficiently reduce serotonin in the periphery while not passing the blood-brain barrier, thus preserving serotonin levels in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Specker
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Wesolowski
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Anja Schütz
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Maik Grohmann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Pleimes
- SCINSPIRE Holding & Consulting GmbH, Dunckerstr. 25, 10437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Keven Mallow
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Angelina Gogolin
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weise
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Pfeifer
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nandor Ziebart
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pagire SH, Pagire HS, Park KY, Bae EJ, Kim KE, Kim M, Yoon J, Parameswaran S, Choi JH, Park S, Jeon JH, Song JS, Bae MA, Lee IK, Kim H, Suh JM, Ahn JH. Identification of New Non-BBB Permeable Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors for Treating Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113417. [PMID: 35684355 PMCID: PMC9182086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan) is a hormone that regulates emotions in the central nervous system. However, serotonin in the peripheral system is associated with obesity and fatty liver disease. Because serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we focused on identifying new tryptophan hydroxylase type I (TPH1) inhibitors that act only in peripheral tissues for treating obesity and fatty liver disease without affecting the central nervous system. Structural optimization inspired by para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) resulted in the identification of a series of oxyphenylalanine and heterocyclic phenylalanine derivatives as TPH1 inhibitors. Among these compounds, compound 18i with an IC50 value of 37 nM was the most active in vitro. Additionally, compound 18i showed good liver microsomal stability and did not significantly inhibit CYP and Herg. Furthermore, this TPH1 inhibitor was able to actively interact with the peripheral system without penetrating the BBB. Compound 18i and its prodrug reduced body weight gain in mammals and decreased in vivo fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna H. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Haushabhau S. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Kwang-eun Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Jihyeon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Saravanan Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.S.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.S.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (J.H.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mammoli A, Riccio A, Bianconi E, Coletti A, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. One Key and Multiple Locks: Substrate Binding in Structures of Tryptophan Dioxygenases and Hydroxylases. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2732-2743. [PMID: 34137184 PMCID: PMC8518741 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery at the beginning of the past century, the essential nutrient l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) and its catabolic pathways have acquired an increasing interest in an ever wider scientific community for their pivotal roles in underlying many important physiological functions and associated pathological conditions. As a consequence, enzymes catalyzing rate limiting steps along l-Trp catabolic pathways - including IDO1, TDO, TPH1 and TPH2 - have turned to be interesting drug targets for the design and development of novel therapeutic agents for different disorders such as carcinoid syndrome, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This article provides a fresh comparative overview on the most recent advancements that crystallographic studies, biophysical and computational works have brought on structural aspects and molecular recognition patterns of these enzymes toward l-Trp. Finally, a conformational analysis of l-Trp is also discussed as part of the molecular recognition process governing the binding of a substrate to its cognate enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaP. le Gambuli06132PerugiaItaly
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bae EJ, Choi WG, Pagire HS, Pagire SH, Parameswaran S, Choi JH, Yoon J, Choi WI, Lee JH, Song JS, Bae MA, Kim M, Jeon JH, Lee IK, Kim H, Ahn JH. Peripheral Selective Oxadiazolylphenyl Alanine Derivatives as Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Inhibitors for Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1037-1053. [PMID: 33417443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) has been recently suggested as a promising therapeutic target for treating obesity and fatty liver disease. A new series of 1,2,4-oxadiazolylphenyl alanine derivatives were identified as TPH1 inhibitors. Among them, compound 23a was the most active in vitro, with an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 42 nM, showed good liver microsomal stability, and showed no significant inhibition of CYP and hERG. Compound 23a inhibited TPH1 in the peripheral tissue with limited BBB penetration. In high-fat diet-fed mice, 23a reduced body weight gain, body fat, and hepatic lipid accumulation. Also, 23a improved glucose intolerance and energy expenditure. Taken together, compound 23a shows promise as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and fatty liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gun Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haushabhau S Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvarna H Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Lee
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Betari N, Sahlholm K, Morató X, Godoy-Marín H, Jáuregui O, Teigen K, Ciruela F, Haavik J. Inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylases and Monoamine Oxidase-A by the Proton Pump Inhibitor, Omeprazole- In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593416. [PMID: 33324221 PMCID: PMC7726444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a hormone and neurotransmitter that modulates neural activity as well as a wide range of other physiological processes including cardiovascular function, bowel motility, and platelet aggregation. 5-HT synthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) which exists as two distinct isoforms; TPH1 and TPH2, which are responsible for peripheral and central 5-HT, respectively. Due to the implication of 5-HT in a number of pathologies, including depression, anxiety, autism, sexual dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and carcinoid syndrome, there has been a growing interest in finding modulators of these enzymes in recent years. We thus performed high-throughput screening (HTS) using a fluorescence-based thermal shift assay (DSF) to search the Prestwick Chemical Library containing 1,280 compounds, mostly FDA-approved drugs, for TPH1 binders. We here report the identification of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, as an inhibitor of TPH1 and TPH2 with low micromolar potency and high selectivity over the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. The S-enantiomer of omeprazole, esomeprazole, has recently also been described as an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), the main enzyme responsible for 5-HT degradation, albeit with lower potency compared to the effect on TPH1 and TPH2. In order to investigate the net effect of simultaneous inhibition of TPH and MAO-A in vivo, we administered high-dose (100 mg/kg) omeprazole to CD-1 mice for 4 days, after which the animals were subjected to the tail suspension test. Finally, central (whole brain) and peripheral (serum) 5-HT content was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Omeprazole treatment significantly increased 5-HT concentrations, both in brain and in serum, and reduced the time spent immobile in the tail suspension test relative to vehicle control. Thus, the MAO-A inhibition afforded by high-dose omeprazole appears to overcome the opposing effect on 5-HT produced by inhibition of TPH1 and TPH2. Further modification of proton pump inhibitor scaffolds may yield more selective modulators of 5-HT metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nibal Betari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Morató
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Héctor Godoy-Marín
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Jáuregui
- Scientific and Technological Centers of University of Barcelona (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Knut Teigen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Discovery and biological characterization of a novel scaffold for potent inhibitors of peripheral serotonin synthesis. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1461-1474. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) catalyzes serotonin synthesis in peripheral tissues. Selective TPH1 inhibitors may be useful for treating disorders related to serotonin dysregulation. Results & methodology: Screening using a thermal shift assay for TPH1 binders yielded Compound 1 (2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2 H)-one), which showed high potency (50% inhibition at 98 ± 30 nM) and selectivity for inhibiting TPH over related aromatic amino acid hydroxylases in enzyme activity assays. Structure–activity relationships studies revealed several analogs of 1 showing comparable potency. Kinetic studies suggested a noncompetitive mode of action of 1, with regards to tryptophan and tetrahydrobiopterin. Computational docking studies and live cell assays were also performed. Conclusion: This TPH1 inhibitor scaffold may be useful for developing new therapeutics for treating elevated peripheral serotonin.
Collapse
|
13
|
Therapeutic options for chronic kidney disease-associated pulmonary hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:497-507. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Abstract
The 11 existing FDA-approved osteoporosis drug treatments include hormone replacement therapy, 2 SERMs (raloxifene and bazedoxifene), 5 inhibitors of bone-resorbing osteoclasts (4 bisphosphonates and anti-RANKL denosumab), 2 parathyroid hormone analogues (teriparatide and abaloparatide), and 1 WNT signaling enhancer (romosozumab). These therapies are effective and provide multiple options for patients and physicians. As the genomic revolution continues, potential novel targets for future drug development are identified. This review takes a wide perspective to describe potentially rewarding topics to explore, including knowledge of genes and pathways involved in bone cell metabolism, the utility of animal models, targeting drugs to bone, and ongoing advances in drug design and delivery.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis is tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). There are two independent serotonin systems in the body characterized by two isoforms of TPH, TPH1 and TPH2. While TPH2 synthesizes serotonin in the brain, TPH1 is expressed in the gut and in other peripheral tissues and supplies platelets in the circulation with serotonin. This duality of the serotonin system is enforced by the blood-brain barrier which is impermeable for serotonin. In the brain serotonin acts as neurotransmitter and is a main target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the periphery it is released by platelets at the site of activation and elicits numerous physiological effects. TPH1 deficient mice were shown to be protected from diverse diseases including hemostatic, inflammatory, fibrotic, gastrointestinal, and metabolic disorders and therefore serotonin synthesis inhibition emerged as a reasonable therapeutic paradigm. Recently the first TPH inhibitor, telotristat ethyl, came on the market for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome. This review summarizes the state of development and the therapeutic opportunities of such compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brüning F, Nagae H, Käch D, Mashima K, Togni A. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl Perfluoroalkyl Ketones Catalyzed by Rhodium(III) Monohydride Complexes Bearing Josiphos Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:10818-10822. [PMID: 31233638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydrogenation of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenones and aryl perfluoroalkyl ketones was developed using a unique, well-defined chloride-bridged dinuclear rhodium(III) complex bearing Josiphos-type diphosphine ligands. These complexes were prepared from [RhCl(cod)]2 , Josiphos ligands, and hydrochloric acid. As catalyst precursors, they allow for the efficient and enantioselective synthesis (up to 99 % ee) of chiral secondary alcohols with perfluoroalkyl groups. This system does not require an activating base for the hydrogenation of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenones. Additionally, the enantioselective C=O hydrogenations of 2-phenyl-3-(haloacetyl)-indoles, a class of privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, is reported for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Brüning
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 5608531, Japan
| | - Daniel Käch
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 5608531, Japan
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Synthesis of chiral α-trifluoromethyl alcohols and ethers via enantioselective Hiyama cross-couplings of bisfunctionalized electrophiles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3566. [PMID: 30177813 PMCID: PMC6120892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for synthesis of chiral organic compounds bearing trifluoromethyl-substituted stereocenters are of great interest for agrochemical and pharmaceutical labs and industries in their search for new bioactive materials. We report on employment of bisfunctionalized electrophiles, bearing both a trifluoromethyl and a functional group as direct substituents of the reactive center, in cross-coupling reactions. We exemplify this concept in the asymmetric synthesis of enantioenriched α-trifluoromethyl- and perfluoroalkyl-containing benzylic and allylic ethers and alcohols by nickel-catalyzed stereoconvergent Hiyama cross-coupling reaction. Substrate electrophiles are conveniently prepared in few steps from trifluoroacetic acid. The method represents a conceptually different approach to chiral CF3-substituted alcohols and ethers and allows for a rapid catalytic preparation of a wide range of these valuable compounds in high yields and enantioselectivity. Compounds containing stereocenters bearing -CF3 groups, especially in proximity of heteroatoms, are of great interest for drug and agrochemicals development. Here, the authors report a nickel-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling methodology for the asymmetric synthesis of valuable alpha-trifluoromethyl alcohols and ethers.
Collapse
|
18
|
Matthes S, Bader M. Peripheral Serotonin Synthesis as a New Drug Target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:560-572. [PMID: 29628275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The first step in serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). There are two independent sources of the monoamine that have distinct functions: first, the TPH1-expressing enterochromaffin cells (ECs) of the gut; second, TPH2-expressing serotonergic neurons. TPH1-deficient mice revealed that peripheral 5-HT plays important roles in platelet function and in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases of gut, pancreas, lung, and liver. Therefore, TPH inhibitors were developed which cannot pass the blood-brain barrier to specifically block peripheral 5-HT synthesis. They showed therapeutic efficacy in several rodent disease models, and telotristat ethyl is the first TPH inhibitor to be approved for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome. We review this development and discuss further therapeutic options for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
MacLean MMR. The serotonin hypothesis in pulmonary hypertension revisited: targets for novel therapies (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018759125. [PMID: 29468941 PMCID: PMC5826007 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018759125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis of serotonin and/or activity of serotonin in pulmonary arteries has been implicated in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The incidence of PAH associated with diet pills such as aminorex, fenfluramine, and chlorphentermine initially led to the “serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension.” Over the last couple of decades there has been an accumulation of convincing evidence that targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a novel and promising approach to the development of novel therapies for PAH. Pulmonary endothelial serotonin synthesis via tryptophan hydroxlase 1 (TPH1) is increased in patients with PAH and serotonin can act in a paracrine fashion on underlying pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), In humans, serotonin can enter PASMCs via the serotonin transporter (SERT) or activate the 5-HT1B receptor; 5-HT1B activation and SERT activity cooperate to induce PASMC contraction and proliferation via activation of downstream proliferative and contractile signaling pathways. Here we will review the current status of the serotonin hypothesis and discuss potential and novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mandy R MacLean
- Research Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|