1
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Ozalp MK, Vignaux PA, Puhl AC, Lane TR, Urbina F, Ekins S. Sequential Contrastive and Deep Learning Models to Identify Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3161-3172. [PMID: 38532612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a target of interest in late-stage Alzheimer's Disease (AD) where selective BChE inhibitors (BIs) may offer symptomatic treatment without the harsh side effects of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. In this study, we explore multiple machine learning strategies to identify BIs in silico, optimizing for precision over all other metrics. We compare state-of-the-art supervised contrastive learning (CL) with deep learning (DL) and Random Forest (RF) machine learning, across single and sequential modeling configurations, to identify the best models for BChE selectivity. We used these models to virtually screen a vendor library of 5 million compounds for BIs and tested 20 of these compounds in vitro. Seven of the 20 compounds displayed selectivity for BChE over AChE, reflecting a hit rate of 35% for our model predictions, suggesting a highly efficient strategy for modeling selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kemal Ozalp
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Patricia A Vignaux
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ana C Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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2
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Vega-López A, Lara-Vega I, Atonal-Brioso G, Nájera-Martínez M. Neurotoxicant effects of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and tert‑butyl phenol in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106868. [PMID: 38387248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide production of alkyl phenols and ethoxylated alkyl phenols is high due to their broad industrial uses. It has been widely documented that they are endocrine disruptors, and it has been suggested that they could exert neurotoxic effects. However, a lack of information about the neurotoxic effects of APs and APEs prevails. In this study, the bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), and 3‑tert-butylphenol (tertBP) effects on brain and spinal cord of Nile tilapia exposed to environmental concentrations were evaluated by assessing acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and carboxylesterases (CES) activities, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and their effects were evaluated by molecular docking. BPA and NP, tertBP behave as agonists and antagonists of AChE, BuChE, CES, and GABA, with notable differences among organs. However, none of these compounds or their metabolites interact with the enzymes' catalytic triad, suggesting an indirect alteration of enzymatic activities. While inhibiting these enzymes stand out hydrophobic interactions with the peripheral anion site, contacts with the inner face of the active site and blocking the mouth of the gorge of the active site, and steric hindrance in the enzyme pocket of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In contrast, inductions probably are by homotropic pseudo-cooperative phenomenon, where APEs behave as anchors favoring the active site to remain open and interactions that confer a conservative stabilization of the regulatory domain. Although the results of this study are complex, with notable differences between organs and toxicants, they are some of the first evidence of the neurotoxicity of alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico.
| | - Israel Lara-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Genaro Atonal-Brioso
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City CP 07738, Mexico
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3
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Williams AH, Zhan CG. Staying Ahead of the Game: How SARS-CoV-2 has Accelerated the Application of Machine Learning in Pandemic Management. BioDrugs 2023; 37:649-674. [PMID: 37464099 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, machine learning (ML) techniques have garnered considerable interest for their potential use in accelerating the rate of drug discovery. With the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the utilization of ML has become even more crucial in the search for effective antiviral medications. The pandemic has presented the scientific community with a unique challenge, and the rapid identification of potential treatments has become an urgent priority. Researchers have been able to accelerate the process of identifying drug candidates, repurposing existing drugs, and designing new compounds with desirable properties using machine learning in drug discovery. To train predictive models, ML techniques in drug discovery rely on the analysis of large datasets, including both experimental and clinical data. These models can be used to predict the biological activities, potential side effects, and interactions with specific target proteins of drug candidates. This strategy has proven to be an effective method for identifying potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other disease treatments. This paper offers a thorough analysis of the various ML techniques implemented to combat COVID-19, including supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and natural language processing. The paper discusses the impact of these techniques on pandemic drug development, including the identification of potential treatments, the understanding of the disease mechanism, and the creation of effective and safe therapeutics. The lessons learned can be applied to future outbreaks and drug discovery initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Williams
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- GSK Upper Providence, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Wang M, Liu J, Lv Y, Su X. Construction of a Label-Free Ratiometric Biosensor Based on Target Recycling Amplification and Hg-ZnSe QDs for Assay of BChE and OPs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11884-11891. [PMID: 37554068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we constructed a label-free ratiometric fluorescence biosensing strategy for the determination of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and organophosphorus (OPs) concentration. BChE promoted the hydrolysis of iodized s-butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) into a reducing substance thiocholine, which can decompose CoOOH nanosheets (CoOOH NSs) to Co2+. Subsequently, the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) on the surface of CoOOH NSs was released. Then, ssDNA hybridized with hairpin DNA (h-DNA) and triggered the target recycling amplification process, producing large amounts of G-quadruplex. After adding thioflavin T (ThT), the target BChE was converted into activatable G-quadruplex/ThT with an amplified yellow fluorescence signal. The addition of OPs could significantly inhibit the hydrolysis of BTCh by BChE and thus unable to produce the yellow fluorescence G-quadruplex/ThT complex. Throughout the entire process, the fluorescence intensity of Hg-ZnSe QDs as a reference signal remained unchanged at 630 nm. Furthermore, this work provided an effective approach for detecting the BChE activity in serum samples and OPs in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Jinying Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuntai Lv
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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5
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Husna Hasnan MH, Sivasothy Y, Khaw KY, Nafiah MA, Hazni H, Litaudon M, Wan Ruzali WA, Liew SY, Awang K. N-Methyl Costaricine and Costaricine, Two Potent Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamb. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10699. [PMID: 37445877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have been conducted over the last decade to identify secondary metabolites from plants, in particular those from the class of alkaloids, for the development of new anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs. The genus Alseodaphne, comprising a wide range of alkaloids, is a promising source for the discovery of new cholinesterase inhibitors, the first-line treatment for AD. With regard to this, a phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the bark of A. pendulifolia Gamb. was conducted. Repeated column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography led to the isolation of a new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, N-methyl costaricine (1), together with costaricine (2), hernagine (3), N-methyl hernagine (4), corydine (5), and oxohernagine (6). Their structures were elucidated by the 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and LCMS-IT-TOF analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were more-potent BChE inhibitors than galantamine with IC50 values of 3.51 ± 0.80 µM and 2.90 ± 0.56 µM, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk plots of compounds 1 and 2 indicated they were mixed-mode inhibitors. Compounds 1 and 2 have the potential to be employed as lead compounds for the development of new drugs or medicinal supplements to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafiz Husna Hasnan
- Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yasodha Sivasothy
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azlan Nafiah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim 35900, Malaysia
| | - Hazrina Hazni
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wan Adriyani Wan Ruzali
- Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sook Yee Liew
- Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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6
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Pang Y, Ma Z, Song Q, Wang Z, Shi YE. Sensitive detection of butyrylcholinesterase activity based on a stimuli-responsive fluorescence reaction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122886. [PMID: 37210854 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A fluorogenic reaction between the chelate of Mn(II)-citric acid and terephthalic acid (PTA) was discovered, which was carried out through heating the aqueous mixture of Mn2+, citric acid and PTA. Detailed investigations indicated the reaction products were 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (PTA-OH), which was attributed to the reaction between PTA and OH, formed by the triggering of Mn(II)-citric acid in the presence of dissolved O2. PTA-OH showed a strong blue fluorescence, peaked at 420 nm, and the fluorescence intensity presented a sensitive response to pH of the reaction system. Based on these mechanisms, the fluorogenic reaction was used for the detection of butyrylcholinesterase activity, achieving a detection limit of 0.15 U/L. The detection strategy was successfully applied in human serum samples, and it was also extended for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides and radical scavengers. Such a facile fluorogenic reaction and its stimuli-responsive properties offered an effective tool for designing detection pathways in the fields of clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zerui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qian Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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7
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Hitge R, Petzer JP, Petzer A. The inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3(4H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 77:129038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Hitge R, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Isatoic anhydrides as novel inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117030. [PMID: 36179486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes metabolise neurotransmitter amines in the central and peripheral tissues, and thereby contribute to the regulation of neurotransmission. Inhibitors of MAO modulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, and have been used for several decades for the treatment of depression and Parkinson's disease, while potential new therapeutic applications in other diseases such as prostate cancer and heart failure may exist. In the interest of discovering new classes of chemical compounds that potently inhibit the MAOs, the present study synthesises a series of ten isatoic anhydrides and evaluates their potential as in vitro inhibitors of human MAO-A and MAO-B. The isatoic anhydrides bear structural similarity to a series of 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones as well as to series of isatins and phthalimides that have been reported to act as potent MAO-B inhibitors. The results document that the isatoic anhydrides inhibit both MAO isoforms with the most potent inhibitors exhibiting IC50 values of 0.010 µM (1b and 1h) and 0.0047 µM (1j) for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. Molecular docking suggests that isatoic anhydrides exhibit similar binding modes and interactions with MAO-A and MAO-B, which may explain their potent inhibition of both isoforms. It may be concluded that the isatoic anhydrides represent a new class of MAO inhibitors, while it is interesting to note that very few studies on the pharmacological actions of isatoic anhydrides have been reported. As a secondary aim, the isatoic anhydrides were also evaluated as potential inhibitors of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rialette Hitge
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Anél Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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9
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Chen M, Zhang J, Chang J, Li H, Zhai Y, Wang Z. Ultrasensitive detection of butyrylcholinesterase activity based on self-polymerization modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120756. [PMID: 34952437 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an important clinical diagnosing index for liver dysfunction and organophosphate toxicity. However, the current assays for BChE activity are suffering from the relative poor detection sensitivity. In this work, an ultrasensitive fluorescence assay for BChE activity was developed based on the self-polymerization modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots (S-dots). The luminescence of S-dots can be quenched by the self-polymerized dopamine. The hydrolysate of substrates, thiocholine, under the catalysis of BChE can reduce dopamine, which results in the inhibition of self-polymerization and the fluorescence recovery of S-dots. BChE can be quantitatively detected by recording the recovered fluorescence of S-dots, and a linear relationship is observed between the ratio of fluorescence and the concentration of BChE in the range from 0.01 to 10 U/L. A limit of detection as low as 0.0069 U/L calculated, which is the lowest number so far. The assay also shows excellent selectivity towards various interference species and acetylcholinesterase. These features allowed the direct detection of BChE activity in human serum, demonstrating the great practical applications of our assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huiya Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yongqing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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10
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Brandão P, López Ó, Leitzbach L, Stark H, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Burke AJ, Pineiro M. Ugi Reaction Synthesis of Oxindole-Lactam Hybrids as Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1718-1725. [PMID: 34795859 PMCID: PMC8591717 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a valuable approach in drug discovery. Combining it with multicomponent reactions is highly desirable, since structurally diverse libraries can be attained efficiently in an eco-friendly manner. In this work, isatin is used as the key building block for the Ugi 4-center 3-component reaction synthesis of oxindole-lactam hybrids, under catalyst-free conditions. The resulting oxindole-β-lactam and oxindole-γ-lactam hybrids were evaluated for their potential to inhibit relevant central nervous system targets, namely cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases. Druglikeness evaluation was also performed, and compounds 4eca and 5dab exhibited great potential as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, at the low micromolar range, with an interesting predictive pharmacokinetic profile. Our findings herein reported suggest oxindole-lactam hybrids as new potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- University
of Coimbra, CQC and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, University
of Évora, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Luisa Leitzbach
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - José G. Fernández-Bolaños
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Anthony J. Burke
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, University
of Évora, 7000 Évora, Portugal
- University
of Evora, Department of Chemistry, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University
of Coimbra, CQC and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Ma J, Ma L, Cao L, Miao Y, Dong J, Shi YE, Wang Z. Point-of-care testing of butyrylcholinesterase activity through modulating the photothermal effect of cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:392. [PMID: 34697648 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an important indicator for clinical diagnosis of liver dysfunction, organophosphate toxicity, and poststroke dementia. Point-of-care testing (POCT) of BChE activity is still a challenge, which is a critical requirement for the modern clinical diagnose. A portable photothermal BChE assay is proposed through modulating the photothermal effects of Cu2O nanoparticles. BChE can catalyze the decomposition of butyrylcholine, producing thiocholine, which further reduce and coordinate with CuO on surface of Cu2O nanoparticle. This leads to higher efficiency of formation of Cu9S8 nanoparticles, through the reaction between Cu2O nanoparticle and NaHS, together with the promotion of photothermal conversion efficiency from 3.1 to 59.0%, under the excitation of 1064 nm laser radiation. An excellent linear relationship between the temperature change and the logarithm of BChE concentration is obtained in the range 1.0 to 7.5 U/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.076 U/mL. In addition, the portable photothermal assay shows strong detection robustness, which endows the accurate detection of BChE in human serum, together with the screening and quantification of organophosphorus pesticides. Such a simple, sensitive, and robust assay shows great potential for the applications to clinical BChE detection and brings a new horizon for the development of temperature based POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jiangxue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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12
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Ma Z, Li P, Jiao M, Shi YE, Zhai Y, Wang Z. Ratiometric sensing of butyrylcholinesterase activity based on the MnO 2 nanosheet-modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots and o-phenylenediamine. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:294. [PMID: 34363549 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) can modulate the expression level of cholinesterase, which emerges as an important clinical diagnose index. However, the currently reported assays for BChE are suffering from the problem of interferences. A ratiometric fluorescence assay was developed based on the MnO2 nanosheet (NS)-modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots (S-dots) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD). MnO2 NS can not only quench the fluorescence of blue emissive S-dots, but also enhance the yellow emissive OPD by catalyzing its oxidation reactions. Upon introducing BChE and substrate into the system, their hydrolysate can reduce MnO2 into Mn2+, leading to the fluorescence recovery of S-dots and failure of OPD oxidation. BChE activity can be quantitatively detected by recording the change of fluorescence signals in the blue and yellow regions. A linear relationship is observed between the ratio of F435/F560 and the concentration of BChE in the range 30 to 500 U/L, and a limit of detection of 17.8 U/L has been calculated. The ratiometric fluorescence assay shows an excellent selectivity to acetylcholinesterase and tolerance to various other species. The method developed provides good detection performances in human serum medium and for screening of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Meng Jiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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13
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Loh ZH, Kwong HC, Lam KW, Teh SS, Ee GCL, Quah CK, Ho ASH, Mah SH. New 3- O-substituted xanthone derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:627-639. [PMID: 33557647 PMCID: PMC8759733 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1882452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 3-O-substituted xanthone derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for their anti-cholinergic activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The results indicated that the xanthone derivatives possessed good AChE inhibitory activity with eleven of them (5, 8, 11, 17, 19, 21-23, 26-28) exhibited significant effects with the IC50 values ranged 0.88 to 1.28 µM. The AChE enzyme kinetic study of 3-(4-phenylbutoxy)-9H-xanthen-9-one (23) and ethyl 2-((9-oxo-9H-xanthen-3-yl)oxy)acetate (28) showed a mixed inhibition mechanism. Molecular docking study showed that 23 binds to the active site of AChE and interacts via extensive π–π stacking with the indole and phenol side chains of Trp86 and Tyr337, besides the hydrogen bonding with the hydration site and π–π interaction with the phenol side chain of Y72. This study revealed that 3-O-alkoxyl substituted xanthone derivatives are potential lead structures, especially 23 and 28 which can be further developed into potent AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Han Loh
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Huey Chong Kwong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soek Sin Teh
- Energy and Environment Unit, Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Ching Kheng Quah
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus
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14
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The multiple biological roles of the cholinesterases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:41-56. [PMID: 33307019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly assumed that the biological role of acetylcholinesterase is termination of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses. However, together with its structural homolog, butyrylcholinesterase, it is widely distributed both within and outside the nervous system, and, in many cases, the role of both enzymes remains obscure. The transient appearance of the cholinesterases in embryonic tissues is especially enigmatic. The two enzymes' extra-synaptic roles, which are known as 'non-classical' roles, are the topic of this review. Strong evidence has been presented that AChE and BChE play morphogenetic roles in a variety of eukaryotic systems, and they do so either by acting as adhesion proteins, or as trophic factors. As trophic factors, one mode of action is to directly regulate morphogenesis, such as neurite outgrowth, by poorly understood mechanisms. The other mode is by regulating levels of acetylcholine, which acts as the direct trophic factor. Alternate substrates have been sought for the cholinesterases. Quite recently, it was shown that levels of the aggression hormone, ghrelin, which also controls appetite, are regulated by butyrylcholinesterase. The rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase generates high local proton concentrations. The possible biophysical and biological consequences of this effect are discussed. The biological significance of the acetylcholinesterases secreted by parasitic nematodes is reviewed, and, finally, the involvement of acetylcholinesterase in apoptosis is considered.
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15
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Guo L, Zhang YJ, Yu YL, Wang JH. In Situ Generation of Prussian Blue by MIL-53 (Fe) for Point-of-Care Testing of Butyrylcholinesterase Activity Using a Portable High-Throughput Photothermal Device. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14806-14813. [PMID: 33058681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), the primary source of serum cholinesterase activity, is an indispensable biochemical marker for clinical diagnosis of liver function and organophosphorus poisoning. The requirement for bulky and expensive instruments represents a huge hindrance for point-of-care testing (POCT) of BuChE, especially in resource-limited settings. Herein, an easy-operated, economic, and portable photothermal (PT) biosensing platform for high-throughput BuChE detection was rationally designed. BuChE could "light up" the PT signal through in situ generation of Prussian blue (PB) by MIL-53 (Fe), which allowed us to translate biological signals into temperature signals. Such temperature change signals could be monitored at high throughput (six samples for a single measurement) by a miniature self-made integrated PT device via combining separable 96-well plates, a three-dimensional (3D) printed sample bracket, 808 nm lasers, and thermometers, satisfying the requirement for rapid on-site detection in a large batch with low cost. In addition, the large specific surface area, 3D network structure, and high porosity of MIL-53 (Fe) offered a beneficial platform for its reaction with enzymatic hydrolysate, resulting in high sensing sensitivity and low detection limit (0.3 U L-1), which was at least 20 000 times lower than the normal human serum BuChE activity. This facile, affordable, and broad applicability PT sensing platform provides a beneficial reference for the rational design of other disease diagnostic approaches suitable for POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
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16
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Xing S, Li Q, Xiong B, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Structure and therapeutic uses of butyrylcholinesterase: Application in detoxification, Alzheimer's disease, and fat metabolism. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:858-901. [PMID: 33103262 DOI: 10.1002/med.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural information of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its variants associated with several diseases are discussed here. Pure human BChE has been proved safe and effective in treating organophosphorus (OPs) poisoning and has completed Phase 1 and 2 pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies. The introduction of specific mutations into native BChE to endow it a self-reactivating property has gained much progress in producing effective OPs hydrolases. The hydrolysis ability of native BChE on cocaine has been confirmed but was blocked to clinical application due to poor PK properties. Several BChE mutants with elevated cocaine hydrolysis activity were published, some of which have shown safety and efficiency in treating cocaine addiction of human. The increased level of BChE in progressed Alzheimer's disease patients made it a promising target to elevate acetylcholine level and attenuate cognitive status. A variety of selective BChE inhibitors with high inhibitory activity published in recent years are reviewed here. BChE could influence the weight and insulin secretion and resistance of BChE knockout (KO) mice through hydrolyzing ghrelin. The BChE-ghrelin pathway could also regulate aggressive behaviors of BChE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Abstract
Nerve agents and neurobiological weapons are among the most devastating and lethal of weapons. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors act by increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction, resulting in flaccid paralysis. Tabun, VX, soman, and sarin are the major agents in this category. Exposure to nerve agents can be inhalational or through dermal contact. Neurotoxins may have peripheral and central effects on the nervous system. Atropine is an effective antidote to nerve agents. Neurobiological weapons entail using whole organisms or organism-synthesized toxins as agents. Some organisms that can be used as biological weapons include smallpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Sejvar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop H24-12, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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18
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Wei H, Zhang T, Zhan CG, Zheng F. Cebranopadol reduces cocaine self-administration in male rats: Dose, treatment and safety consideration. Neuropharmacology 2020; 172:108128. [PMID: 32389751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a novel first-in-class potent analgesic acting as an agonist of multiple opioid receptors, cebranopadol showed high efficacy and good tolerability in a broad range of preclinical models and clinical trials related to pain. In the present study, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cebranopadol as a potential treatment of cocaine dependence, we tested the effects of cebranopadol with single and repeated doses (25, 50, 75, or 100 μg/kg, oral gavage) using rat models of cocaine fixed-ratio (FR) self-administration (SA), cocaine progressive-ratio (PR) SA, and sucrose pellet SA. In single-dosing treatment paradigm, cebranopadol significantly and dose-dependently reduced cocaine SA under FR and PR schedules and suppressed food intake under FR schedule without causing apparent side effects. In repeated-dosing treatment scheme, i.e. daily administration of 25, 50, 75, or 100 μg/kg cebranopadol for a week, the similar reduction in cocaine intake was detected, while non-negligible complications/side effects were observed at repeated high doses (75 and 100 μg/kg). The observed side effects were similar to the common toxic signs elicited by heroin at high doses, although cebranopadol did not fully substitute heroin's discriminative stimulant effects in our drug discriminative tests. These results demonstrated that the most appropriate oral dose of cebranopadol to balance the efficacy and safety is 50 μg/kg. Collectively, although cebranopadol may serve as a new treatment for cocaine dependence, more consideration, cautiousness, and a clear optimal dose window to dissociate its therapeutic effects from opioid side effects/complications in male and female subjects will be necessary to increase its practical clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wei
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Singh N, Chaput L, Villoutreix BO. Virtual screening web servers: designing chemical probes and drug candidates in the cyberspace. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:1790-1818. [PMID: 32187356 PMCID: PMC7986591 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between life sciences and advancing technology drives a continuous cycle of chemical data growth; these data are most often stored in open or partially open databases. In parallel, many different types of algorithms are being developed to manipulate these chemical objects and associated bioactivity data. Virtual screening methods are among the most popular computational approaches in pharmaceutical research. Today, user-friendly web-based tools are available to help scientists perform virtual screening experiments. This article provides an overview of internet resources enabling and supporting chemical biology and early drug discovery with a main emphasis on web servers dedicated to virtual ligand screening and small-molecule docking. This survey first introduces some key concepts and then presents recent and easily accessible virtual screening and related target-fishing tools as well as briefly discusses case studies enabled by some of these web services. Notwithstanding further improvements, already available web-based tools not only contribute to the design of bioactive molecules and assist drug repositioning but also help to generate new ideas and explore different hypotheses in a timely fashion while contributing to teaching in the field of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Chaput
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno O Villoutreix
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
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