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Ziętara P, Dziewięcka M, Augustyniak M. Why Is Longevity Still a Scientific Mystery? Sirtuins-Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010728. [PMID: 36614171 PMCID: PMC9821238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sirtuin system consists of seven highly conserved regulatory enzymes responsible for metabolism, antioxidant protection, and cell cycle regulation. The great interest in sirtuins is associated with the potential impact on life extension. This article summarizes the latest research on the activity of sirtuins and their role in the aging process. The effects of compounds that modulate the activity of sirtuins were discussed, and in numerous studies, their effectiveness was demonstrated. Attention was paid to the role of a caloric restriction and the risks associated with the influence of careless sirtuin modulation on the organism. It has been shown that low modulators' bioavailability/retention time is a crucial problem for optimal regulation of the studied pathways. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the modulator structure and potential reactivity with sirtuins in silico studies should precede in vitro and in vivo experiments. The latest achievements in nanobiotechnology make it possible to create promising molecules, but many of them remain in the sphere of plans and concepts. It seems that solving the mystery of longevity will have to wait for new scientific discoveries.
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CSA Antisense Targeting Enhances Anticancer Drug Sensitivity in Breast Cancer Cells, including the Triple-Negative Subtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071687. [PMID: 35406459 PMCID: PMC8997023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer (BC), the most frequent malignancy in woman, shows a high rate of cancer recurrence and resistance to treatment, particularly in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) subtype. Starting from the observation that different subtypes of BC cells, including the TNBC one, display an increased expression of Cockayne Syndrome group A (CSA) protein, which is involved in multiple functions such as DNA repair, transcription and in conferring cell robustness when it is up-regulated, we demonstrated that CSA ablation by AntiSense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) drastically impairs tumorigenicity of BC cells by hampering their survival and proliferative capabilities without affecting normal breast cells. Suppression of CSA does result in lowering the IC50 value of Oxaliplatin and Paclitaxel, two commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer treatment, allowing the use of a very low dose of chemotherapeutic that is non-toxic to the normal breast cell line. Finally, CSA ablation restores drug sensitivity in oxaliplatin-resistant cells. Based on these findings, we can conclude that CSA may be a very attractive target for the development of new specific anticancer therapies. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer with the highest frequency of death among women. BC is highly heterogenic at the genetic, biological, and clinical level. Despite the significant improvements in diagnosis and treatments of BC, the high rate of cancer recurrence and resistance to treatment remains a major challenge in clinical practice. This issue is particularly relevant in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) subtype, for which chemotherapy remains the main standard therapeutic approach. Here, we observed that BC cells, belonging to different subtypes, including the TNBC, display an increased expression of Cockayne Syndrome group A (CSA) protein, which is involved in multiple functions such as DNA repair, transcription, mitochondrial homeostasis, and cell division and that recently was found to confer cell robustness when it is up-regulated. We demonstrated that CSA ablation by AntiSense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) drastically impairs tumorigenicity of BC cells by hampering their survival and proliferative capabilities without damaging normal cells. Moreover, suppression of CSA dramatically sensitizes BC cells to platinum and taxane derivatives, which are commonly used for BC first-line therapy, even at very low doses not harmful to normal cells. Finally, CSA ablation restores drug sensitivity in oxaliplatin-resistant cells. Based on these results, we conclude that CSA might be a very attractive target for the development of more effective anticancer therapies.
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Transcriptomic Characterization of Cow, Donkey and Goat Milk Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Their Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312759. [PMID: 34884564 PMCID: PMC8657891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) seem to be one of the main maternal messages delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are micro/nano-sized membrane-bound structures enclosing signaling molecules and thus acting as signal mediators between distant cells and/or tissues, exerting biological effects such as immune modulation and pro-regenerative activity. Milk is also a unique, scalable, and reliable source of EVs. Our aim was to characterize the RNA content of cow, donkey, and goat mEVs through transcriptomic analysis of mRNA and small RNA libraries. Over 10,000 transcripts and 2000 small RNAs were expressed in mEVs of each species. Among the most represented transcripts, 110 mRNAs were common between the species with cow acting as the most divergent. The most represented small RNA class was miRNA in all the species, with 10 shared miRNAs having high impact on the immune regulatory function. Functional analysis for the most abundant mRNAs shows epigenetic functions such as histone modification, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling for cow; lipid catabolism, oxidative stress, and vitamin metabolism for donkey; and terms related to chemokine receptor interaction, leukocytes migration, and transcriptional regulation in response to stress for goat. For miRNA targets, shared terms emerged as the main functions for all the species: immunity modulation, protein synthesis, cellular cycle regulation, transmembrane exchanges, and ion channels. Moreover, donkey and goat showed additional terms related to epigenetic modification and DNA maintenance. Our results showed a potential mEVs immune regulatory purpose through their RNA cargo, although in vivo validation studies are necessary.
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Botta L, Cesarini S, Zippilli C, Filippi S, Bizzarri BM, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Saladino R. Stereoselective Access to Antimelanoma Agents by Hybridization and Dimerization of Dihydroartemisinin and Artesunic acid. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2270-2277. [PMID: 33792170 PMCID: PMC8360007 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A library of five hybrids and six dimers of dihydroartemisinin and artesunic acid has been synthetized in a stereo-controlled manner and evaluated for the anticancer activity against metastatic melanoma cell line (RPMI7951). Among novel derivatives, three artesunic acid dimers showed antimelanoma activity and cancer selectivity, being not toxic on normal human fibroblast (C3PV) cell line. Among the three dimers, the one bearing 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as a spacer showed no cytotoxic effect (CC50 >300 μM) and high antimelanoma activity (IC50 =0.05 μM), which was two orders of magnitude higher than that of parent artesunic acid, and of the same order of commercial drug paclitaxel. In addition, this dimer showed cancer-type selectivity towards melanoma compared to prostate (PC3) and breast (MDA-MB-231) tumors. The occurrence of a radical mechanism was hypothesized by DFO and EPR analyses. Qualitative structure activity relationships highlighted the role of artesunic acid scaffold in the control of toxicity and antimelanoma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Cesarini
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudio Zippilli
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Univeristy of Viterbo, Via S.C. De Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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5
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Lu B, Zhang D, Wang X, Lin D, Chen Y, Xu X. Targeting SIRT1 to inhibit the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:306. [PMID: 33732382 PMCID: PMC7905587 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematopoietic malignancy and remains an incurable disease. Thus, novel drugs and therapeutic methods are required for patients with MM. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor cambinol on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cell lines, RPMI8226 and U266. Moreover, the present study evaluated the underlying molecular mechanisms of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induced by cambinol. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure the viability of RPMI8226 and U266 cells treated with cambinol. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were analyzed via flow cytometry. The expression levels of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), p53, acetylated p53 (Ac-p53), Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and p21 were detected in cells treated with cambinol using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that cambinol inhibited the proliferation of RPMI8226 and U266 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Increased apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest, together with enhanced procaspase-3 degradation and PARP cleavage were identified in cambinol-treated cells compared with controls. Western blotting results also revealed the upregulation of p53 acetylation and p21, as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 in cells treated with cambinol. In conclusion, the present results suggest that cambinol inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis in RPMI8226 and U266 cells by regulating acetylation of p53 via the targeting of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Dengyang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
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Taimoory SM, Cataldo VA, Schäfer A, Trant JF, Guterman R. Not-So-Innocent Anions Determine the Mechanism of Cationic Alkylators. Chemistry 2021; 27:3440-3448. [PMID: 33137244 PMCID: PMC7898791 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating reagents based on thioimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized and the influence of the anion on the alkylation reaction mechanism explored in detail using both experimental and computational methods. Thioimidazolium cations transfer alkyl substituents to nucleophiles, however the reaction rate was highly dependent on anion identity, demonstrating that the anion is not innocent in the mechanism. Detailed analysis of the computationally-derived potential energy surfaces associated with possible mechanisms indicated that this dependence arises from a combination of anion induced electronic, steric and coordinating effects, with highly nucleophilic anions catalyzing a 2-step process while highly non-nucleophilic, delocalized anions favor a 1-step reaction. This work also confirms the presence of ion-pairs and aggregates in solution thus supporting anion-induced control over the reaction rate and mechanism. These findings provide new insight into an old reaction allowing for better design of cationic alkylators in synthesis, gene expression, polymer science, and protein chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vincenzo Alessandro Cataldo
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada
| | - Ryan Guterman
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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7
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Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel 4-amino-5-cyano-2-sulfonylpyrimidines. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Botta L, Filippi S, Bizzarri BM, Zippilli C, Meschini R, Pogni R, Baratto MC, Villanova L, Saladino R. Synthesis and Evaluation of Artemisinin-Based Hybrid and Dimer Derivatives as Antimelanoma Agents. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:243-251. [PMID: 31956771 PMCID: PMC6964273 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A library of hybrid and dimer compounds based on the natural scaffold of artemisinin was synthesized. These derivatives were obtained by coupling of artemisinin derivatives, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin with a panel of phytochemical compounds. The novel artemisinin-based hybrids and dimers were evaluated for their anticancer activity on a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and on three complementary metastatic melanoma cancer cell lines (SK-MEL3, SK-MEL24, and RPMI-7951). Two hybrid compounds obtained by coupling of artesunate with eugenol and tyrosol, and one of the dimer compounds containing curcumin, emerged as the most active and cancer-selective derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- E-mail: (L.B.)
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Bruno M. Bizzarri
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudio Zippilli
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Meschini
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luciano Villanova
- Lachifarma
s.r.l., S.S.16 Zona Industriale, 73010, Zollino, Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, via S. C. De Lellis 44, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- E-mail: (R.S.)
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9
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Bizzarri BM, Fanelli A, Botta L, Sadun C, Gontrani L, Ferella F, Crucianelli M, Saladino R. Dendrimer crown-ether tethered multi-wall carbon nanotubes support methyltrioxorhenium in the selective oxidation of olefins to epoxides. RSC Adv 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02785e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo-15-crown-5 ether supported on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by tethered poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers efficiently coordinated methyltrioxorhenium in the selective oxidation of olefins to epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ecologiche
- Università della Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Angelica Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ecologiche
- Università della Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ecologiche
- Università della Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Claudia Sadun
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- La Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Roma
- Italy
| | - Francesco Ferella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche
- Università dell'Aquila
- 67100 L'Aquila
- Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Gransasso
| | - Marcello Crucianelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche
- Università dell'Aquila
- 67100 L'Aquila
- Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ecologiche
- Università della Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
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10
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Carafa V, Poziello A, Della Torre L, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Safadeh E, Yu Z, Baldi A, Castoria G, Tomaselli D, Mai A, Rotili D, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. Enzymatic and Biological Characterization of Novel Sirtuin Modulators against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225654. [PMID: 31726691 PMCID: PMC6888689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins, a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent lysine deacetylases, are promising targets for anticancer treatment. Recently, we characterized a novel pan-sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, MC2494, displaying antiproliferative effects and able to induce death pathways in several human cancer cell lines and decrease tumor growth in vivo. Based on the chemical scaffold of MC2494, and by applying a structure–activity relationship approach, we developed a small library of derivative compounds and extensively analyzed their enzymatic action at cellular level as well as their ability to induce cell death. We also investigated the effect of MC2494 on regulation of cell cycle progression in different cancer cell lines. Our investigations indicated that chemical substitutions applied to MC2494 scaffold did not confer higher efficacy in terms of biological activity and SIRT1 inhibition, but carbethoxy-containing derivatives showed higher SIRT2 specificity. The carbethoxy derivative of MC2494 and its 2-methyl analog displayed the strongest enzymatic activity. Applied chemical modifications improved the enzymatic selectivity of these SIRT inhibitors. Additionally, the observed activity of MC2494 via cell cycle and apoptotic regulation and inhibition of cell migration supports the potential role of SIRTs as targets in tumorigenesis and makes SIRT-targeting molecules good candidates for novel pharmacological approaches in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carafa
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelita Poziello
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Laura Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Elham Safadeh
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Daniela Tomaselli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (D.R.); (A.N.); (L.A.); Tel.: +39-0649-913-392 (A.M.); +39-0649-913-891 (D.R.); +39-0815-665-682 (A.N.); +39-0815-667-569 (L.A.); Fax: +39-064-9693-268 (A.M. & D.R.); +39-081-450-169 (A.N. & L.A.)
| | - Dante Rotili
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (D.R.); (A.N.); (L.A.); Tel.: +39-0649-913-392 (A.M.); +39-0649-913-891 (D.R.); +39-0815-665-682 (A.N.); +39-0815-667-569 (L.A.); Fax: +39-064-9693-268 (A.M. & D.R.); +39-081-450-169 (A.N. & L.A.)
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (D.R.); (A.N.); (L.A.); Tel.: +39-0649-913-392 (A.M.); +39-0649-913-891 (D.R.); +39-0815-665-682 (A.N.); +39-0815-667-569 (L.A.); Fax: +39-064-9693-268 (A.M. & D.R.); +39-081-450-169 (A.N. & L.A.)
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (V.C.); (A.P.); (L.D.T.); (P.G.); (M.D.D.); (E.S.); (Z.Y.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (D.R.); (A.N.); (L.A.); Tel.: +39-0649-913-392 (A.M.); +39-0649-913-891 (D.R.); +39-0815-665-682 (A.N.); +39-0815-667-569 (L.A.); Fax: +39-064-9693-268 (A.M. & D.R.); +39-081-450-169 (A.N. & L.A.)
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