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Henriquez-Figuereo A, Morán-Serradilla C, Angulo-Elizari E, Sanmartín C, Plano D. Small molecules containing chalcogen elements (S, Se, Te) as new warhead to fight neglected tropical diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:115002. [PMID: 36493616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) encompass a group of infectious diseases with a protozoan etiology, high incidence, and prevalence in developing countries. As a result, economic factors constitute one of the main obstacles to their management. Endemic countries have high levels of poverty, deprivation and marginalization which affect patients and limit their access to proper medical care. As a matter of fact, statistics remain uncollected in some affected areas due to non-reporting cases. World Health Organization and other organizations proposed a plan for the eradication and control of the vector, although many of these plans were halted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite of the available drugs to treat these pathologies, it exists a lack of effectiveness against several parasite strains. Treatment protocols for diseases such as American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), leishmaniasis, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) have not achieved the desired results. Unfortunately, these drugs present limitations such as side effects, toxicity, teratogenicity, renal, and hepatic impairment, as well as high costs that have hindered the control and eradication of these diseases. This review focuses on the analysis of a collection of scientific shreds of evidence with the aim of identifying novel chalcogen-derived molecules with biological activity against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and HAT. Compounds illustrated in each figure share the distinction of containing at least one chalcogen element. Sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te) have been grouped and analyzed in accordance with their design strategy, chemical synthesis process and biological activity. After an exhaustive revision of the related literature on S, Se, and Te compounds, 183 compounds presenting excellent biological performance were gathered against the different causative agents of CD, leishmaniasis and HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Henriquez-Figuereo
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Morán-Serradilla
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Angulo-Elizari
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Plano
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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2
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. Recent advancement in drug development of nitro(NO 2 )-heterocyclic compounds as lead scaffolds for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:842-858. [PMID: 35106801 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It was responsible for approximately 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2019. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the slow rise in TB infections. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments by describing improvements (last decade, 2011-2021) to nitro(NO2 )-based compounds that have shown activity or pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-proliferative, anti-kinetoplastid) against Mtb. For all compounds, we have included final correlations of minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37 Rv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Santana W, de Oliveira SSC, Ramos MH, Santos ALS, Dolabella SS, Souto EB, Severino P, Jain S. Exploring Innovative Leishmaniasis Treatment: Drug Targets from Pre-Clinical to Clinical Findings. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100336. [PMID: 34369662 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of tropical diseases caused by parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disease is categorized in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The conventional treatment is complex and can present high toxicity and therapeutic failures. Thus, there is a continuing need to develop new treatments. In this review, we focus on the novel molecules described in the literature with potential leishmanicidal activity, categorizing them in pre-clinical (in vitro, in vivo), drug repurposing and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Santana
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Simone S C de Oliveira
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Department of General Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Ramos
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Department of General Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Parasitology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sona Jain
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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4
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Patil A, Duggal H, Bagul KT, Kamble S, Lokhande P, Gacche R, Meshram R. Synthesis of New 3-Arylaminophthalides and 3-Indolyl-phthalides using Ammonium Chloride, Evaluation of their Anti-Mycobacterial Potential and Docking Study. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:723-739. [PMID: 32321396 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200422082754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims at the derivatization of "Phthalides" and synthesizes 3- arylaminophthalides & 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds, and evaluates their anti-tubercular and antioxidant activities. The study has also intended to employ the in silico methods for the identification of possible drug targets in Mycobacterium and evaluate the binding affinities of synthesized compounds. METHODS This report briefly explains the synthesis of phthalide derivatives using ammonium chloride. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral analysis. Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA) plate method was used to demonstrate the anti-mycobacterial activity of the synthesized compounds. An in-silico pharmacophore probing approach was used for target identification in Mycobacterium. The structural level interaction between the identified putative drug target and synthesized phthalides was studied using Lamarckian genetic algorithm-based software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, we report an effective, environmentally benign scheme for the synthesis of phthalide derivatives. Compounds 5c and 5d from the current series appear to possess good anti-mycobacterial activity. dCTP: deaminasedUTPase was identified as a putative drug target in Mycobacterium. The docking results clearly showed the interactive involvement of conserved residues of dCTP with the synthesized phthalide compounds. CONCLUSION On the eve of evolving anti-TB drug resistance, the data on anti-tubercular and allied activities of the compounds in the present study demonstrates the enormous significance of these newly synthesized derivatives as possible candidate leads in the development of novel anti-tubercular agents. The docking results from the current report provide a structural rationale for the promising anti-tubercular activity demonstrated by 3-arylaminophthalides and 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Harleen Duggal
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Kamini T Bagul
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sonali Kamble
- Gramin Science (Vocational) College, Vishnupuri, Nanded, India
| | - Pradeep Lokhande
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rohan Meshram
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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5
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Ang CW, Tan L, Sykes ML, AbuGharbiyeh N, Debnath A, Reid JC, West NP, Avery VM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Antitubercular and Antiparasitic 2-Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Improved Potency and Solubility. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15726-15751. [PMID: 33151678 PMCID: PMC7770830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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Following the approval of delamanid and pretomanid as new drugs
to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis, there is now a renewed interest
in bicyclic nitroimidazole scaffolds as a source of therapeutics against
infectious diseases. We recently described a nitroimidazopyrazinone
bicyclic subclass with promising antitubercular and antiparasitic
activity, prompting additional efforts to generate analogs with improved
solubility and enhanced potency. The key pendant aryl substituent
was modified by (i) introducing polar functionality to the methylene
linker, (ii) replacing the terminal phenyl group with less lipophilic
heterocycles, or (iii) generating extended biaryl side chains. Improved
antitubercular and antitrypanosomal activity was observed with the
biaryl side chains, with most analogs achieved 2- to 175-fold higher
activity than the monoaryl parent compounds, with encouraging improvements
in solubility when pyridyl groups were incorporated. This study has
contributed to understanding the existing structure–activity
relationship (SAR) of the nitroimidazopyrazinone scaffold against
a panel of disease-causing organisms to support future lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Neda AbuGharbiyeh
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Janet C Reid
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
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6
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Marshall AJ, Francisco AF, Kelly JM, Riley J, Read KD, Perez CJ, Cornwall S, Thompson RCA, Keenan M, White KL, Charman SA, Zulfiqar B, Sykes ML, Avery VM, Chatelain E, Denny WA. Re-evaluating pretomanid analogues for Chagas disease: Hit-to-lead studies reveal both in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112849. [PMID: 33007723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening of a 900 compound library of antitubercular nitroimidazole derivatives related to pretomanid against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent for Chagas disease) identified several structurally diverse hits with an unknown mode of action. Following initial profiling, a first proof-of-concept in vivo study was undertaken, in which once daily oral dosing of a 7-substituted 2-nitroimidazooxazine analogue suppressed blood parasitemia to low or undetectable levels, although sterile cure was not achieved. Limited hit expansion studies alongside counter-screening of new compounds targeted at visceral leishmaniasis laid the foundation for a more in-depth assessment of the best leads, focusing on both drug-like attributes (solubility, metabolic stability and safety) and maximal killing of the parasite in a shorter timeframe. Comparative appraisal of one preferred lead (58) in a chronic infection mouse model, monitored by highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging, provided the first definitive evidence of (partial) curative efficacy with this promising nitroimidazooxazine class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Amanda F Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Perez
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Scott Cornwall
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- Department of Parasitology & Veterinary Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Martine Keenan
- Epichem Pty Ltd, Suite 5, 3 Brodie-Hall Drive, Technology Park, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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The role of imidazole and benzimidazole heterocycles in Chagas disease: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112692. [PMID: 32818869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), a potentially life-threatening disease. Little by little, remarkable progress has been achieved against CD, although it is still not enough. In the absence of effective chemotherapy, many research groups, organizations and pharmaceutical companies have focused their efforts on the search for compounds that could become viable drugs against CD. Within the wide variety of reported derivatives, this review summarizes and provides a global vision of the situation of those compounds that include broadly studied heterocycles in their structures due to their applications in medicinal chemistry: imidazole and benzimidazole rings. Therefore, the intention of this work is to present a compilation, as much as possible, of all the reported information, regarding these imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives against T. cruzi, as a starting point for future researchers in this field.
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9
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Activity profile of two 5-nitroindazole derivatives over the moderately drug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain (DTU TcII): in vitro and in vivo studies. Parasitology 2020; 147:1216-1228. [PMID: 32530391 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have identified several families of 5-nitroindazole derivatives as promising antichagasic prototypes. Among them, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-benzyl-5-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one, (hydrochloride) and 1-(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-benzyl-5-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one (compounds 16 and 24, respectively) have recently shown outstanding activity in vitro over the drug-sensitive Trypanosoma cruzi CL strain (DTU TcVI). Here, we explored the activity of these derivatives against the moderately drug-resistant Y strain (DTU TcII), in vitro and in vivo. The outcomes confirmed their activity over replicative forms, showing IC50 values of 0.49 (16) and 5.75 μm (24) towards epimastigotes, 0.41 (16) and 1.17 μm (24) against intracellular amastigotes. These results, supported by the lack of toxicity on cardiac cells, led to better selectivities than benznidazole (BZ). Otherwise, they were not as active as BZ in vitro against the non-replicative form of the parasite, i.e. bloodstream trypomastigotes. In vivo, acute toxicity assays revealed the absence of toxic events when administered to mice. Moreover, different therapeutic schemes pointed to their capability for decreasing the parasitaemia of T. cruzi Y acute infected mice, reaching up to 60% of reduction at the peak day as monotherapy (16), 79.24 and 91.11% when 16 and 24 were co-administered with BZ. These combined therapies had also a positive impact over the mortality, yielding survivals of 83.33 and 66.67%, respectively, while untreated animals reached a cumulative mortality of 100%. These findings confirm the 5-nitroindazole scaffold as a putative prototype for developing novel drugs potentially applicable to the treatment of Chagas disease and introduce their suitability to act in combination with the reference drug.
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10
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Khaligh NG, Abbo H, Titinchi SJ, Johan MR. An Overview of Recent Advances in Biological and Pharmaceutical Developments of Fluoro-containing Drugs. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666191213123930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
:
This review article provides a brief assessment of the biological and pharmaceutical
developments of fluorinated drugs. It also discusses possible impacts on the further
development of new fluoro-containing pharmaceuticals. Structural aspects of new
drug-candidates currently under development and their biological properties, therapeutic
potential and syntheses are critically evaluated
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader G. Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanna Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Salam J.J. Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohd R. Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Patterson S, Fairlamb AH. Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4454-4475. [PMID: 29701144 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180426164352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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12
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Nitroheterocyclic derivatives: privileged scaffold for drug development against Chagas disease. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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14
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Jarrad AM, Ang CW, Debnath A, Hahn HJ, Woods K, Tan L, Sykes ML, Jones AJ, Pelingon R, Butler MS, Avery VM, West NP, Karoli T, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Nitroimidazopyrazin-one/-es with Antitubercular and Antiparasitic Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11349-11371. [PMID: 30468386 PMCID: PMC6311682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis and parasitic diseases, such as giardiasis, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, all urgently require improved treatment options. Recently, it has been shown that antitubercular bicyclic nitroimidazoles such as pretomanid and delamanid have potential as repurposed therapeutics for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we show that pretomanid also possesses potent activity against Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, thus expanding the therapeutic potential of nitroimidazooxazines. Synthetic analogues with a novel nitroimidazopyrazin-one/-e bicyclic nitroimidazole chemotype were designed and synthesized, and structure-activity relationships were generated. Selected derivatives had potent antiparasitic and antitubercular activity while maintaining drug-like properties such as low cytotoxicity, good metabolic stability in liver microsomes and high apparent permeability across Caco-2 cells. The kinetic solubility of the new bicyclic derivatives varied and was found to be a key parameter for future optimization. Taken together, these results suggest that promising subclasses of bicyclic nitroimidazoles containing different core architectures have potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Hye Jee Hahn
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kyra Woods
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | - Amy J Jones
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | | | - Mark S Butler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | | | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
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15
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Machado MGM, Ferreira CMR, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Thiazole, thio and semicarbazone derivatives against tropical infective diseases: Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:378-395. [PMID: 30453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moieties are privileged scaffolds (acting as primary pharmacophores) in many compounds that are useful to treat several diseases, mainly tropical infectious diseases. In this review article, we critically analyzed the contribution of these scaffolds to medicinal chemistry in the last five years, focusing on tropical infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. We also present perspectives for their use in drug design in order to contribute to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Abstract
The nitro group is considered to be a versatile and unique functional group in medicinal chemistry. Despite a long history of use in therapeutics, the nitro group has toxicity issues and is often categorized as a structural alert or a toxicophore, and evidence related to drugs containing nitro groups is rather contradictory. In general, drugs containing nitro groups have been extensively associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity. In this context, efforts toward the structure-mutagenicity or structure-genotoxicity relationships have been undertaken. The current Perspective covers various aspects of agents that contain nitro groups, their bioreductive activation mechanisms, their toxicities, and approaches to combat their toxicity issues. In addition, recent advances in the field of anticancer, antitubercular and antiparasitic agents containing nitro groups, along with a patent survey on hypoxia-activated prodrugs containing nitro groups, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
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17
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Mumtaz A, Shoaib M, Zaib S, Shah MS, Bhatti HA, Saeed A, Hussain I, Iqbal J. Synthesis, molecular modelling and biological evaluation of tetrasubstituted thiazoles towards cholinesterase enzymes and cytotoxicity studies. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Chelucci RC, de Almeida L, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Current advances in drug discovery for Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:824-838. [PMID: 30033393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease. In addition, several side effects ranging from hypersensitivity to bone marrow depression and peripheral polyneuropathy have been associated with these drugs. Therefore, the current challenge is to find new effective and safe drugs against this NTD. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in the medicinal chemistry of new anti-chagasic compounds reported in the literature in the last five years. We report promising prototypes for drug discovery identified through target-based and phenotype-based strategies and present some important targets for the development of new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Hartmann Jornada
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Consolin Chelucci
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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19
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Fan YL, Jin XH, Huang ZP, Yu HF, Zeng ZG, Gao T, Feng LS. Recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:347-365. [PMID: 29544148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains one of the most common, communicable, and leading deadliest diseases known to mankind throughout the world. Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis which threatens to worsen the global tuberculosis epidemic has caused great concern in recent years. To overcome the resistance, the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of actions is of great importance. Imidazole-containing derivatives endow with various biological properties, and some of them demonstrated excellent anti-tubercular activity. As the most emblematic example, 4-nitroimidazole delamanid has already received approval for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infected patients. Thus, imidazole-containing derivatives have caused great interests in discovery of new anti-tubercular agents. Numerous of imidazole-containing derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo anti-mycobacterial activities against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. This review aims to outline the recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents, and summarize the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives. The enriched structure-activity relationship may pave the way for the further rational development of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jin
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Hai-Feng Yu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Tao Gao
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
| | - Lian-Shun Feng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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20
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Santos KS, Sandagorda EMA, Cargnelutti R, Barcellos T, Jacob RG, Alves D, Schumacher RF. Copper-Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of 5-Selanyl-imidazo[2,1-b
]thiazoles. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin S. Santos
- LASOL - CCQFA -; Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box; 354 - 96010-310 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. A. Sandagorda
- LASOL - CCQFA -; Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box; 354 - 96010-310 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Roberta Cargnelutti
- LMI - Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM; 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Thiago Barcellos
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Caxias do Sul - UCS -; Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Jacob
- LASOL - CCQFA -; Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box; 354 - 96010-310 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- LASOL - CCQFA -; Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box; 354 - 96010-310 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Schumacher
- LASOL - CCQFA -; Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box; 354 - 96010-310 Pelotas, RS Brazil
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21
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Thompson AM, Marshall AJ, Maes L, Yarlett N, Bacchi CJ, Gaukel E, Wring SA, Launay D, Braillard S, Chatelain E, Mowbray CE, Denny WA. Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:207-213. [PMID: 29191556 PMCID: PMC5840523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A 900 compound nitroimidazole-based library derived from our pretomanid backup program with TB Alliance was screened for utility against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative. Potent hits included 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides, which surprisingly displayed good metabolic stability and excellent cell permeability. Following comprehensive mouse pharmacokinetic assessments on four hits and determination of the most active chiral form, a thiazine oxide counterpart of pretomanid (24) was identified as the best lead. With once daily oral dosing, this compound delivered complete cures in an acute infection mouse model of HAT and increased survival times in a stage 2 model, implying the need for more prolonged CNS exposure. In preliminary SAR findings, antitrypanosomal activity was reduced by removal of the benzylic methylene but enhanced through a phenylpyridine-based side chain, providing important direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, NY 10038, USA
| | | | - Eric Gaukel
- Scynexis, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | | | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Braillard
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles E Mowbray
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Maddili SK, Yandrati LP, Siddam S, Kannekanti VK, Gandham H. Green synthesis, biological and spectroscopic study on the interaction of multi-component Mannich bases of imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles with human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 176:9-16. [PMID: 28938203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of Mannich bases of imidazo[2, l-b]benzothiazoles were prepared through one-pot multi-component reaction in the presence of water as an eco-friendly solvent. All the synthesized compounds were confirmed from IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and Mass spectroscopy. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of all the synthesized derivatives was further accomplished. These results clearly displayed that compound 6d exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage inhibition of 70.23% by membrane stabilization method whereas 67.54% at 100μgmL-1 by the albumin denaturation method, which is comparable to the standard Diclofenac. Further screening against five fungal species (C. albicans ATCC 76615, C. mycoderma, C. utilis, A. flavus, and B. yeast) along with four gram positive (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus N315 (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21216, and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698), and six Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli DH52, Escherichia coli JM109, Salmonella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus proteus ATCC13315 and Bacillus typhi) was carried out. These findings manifested that compound 7c displayed excellent antifungal efficacy while compound 7b revealed significant anti-microbial activity. In addition binding behaviour of compound 7b was investigated by binding study between calf thymus DNA and compound 7b by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and further research about HSA interactions was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K Maddili
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
| | - Leela Prasad Yandrati
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
| | - Shakuntala Siddam
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Kannekanti
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Himabindu Gandham
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
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