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Singh G, Rana A, Smriti. Decoding antimicrobial resistance: unraveling molecular mechanisms and targeted strategies. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:280. [PMID: 38805035 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant global health threat, necessitating innovative approaches for combatting it. This review explores various mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance observed in various strains of bacteria. We examine various strategies, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), novel antimicrobial materials, drug delivery systems, vaccines, antibody therapies, and non-traditional antibiotic treatments. Through a comprehensive literature review, the efficacy and challenges of these strategies are evaluated. Findings reveal the potential of AMPs in combating resistance due to their unique mechanisms and lower propensity for resistance development. Additionally, novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, show promise in enhancing antibiotic efficacy and overcoming resistance mechanisms. Vaccines and antibody therapies offer preventive measures, although challenges exist in their development. Non-traditional antibiotic treatments, including CRISPR-Cas systems, present alternative approaches to combat resistance. Overall, this review underscores the importance of multifaceted strategies and coordinated global efforts to address antimicrobial resistance effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Biosciences (UIBT), Chandigarh University, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Anita Rana
- Department of Biosciences (UIBT), Chandigarh University, Punjab, 140413, India.
| | - Smriti
- Department of Biosciences (UIBT), Chandigarh University, Punjab, 140413, India
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2
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Coandă M, Limban C, Nuță DC. Small Schiff Base Molecules-A Possible Strategy to Combat Biofilm-Related Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38247634 PMCID: PMC10812491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms participating in the development of biofilms exhibit heightened resistance to antibiotic treatment, therefore infections involving biofilms have become a problem in recent years as they are more difficult to treat. Consequently, research efforts are directed towards identifying novel molecules that not only possess antimicrobial properties but also demonstrate efficacy against biofilms. While numerous investigations have focused on antimicrobial capabilities of Schiff bases, their potential as antibiofilm agents remains largely unexplored. Thus, the objective of this article is to present a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific literature pertaining to small molecules categorized as Schiff bases with antibiofilm properties. The survey involved querying four databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Reaxys). Relevant articles published in the last 10 years were selected and categorized based on the molecular structure into two groups: classical Schiff bases and oximes and hydrazones. Despite the majority of studies indicating a moderate antibiofilm potential of Schiff bases, certain compounds exhibited a noteworthy effect, underscoring the significance of considering this type of molecular modeling when seeking to develop new molecules with antibiofilm effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.C.N.)
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Mohamed MA, Nasr M, Elkhatib WF, Eltayeb WN, Elshamy AA, El-Sayyad GS. Nanobiotic formulations as promising advances for combating MRSA resistance: susceptibilities and post-antibiotic effects of clindamycin, doxycycline, and linezolid. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39696-39706. [PMID: 35494109 PMCID: PMC9044563 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity and post-antibiotic effects (PAEs) are both important parameters in determination of the dosage regimen of antimicrobial agents. In the present study, antimicrobial activity and PAEs of clindamycin, doxycycline, linezolid, and their nanobiotic formulations were evaluated against two methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates (MRSA) encoded (MRSA-S1 and MRSA-S2). Nanobiotic formulations increased the susceptibility of MRSA isolates by 4-64 folds as compared to their conventional ones. The PAE values were determined after exposure of MRSA isolates for 1 h to 10× the MICs of the tested antibiotics. The duration of PAEs were recorded after bacterial growth in Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) free from antibiotic has been restored. The PAE values for MRSA-S1 were 2.5 h for the conventional antibiotics. However, the PAEs for nanobiotics were 4 h for both clindamycin and linezolid, while 3 h for doxycycline. For MRSA-S2, linezolid and linezolid nanobiotics PAEs were 3 h. PAEs of clindamycin and clindamycin nanobiotics were 3.75 h and 4 h, respectively. Doxycycline and doxycycline nanobiotics revealed the same PAEs patterns of 3.5 h. The findings of the current study may positively influence the pharmacodynamics of the antibiotics and consequently the dosage regimen of nanobiotics as well as on their clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah A Mohamed
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University Cairo 19648 Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St. Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Walid F Elkhatib
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St. Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt +20-2-24051107 +20-2-24051120
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University New Galala City Suez Egypt
| | - Wafaa N Eltayeb
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University Cairo 19648 Egypt
| | - Aliaa A Elshamy
- Microbiology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development Cairo Belbes Road Cairo 11788 Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University New Galala City Suez Egypt
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) Cairo Egypt +20-2-22749298 +20-2-22727413
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Abd El-Aleam RH, George RF, Georgey HH, Abdel-Rahman HM. Bacterial virulence factors: a target for heterocyclic compounds to combat bacterial resistance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36459-36482. [PMID: 35494393 PMCID: PMC9043591 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06238g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the most important challenges of the 21st century. However, the growing understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-to-cell communication has revealed many potential strategies for the discovery of drugs that can be used for the treatment of bacterial infections. Interfering with bacterial virulence and/or quorum sensing could be a particularly interesting approach, because it is believed to exert less selective pressure on the bacterial resistance than with traditional strategies, geared toward killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Here, we discuss the mechanism of bacterial virulence, presenting promising strategies and recently synthesized heterocyclic compounds to combat future bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab H Abd El-Aleam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information MTI Cairo 11571 Egypt
| | - Riham F George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Hanan H Georgey
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University Cairo 11786 Egypt
| | - Hamdy M Abdel-Rahman
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni Suef Egypt
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Richa, Kushwaha N, Negi S, Kumar A, Zangrando E, Kataria R, Saini V. Synthesis, characterization and utility of a series of novel copper(II) complexes as excellent surface disinfectants against nosocomial infections. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13699-13711. [PMID: 34013925 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are among the major public health concerns, especially during the ongoing Covid19 pandemic. There is a great demand for novel chemical agents that are capable of killing specific pathogens or augmenting the efficiency of existing disinfectants. Herein, we report the synthesis and comprehensive characterization (through FT-IR, HR-MS, SEM, TGA-DSC, CV, UV and SCXRD analyses) of six novel copper(II) complexes, [CuL(4X-An)] (5a-5d), [CuL(An)] (5e), and [CuL(benzhydrylamine)] (5f), and their evaluation as anti-microbial agents against WHO priority pathogens, confirming their possible use in hospital settings. The compounds were synthesized with a Schiff base (H2L) obtained by the condensation reaction of 3-acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione (DHA) and benzohydrazide and further addition of different p-substituted aniline (An) molecules. Single crystal structure analyses revealed that the aniline derivatives are isostructural to the copper atom in a square planar coordination, while the benzhydrylamine complex forms a dimer (5f), with a square pyramidal coordination geometry for the metal. Time-kill kinetics and reduced microbial recovery studies revealed excellent bactericidal action against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Particularly, the novel compound 5f significantly reduced microbial recovery compared to ethanol-based sanitisers. In fact, addition of 5f to 70% ethanol remarkably synergized the killing with >6-log reduction in microbial burden. Overall, our novel compounds would increase the disinfection efficacy in hospitals and industries, thereby improving the efficiency and minimizing the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Namrata Kushwaha
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Sheetal Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Ramesh Kataria
- Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Trebino MA, Shingare RD, MacMillan JB, Yildiz FH. Strategies and Approaches for Discovery of Small Molecule Disruptors of Biofilm Physiology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154582. [PMID: 34361735 PMCID: PMC8348372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, the predominant growth mode of microorganisms, pose a significant risk to human health. The protective biofilm matrix, typically composed of exopolysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, combined with biofilm-grown bacteria’s heterogenous physiology, leads to enhanced fitness and tolerance to traditional methods for treatment. There is a need to identify biofilm inhibitors using diverse approaches and targeting different stages of biofilm formation. This review discusses discovery strategies that successfully identified a wide range of inhibitors and the processes used to characterize their inhibition mechanism and further improvement. Additionally, we examine the structure–activity relationship (SAR) for some of these inhibitors to optimize inhibitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Trebino
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Rahul D. Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.B.M.); (F.H.Y.)
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.B.M.); (F.H.Y.)
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Zhao Q, Xin L, Liu Y, Liang C, Li J, Jian Y, Li H, Shi Z, Liu H, Cao W. Current Landscape and Future Perspective of Oxazolidinone Scaffolds Containing Antibacterial Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10557-10580. [PMID: 34260235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has made the problem of bacterial resistance increasingly serious, and the study of new drug-resistant bacteria has become the main direction of antibacterial drug research. Among antibiotics, the fully synthetic oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs linezolid and tedizolid have been successfully marketed and have achieved good clinical treatment effects. Oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs have good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and unique antibacterial mechanisms, and resistant bacteria are sensitive to them. This Perspective focuses on reviewing oxazolidinones based on the structural modification of linezolid and new potential oxazolidinone drugs in the past 10 years, mainly describing their structure, antibacterial activity, safety, druggability, and so on, and discusses their structure-activity relationships, providing insight into the reasonable design of safer and more potent oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.,Xi'an Xuri Shengchang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., High-tech Zone, Xi'an 710075, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Jian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, Xinjiang Uyghur People's Hospital, Urumqi 830002, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
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8
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Dorababu A. Recent update on antibacterial and antifungal activity of quinoline scaffolds. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000232. [PMID: 33210348 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although most of the heterocycles have been reported to possess a significant pharmacological activity, only a few of them, namely quinoline derivatives, have exhibited the finest biological activities. Despite the few medicinal properties of the plain quinoline molecule, its derivatives exhibit diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal activities, and so on. The potential antimicrobial properties of the quinoline derivatives are evident from the decades of research on these derivatives. Owing to limitations like drug resistance, high cost, severe side effects, and less bioavailability of previously synthesized antimicrobial agents, these drugs have become obsolete in recent years. Hence, the design of more efficient antimicrobial drugs must be given topmost priority. A breakthrough in drug discovery is a must to prevent malevolent microbial diseases. Addressing all these issues, researchers have been continuously contributing to antimicrobial drug discovery. Herein, a short description of the pharmacology of antimicrobial agents such as antibacterials and antifungals synthesized recently is provided. The versatile derivatization of the quinoline moiety leading to significant antimicrobial potencies is discussed, considering the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry, SRMPP Govt. First Grade College, Huvinahadagali, Karnataka, India
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Al-Smadi D, Enugala TR, Kessler V, Mhashal AR, Lynn Kamerlin SC, Kihlberg J, Norberg T, Widersten M. Chemical and Biochemical Approaches for the Synthesis of Substituted Dihydroxybutanones and Di- and Tri-Hydroxypentanones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6982-6991. [PMID: 31066559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated compounds are building blocks for the synthesis of carbohydrates and other natural products. Their synthesis is mainly achieved by different synthetic versions of aldol-coupling reactions, catalyzed either by organocatalysts, enzymes, or metal-organic catalysts. We have investigated the formation of 1,4-substituted 2,3-dihydroxybutan-1-one derivatives from para- and meta-substituted phenylacetaldehydes by three distinctly different strategies. The first involved a direct aldol reaction with hydroxyacetone, dihydroxyacetone, or 2-hydroxyacetophenone, catalyzed by the cinchona derivative cinchonine. The second was reductive cross-coupling with methyl- or phenylglyoxal promoted by SmI2, resulting in either 5-substituted 3,4-dihydroxypentan-2-ones or 1,4 bis-phenyl-substituted butanones, respectively. Finally, in the third case, aldolase catalysis was employed for synthesis of the corresponding 1,3,4-trihydroxylated pentan-2-one derivatives. The organocatalytic route with cinchonine generated distereomerically enriched syn-products (de = 60-99%), with moderate enantiomeric excesses (ee = 43-56%) but did not produce aldols with either hydroxyacetone or dihydroxyacetone as donor ketones. The SmI2-promoted reductive cross-coupling generated product mixtures with diastereomeric and enantiomeric ratios close to unity. This route allowed for the production of both 1-methyl- and 1-phenyl-substituted 2,3-dihydroxybutanones at yields between 40-60%. Finally, the biocatalytic approach resulted in enantiopure syn-(3 R,4 S) 1,3,4-trihydroxypentan-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derar Al-Smadi
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Thilak Reddy Enugala
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Vadim Kessler
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anil Ranu Mhashal
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Thomas Norberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mikael Widersten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
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Senerovic L, Opsenica D, Moric I, Aleksic I, Spasić M, Vasiljevic B. Quinolines and Quinolones as Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-virulence, Antiviral and Anti-parasitic Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1282:37-69. [PMID: 31515709 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infective diseases have become health threat of a global proportion due to appearance and spread of microorganisms resistant to majority of therapeutics currently used for their treatment. Therefore, there is a constant need for development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Quinolines and quinolones, isolated from plants, animals, and microorganisms, have demonstrated numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and antitumor. For more than two centuries quinoline/quinolone moiety has been used as a scaffold for drug development and even today it represents an inexhaustible inspiration for design and development of novel semi-synthetic or synthetic agents exhibiting broad spectrum of bioactivities. The structural diversity of synthetized compounds provides high and selective activity attained through different mechanisms of action, as well as low toxicity on human cells. This review describes quinoline and quinolone derivatives with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulent, antiviral, and anti-parasitic activities with the focus on the last 10 years literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Senerovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center of excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM - University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Moric
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Spasić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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