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Strontium ranelate improves post-extraction socket healing in rats submitted to the administration of bisphosphonates. Odontology 2022; 110:467-475. [PMID: 35041107 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of strontium ranelate (Sr) on post-extraction socket healing in rats submitted to the administration of bisphosphonates. Sixty rats were submitted to the tooth extraction of the first lower molar after 60 days of the daily administration of saline solution (SS) or alendronate (ALN). Then, the animals were allocated into six groups namely CTR: administration of SS during the whole experiment, ALN: administration of ALN during the whole experiment, ALN/SS: application of SS for 30 days after extraction in animals previously treated with ALN, ALN/Sr: application of Sr for 30 days after extraction in animals previously treated with ALN, ALN/S60: ALN therapy interruption 30 days before the extraction followed by the application of SS for 60 days, and ALN/Sr60: ALN therapy interruption 30 days before the tooth extraction followed by the application of Sr for 60 days. The healing of the post-extraction sockets was evaluated by microCT and histomorphometry. The use of ALN induced partial bone necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and a delay in soft tissue healing; the use of Sr improved the connective tissue organization. Sr has subtle positive effects on the post-extraction healing in animals submitted to the administration of bisphosphonate.
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2
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Choi YY. Age-related osteogenesis on lateral force application to rat incisor – Part I: Premaxilla suture remodeling. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_27_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The suture is a fibrous tissue intervening two adjacent bone segments, existing only in the craniofacial region. In spite of wide use of palatal expansion in various ages, the age-dependent cellular mechanism for osteogenesis is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the proliferation and differentiation pattern of the suture cells on lateral expansion in rats depending on the ages.
Materials and Methods:
Calibrated lateral tensile stress of 50 g was given to the male Sprague-Dawley rat incisors using a double helix in 30 young (10 weeks) and another 30 aged (52 weeks) group, respectively. Each group was subdivided into control, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, with five animals in each group. Premaxilla area was retrieved from each animal for further histologic analyses including H and E, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2). Positive cell counts in the region of interest were conducted.
Results:
Gross suture separation and subsequent bone formation on the sutural side bone surface were observed in both groups, characterized as active collagen turnover, remarkable woven bone projection toward the sutural mesenchyme and subsequent maturation in 3 weeks. Increase in PCNA- and FGFR2-postive cell proportions were comparable in both groups, indicating similar time- and area-specific proliferation and osteogenic differentiation patterns in the stretched suture regardless of the age groups.
Conclusion:
According to the results, it can be implicated that the tensile stress applied to the suture in the adult group may induce active bone formation similar to that in young group, in associated with FGFR2 and Erk signaling cascade. Mesenchymal cells in the premaxillary suture appear to retain remarkable potential for further proliferation and differentiation even in aged subjects.
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3
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Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-related pathways in the effect of aucubin on the promotion of osteoblast differentiation in MG63 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 283:51-58. [PMID: 29408431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aucubin, an iridoid glycoside found in several plants, such as Eucommia ulmoide and Rehmannia, has various pharmacological effects. Bone formation is a complex process in which osteoblast differentiation plays an important role. This study aimed to investigate the promotion effects of aucubin on osteoblast differentiation in MG63 cells, a human osteoblast-like cell line. Aucubin not only improved osteoblast differentiation, as shown by enhanced ALP (alkaline phosphatase) concentration and mineralization in cells, but increased the expression of various cytokines, including collagen I, osteocalcin, osteopontin, integrin β1, and Osterix. Aucubin strongly enhanced the levels of BMP2 (bone morphogenetic proteins-2) in MG63 cells, which play a central role during osteoblast differentiation. Further data show that aucubin exposure after 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days enhanced the expression of Smad1, 5, and 8, and the phosphoresced levels of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) family Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), JNK (c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinases), P38, and Akt (serine/threonine protein kinase)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/p70s6k in MG63 cells. This study shows the improved effects of aucubin on osteoblast differentiation in MG63 cells, related to the signaling of BMP2-mediated Smads (drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic proteins), MAPKs, and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K. This study indicates the potential of aucubin for osteoporosis treatment.
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4
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Lyons JS, Iyer SR, Lovering RM, Ward CW, Stains JP. Novel multi-functional fluid flow device for studying cellular mechanotransduction. J Biomech 2016; 49:4173-4179. [PMID: 27887728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to their mechanical environment by initiating multiple mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Defects in mechanotransduction have been implicated in a number of pathologies; thus, there is need for convenient and efficient methods for studying the mechanisms underlying these processes. A widely used and accepted technique for mechanically stimulating cells in culture is the introduction of fluid flow on cell monolayers. Here, we describe a novel, multifunctional fluid flow device for exposing cells to fluid flow in culture. This device integrates with common lab equipment including routine cell culture plates and peristaltic pumps. Further, it allows the fluid flow treated cells to be examined with outcomes at the cell and molecular level. We validated the device using the biologic response of cultured UMR-106 osteoblast-like cells in comparison to a commercially available system of laminar sheer stress to track live cell calcium influx in response to fluid flow. In addition, we demonstrate the fluid flow-dependent activation of phospho-ERK in these cells, consistent with the findings in other fluid flow devices. This device provides a low cost, multi-functional alternative to currently available systems, while still providing the ability to generate physiologically relevant conditions for studying processes involved in mechanotransduction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shama R Iyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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5
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Novotna K, Zajdlova M, Suchy T, Hadraba D, Lopot F, Zaloudkova M, Douglas TE, Munzarova M, Juklickova M, Stranska D, Kubies D, Schaubroeck D, Wille S, Balcaen L, Jarosova M, Kozak H, Kromka A, Svindrych Z, Lisa V, Balik K, Bacakova L. Polylactide nanofibers with hydroxyapatite as growth substrates for osteoblast-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3918-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Novotna
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zajdlova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Suchy
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; V Holesovickach 41, 18209 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hadraba
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Lopot
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague; Technicka 4, 16607 Prague 6, and Laboratory of Extreme Loading, Dept. Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University in Prague, Jose Martiho 31, 162 52 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Margit Zaloudkova
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; V Holesovickach 41, 18209 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Timothy E.L. Douglas
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials (PBM) Group Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Gent Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Dana Kubies
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioanalogous Polymer Systems Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - David Schaubroeck
- Center for Microsystems Technology (CMST); ELIS, imec; Technologiepark 914A, 9052 Gent Belgium
| | - Sebastian Wille
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science Faculty of Engineering; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Lieve Balcaen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S12, 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Marketa Jarosova
- Institute of Physics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Halyna Kozak
- Institute of Physics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Svindrych
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Vera Lisa
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Balik
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; V Holesovickach 41, 18209 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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6
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Wu CM, Chen PC, Li TM, Fong YC, Tang CH. Si-Wu-tang extract stimulates bone formation through PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways in osteoblasts. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:277. [PMID: 24156308 PMCID: PMC4015792 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, is widely used for the treatment of gynopathies diseases such as menstrual discomfort, climacteric syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and other estrogen-related diseases. Recent studies have shown that SWT can treat primary dysmenorrhea, have anti-pruritic anti-inflammatory effects, and protect against radiation-induced bone marrow damage in an animal model. It has been reported that anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents have the potential to treat osteoporosis by increasing bone formation and/or suppressing bone resorption. However, the effect of SWT on bone cell function has not yet been reported. METHODS Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression was analyzed by qPCR. The mechanism of action of SWT extract was investigated using western blotting. The in vivo anti-osteoporotic effect of SWT extract was assessed in ovariectomized mice. RESULTS Here, we report that SWT increases ALP, BMP-2, and OPN expression as well as bone mineralization. In addition, we show that the PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways may be involved in the SWT-mediated increase in gene expression and bone mineralization. Notably, treatment of mice with SWT extract prevented bone loss induced by ovariectomy in vivo. CONCLUSION SWT may be used to stimulate bone formation for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Xia L, Lin K, Jiang X, Xu Y, Zhang M, Chang J, Zhang Z. Enhanced osteogenesis through nano-structured surface design of macroporous hydroxyapatite bioceramic scaffolds via activation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5403-5416. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Jaiswal D, Brown JL. Nanofiber diameter-dependent MAPK activity in osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2921-8. [PMID: 22700490 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The major challenge for bone tissue engineering lies in the fabrication of scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular matrix and promote osteogenesis. Electrospun fibers are being widely researched for this application due to high porosity, interconnectivity, and mechanical strength of the fibrous scaffolds. Electrospun poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA, 2.416 ± 0.100 μm) fibers were fabricated and etched using a 60% propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA)/limonene (vol/vol) solution to obtain fiber diameters ranging from 2.5 to 0.5 μm in a time-dependent manner. The morphology of the fibrous scaffolds was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and cellular compatibility with etchant-treated scaffold was assessed using immunoflurescence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation in response to different fiber diameter was evaluated with western blot as well as quantitative in-cell western. We report that electrospun micro-fibers can be etched to 0.552 ± 0.047 μm diameter without producing beads. Osteoblasts adhered to the fibers and a change in fiber diameter played a major role in modulating the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinases with 0.882 ± 0.091 μm diameter fibers producing an inverse effect on ERK and p38 phosphorylation. These results indicate that nanofibers produced by wet etching can be effectively utilized to produce diameters that can differentially modulate MAPK activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Jaiswal
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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9
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Liu L, Zong C, Li B, Shen D, Tang Z, Chen J, Zheng Q, Tong X, Gao C, Wang J. The interaction betweenβ1 integrins and ERK1/2 in osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under fluid shear stress modelled by a perfusion system. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:85-96. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyue Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Departmant of biology; Ningde Normal University; Ningde Fujian 352101 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zong
- Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Medical Materials, College of Material and Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310028 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Shen
- Laboratory of Bone Marrow; First Hospital, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 People's Republic of China
| | - Zihua Tang
- Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Tong
- Laboratory of Bone Marrow; First Hospital, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- Departmant of biology; Ningde Normal University; Ningde Fujian 352101 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
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10
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Li TM, Huang HC, Su CM, Ho TY, Wu CM, Chen WC, Fong YC, Tang CH. Cistanche deserticola extract increases bone formation in osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:897-907. [PMID: 22571269 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of Cistanche deserticola Ma. (CD) on bone formation by cultured osteoblasts. METHODS The mineralized nodule formation assay was used to examine the in-vitro effects of CD on bone formation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mechanism of action of CD extract was investigated using Western blotting. The in-vivo anti-osteoporotic effect of CD extract was assessed in ovariectomized mice. KEY FINDINGS CD extract had no effect on the proliferation, migration or wound healing of cultured osteoblasts, but increased ALP, BMP-2 and OPN mRNA and bone mineralization. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors reduced CD extract-induced bone formation and ALP, BMP-2 and OPN expression. However, CD extract did not affect osteoclastogenesis. In addition, CD extract prevented the bone loss induced by ovariectomy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CD may be a novel bone formation agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Brindley D, Moorthy K, Lee JH, Mason C, Kim HW, Wall I. Bioprocess forces and their impact on cell behavior: implications for bone regeneration therapy. J Tissue Eng 2011; 2011:620247. [PMID: 21904661 PMCID: PMC3166560 DOI: 10.4061/2011/620247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprocess forces such as shear stress experienced during routine cell culture are considered to be harmful to cells. However, the impact of physical forces on cell behavior is an area of growing interest within the tissue engineering community, and it is widely acknowledged that mechanical stimulation including shear stress can enhance osteogenic differentiation. This paper considers the effects of bioprocess shear stress on cell responses such as survival and proliferation in several contexts, including suspension-adapted cells used for recombinant protein and monoclonal antibody manufacture, adherent cells for therapy in suspension, and adherent cells attached to their growth substrates. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation that fluid flow shear stress is widely found to induce is discussed, along with the tissue engineering of mineralized tissue using perfusion bioreactors. Recent evidence that bioprocess forces produced during capillary transfer or pipetting of cell suspensions can enhance osteogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brindley
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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12
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Wang B, Du T, Wang Y, Yang C, Zhang S, Cao X. Focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway is involved in mechanotransduction in MG-63 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:671-6. [PMID: 21693107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid flow, generated upon induced movement of extracellular fluid after mechanical loading, activates many signal transduction pathways in bone cells. The mechanisms of mechanobiology in bone tissue are still not clearly understood. Recently focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was shown to be involved in mechanotransduction in a number of cells. This study was designed to characterize the functional roles of FAK in mediating osteoblast response to mechanical steady-state fluid shear stress (FSS). We reported here that FSS (15 dynes/cm(2)) induced activation of FAK and formation of FAK·Grb2·Sos ternary complex in MG-63 cells, which was necessary for activation of the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Our results also showed that transfection of FAK (F397Y) plasmid, a negative mutant of FAK, blocked the increased expression of binding factor alpha 1, osterix, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase induced by FSS in MG-63 cells. These results demonstrate that FAK signaling is critical for FSS-induced activation of ERK and JNK, and for promotion of osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis via its association with Grb2/Sos complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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13
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Niu Y, Li Y, Huang H, Kong X, Zhang R, Liu L, Sun Y, Wang T, Mei Q. Asperosaponin VI, a saponin component from Dipsacus asper wall, induces osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1700-6. [PMID: 21452371 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a reduction in skeletal mass because of the loss of osteoblastic activity or an increase in osteoclastic activity. The survival of osteoblast cells plays a crucial role in the development of osteoporosis. Asperosaponin VI (ASA VI) is a kind of saponin in the medicinal herb Dipsacus asper Wall which has long been used as an antiosteoporosis drug. The assay of cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and measurement of mineralized matrix, showed that ASA VI exhibited a significant induction of proliferation, differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 and primary osteoblastic cells. Induction of differentiation by ASA VI was associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), indicating that BMP-2 is essential in ASA VI to mediate osteoblast maturation and differentiation. In addition, ASA VI may induce differentiation by increasing the activity of p38 and ERK1/2. In conclusion, ASA VI may induce osteoblast maturation and differentiation, and then increase bone formation via increasing BMP-2 synthesis, and activating p38 and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Niu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Rottmar M, Ackerknecht S, Wick P, Maniura-Weber K. A High Throughput System for Long Term Application of Intermittent Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure on Cells in Culture. J Biomech Eng 2011; 133:024502. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The process of bone remodeling is governed by mechanical stresses and strains. Studies on the effects of mechanical stimulation on cell response are often difficult to compare as the nature of the stimuli and differences in parameters applied vary greatly. Experimental systems for the investigation of mechanical stimuli are mostly limited in throughput or flexibility and often the sum of several stimuli is applied. In this work, a flexible system that allows the investigation of cell response to isolated intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure (icHP) on a high throughput level is shown. Human bone derived cells were cultivated with or without mechanical stimulus in the presence or absence of chemical cues triggering osteogenesis for 7–10 days. Cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by cell counting and immunohistochemical staining for bone alkaline phosphatase as well as collagen 1, respectively. In either medium, both cell proliferation and level of differentiation were increased when the cultures were mechanically stimulated. These initial results therefore qualify the present system for studies on the effects of isolated icHP on cell fate and encourage further investigations on the details behind the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rottmar
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Ackerknecht
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Non-overlapping functions for Pyk2 and FAK in osteoblasts during fluid shear stress-induced mechanotransduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16026. [PMID: 21283581 PMCID: PMC3026802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction, the process by which cells convert external mechanical stimuli such as fluid shear stress (FSS) into biochemical changes, plays a critical role in maintenance of the skeleton. We have proposed that mechanical stimulation by FSS across the surfaces of bone cells results in formation of unique signaling complexes called mechanosomes that are launched from sites of adhesion with the extracellular matrix and with other bone cells [1]. Deformation of adhesion complexes at the cell membrane ultimately results in alteration of target gene expression. Recently, we reported that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) functions as a part of a mechanosome complex that is required for FSS-induced mechanotransduction in bone cells. This study extends this work to examine the role of a second member of the FAK family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), and determine its role during osteoblast mechanotransduction. We use osteoblasts harvested from mice as our model system in this study and compared the contributions of Pyk2 and FAK during FSS induced mechanotransduction in osteoblasts. We exposed Pyk2+/+ and Pyk2−/− primary calvarial osteoblasts to short period of oscillatory fluid flow and analyzed downstream activation of ERK1/2, and expression of c-fos, cyclooxygenase-2 and osteopontin. Unlike FAK, Pyk2 was not required for fluid flow-induced mechanotransduction as there was no significant difference in the response of Pyk2+/+ and Pyk2−/− osteoblasts to short periods of fluid flow (FF). In contrast, and as predicted, FAK−/− osteoblasts were unable to respond to FF. These data indicate that FAK and Pyk2 have distinct, non-redundant functions in launching mechanical signals during osteoblast mechanotransduction. Additionally, we compared two methods of generating FF in both cell types, oscillatory pump method and another orbital platform method. We determined that both methods of generating FF induced similar responses in both primary calvarial osteoblasts and immortalized calvarial osteoblasts.
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16
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ECM-dependent mRNA expression profiles and phosphorylation patterns of p130Cas, FAK, ERK and p38 MAPK of osteoblast-like cells. Cell Biol Int 2011; 34:1005-12. [PMID: 20507284 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast cells synthesize collagen-rich ECM (extracellular matrix) in response to various environmental cues, but little is known about ECM-dependent variations in phosphorylation patterns. Using MC3T3 E1 osteoblast-like cells and mouse whole-genome microarrays, we investigated molecular signalling affected by collagen-based ECMs. A genome-wide expression analysis revealed that cells grown in the 3D collagen matrix partially suppressed the genes associated with cell adhesion and cell cycling. Western analysis demonstrated that the expression of the active (phosphorylated) form of p130Cas, FAK (focal adhesion kinase) and ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2) was reduced in cells grown in the 3D matrix. Conversely, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) was elevated in the 3D matrix, and its up-regulation was linked to an increase in mRNA levels of dentin matrix protein 1 and bone sialoprotein. Although multiple characteristics such as surface topography, chemical composition and mechanical properties differ in the preparations of our collagen-rich milieu, our observations support the notion that geometrical alterations in ECM environments can alter the phosphorylation pattern of p130Cas, FAK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and lead to a differential developmental fate.
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Saini V, McCormick S. Changes in NO, iNOS and eNOS Expression in MLO-Y4 Cells After Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment With or Without Shear Stress Exposure. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Estrogen augments shear stress-induced signaling and gene expression in osteoblast-like cells via estrogen receptor-mediated expression of beta1-integrin. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:627-39. [PMID: 19821775 PMCID: PMC3153398 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen and mechanical forces are positive regulators for osteoblast proliferation and bone formation. We investigated the synergistic effect of estrogen and flow-induced shear stress on signal transduction and gene expression in human osetoblast-like MG63 cells and primary osteoblasts (HOBs) using activations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and expressions of c-fos and cyclooxygenase-2 (I) as readouts. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol, 10 nM) and shear stress (12 dyn/cm(2)) alone induced transient phosphorylations of ERK and p38 MAPK in MG63 cells. Pretreating MG63 cells with 17beta-estradiol for 6 hours before shearing augmented these shear-induced MAPK phosphorylations. Western blot and flow cytometric analyses showed that treating MG63 cells with 17beta-estradiol for 6 hrs induced their beta(1)-integrin expression. This estrogen-induction of beta(1)-integrin was inhibited by pretreating the cells with a specific antagonist of estrogen receptor ICI 182,780. Both 17beta-estradiol and shear stress alone induced c-fos and Cox-2 gene expressions in MG63 cells. Pretreating MG63 cells with 17beta-estradiol for 6 hrs augmented the shear-induced c-fos and Cox-2 expressions. The augmented effects of 17beta-estradiol on shear-induced MAPK phosphorylations and c-fos and Cox-2 expressions were inhibited by pretreating the cells with ICI 182,780 or transfecting the cells with beta(1)-specific small interfering RNA. Similar results on the augmented effect of estrogen on shear-induced signaling and gene expression were obtained with HOBs. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism by which estrogen augments shear stress responsiveness of signal transduction and gene expression in bone cells via estrogen receptor-mediated increases in beta(1)-integrin expression.
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Lee DY, Li YSJ, Chang SF, Zhou J, Ho HM, Chiu JJ, Chien S. Oscillatory flow-induced proliferation of osteoblast-like cells is mediated by alphavbeta3 and beta1 integrins through synergistic interactions of focal adhesion kinase and Shc with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:30-42. [PMID: 19889638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial flow in and around bone tissue is oscillatory in nature and affects the mechanical microenvironment for bone cell growth and formation. We investigated the role of oscillatory shear stress (OSS) in modulating the proliferation of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells and its underlying mechanisms. Application of OSS (0.5 +/- 4 dynes/cm(2)) to MG63 cells induced sustained activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K (p70S6 kinase) signaling cascades and hence cell proliferation, which was accompanied by increased expression of cyclins A and D1, cyclin-dependent protein kinases-2, -4, and -6, and bone formation-related genes (c-fos, Egr-1, and Cox-2) and decreased expression of p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1). OSS-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and cell proliferation were inhibited by specific antibodies or small interference RNAs of alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and by dominant-negative mutants of Shc (Shc-SH2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (FAK(F397Y)). Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that OSS induces sustained increases in association of Shc and FAK with alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and PI3K subunit p85, which were abolished by transfecting the cells with FAK(F397Y) or Shc-SH2. OSS also induced sustained activation of ERK, which was inhibited by the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and was required for OSS-induced activation of mTOR/p70S6K and proliferation in MG63 cells. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which OSS induces osteoblast-like cell proliferation through activation of alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and synergistic interactions of FAK and Shc with PI3K, leading to the modulation of downstream ERK and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yu Lee
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
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Abstract
Mechanical loading of bone is important for maintenance of bone mass and structural stability of the skeleton. When bone is mechanically loaded, movement of fluid within the spaces surrounding bone cells generates fluid shear stress (FSS) that stimulates osteoblasts, resulting in enhanced anabolic activity. The mechanisms by which osteoblasts convert the external stimulation of FSS into biochemical changes, a process known as mechanotransduction, remain poorly understood. Focal adhesions are prime candidates for transducing external stimuli. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase found in focal adhesions, may play a key role in mechanotransduction, although its function has not been directly examined in osteoblasts. We examined the role of FAK in osteoblast mechanotransduction using short interfering RNA (siRNA), overexpression of a dominant negative FAK, and FAK(-/-) osteoblasts to disrupt FAK function in calvarial osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were subjected to varying periods oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) from 5 min to 4 h, and several physiologically important readouts of mechanotransduction were analyzed including: extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, upregulation of c-fos, cyclooxygenase-2, and osteopontin, and release of prostaglandin E(2). Osteoblasts with disrupted FAK signaling exhibited severely impaired mechanical responses in all endpoints examined. These data indicate the importance of FAK for both short and long periods of FSS-induced mechanotransduction in osteoblasts.
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Riddle RC, Donahue HJ. From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:143-9. [PMID: 18683882 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loads are vital regulators of skeletal mass and architecture as evidenced by the increase in bone formation following the addition of exogenous loads and loss of bone mass following their removal. While our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment has increased rapidly in recent years, much remains to be learned. Here, we outline the effects of interstitial fluid flow, a potent biophysical signal induced by the deformation of skeletal tissue in response to applied loads, on bone cell behavior. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells are hypothesized to perceive interstitial fluid flow, the cell signaling cascades activated by fluid flow, and the use of this signal in tissue engineering protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Riddle RC, Hippe KR, Donahue HJ. Chemotransport contributes to the effect of oscillatory fluid flow on human bone marrow stromal cell proliferation. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:918-24. [PMID: 18327808 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loads produce a diverse set of biophysical signals that may regulate bone cell activity, but accumulating evidence suggests that interstitial fluid flow is the primary signal that bone cells perceive. Because we previously demonstrated that oscillatory fluid flow increases human bone marrow stromal cell proliferation, we investigated the contribution of fluid shear stress and chemotransport, two stimuli induced by interstitial fluid flow. Alterations in flow rate at a constant peak shear stress were associated with decreases in oscillatory fluid flow-induced marrow stromal cell proliferation, while variations in peak fluid shear stress had no significant effect. Modulation of marrow stromal cell proliferation by flow rate may be attributed to changes in the release of ATP and intracellular calcium signaling. We found that if the flow rate is decreased while maintaining a constant peak fluid shear stress, marrow stromal cells release less ATP into the extracellular environment. Moreover, as the flow rate decreased fewer cells respond to fluid flow with an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. These data suggest that chemotransport is a prerequisite for marrow stromal cells to respond to interstitial fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Kreke MR, Sharp LA, Lee YW, Goldstein AS. Effect of intermittent shear stress on mechanotransductive signaling and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:529-37. [PMID: 18352827 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion culture of osteoprogenitor cells seeded within porous scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering is known to enhance deposition of a bone-like extracellular matrix, and the underlying mechanism is thought to involve flow-induced activation of mechanotransductive signaling pathways. Basic studies have shown that mechanotransduction is enhanced by impulse flow and may be mediated through autocrine signaling pathways. To test this, an intermittent flow regimen (5 min on/5 min off ) that exerts impulses on adherent cells and permits accumulation of secreted factors in the cell microenvironment was compared to continuous flow for its ability to stimulate phosphorylation of ERK and p38, synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and expression of mRNA for collagen 1alpha1 (Col-1alpha1), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN). Studies were performed using bone marrow stromal cells cultured in osteogenic media, and parallel-plate flow chambers were used to exert a shear stress of 2.3 dyn/cm2 on cell layers. Results show that continuous flow significantly enhanced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 after 30 min relative to intermittent flow, while intermittent flow significantly increased accumulation of PGE2 in the circulating medium by 24 h relative to continuous flow. Neither continuous nor intermittent flow affected mRNA expression of Col-1alpha1 and OPN after 4 h, but when monolayers were stimulated for 24 h and then allowed to differentiate under static conditions for an additional 13 days, expression of Col-1alpha1, OPN, BSP, and OCN under continuous and intermittent flow was similar and significantly elevated relative to static controls. This study demonstrates that the variation of perfusion regimen modulates mechanotransductive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Kreke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0211, USA
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Hamamura K, Weng Y, Zhao J, Yokota H, Xie D. PEG attachment to osteoblasts enhances mechanosensitivity. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:025017. [PMID: 18523342 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/2/025017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow induces proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, and fibrous structure like a primary cilium on a cell surface contributes to flow sensing and flow-driven gene regulation. We address a question: Does attachment of synthetic polymers on a cell surface enhance mechanosensitivity of osteoblasts? Using MC3T3 osteoblast cells (C4 clone) and a PEG polymer, one of whose termini was covalently linked to a succinimidyl succinate group (functionalized PEG-PEGSS), we examined attachment of PEGSS to osteoblasts and evaluated its effects on the mRNA expression of stress-responsive genes. AFM images exhibited globular PEGSS conformation of approximately 100 nm in size, and SEM images confirmed the attachment of a cluster of pancake-like PEGSS molecules on the osteoblast surface. Compared to control cells incubated with unfunctionalized PEG, real-time PCR revealed that RNA upregulation of c-fos, egr1, ATF3 and Cox2 genes was magnified in the cells incubated with PEGSS. These results support a PEG-induced increase in mechanosensitivity of osteoblasts and indicate that the described approach would be useful to accelerate growth and development of osteoblasts for bone repair and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Tang CH, Yang RS, Chien MY, Chen CC, Fu WM. Enhancement of bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression and bone formation by coumarin derivatives via p38 and ERK-dependent pathway in osteoblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 579:40-9. [PMID: 17980360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a reduction in skeletal mass due to an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays important roles in osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. Therefore, components involved in BMP activation are good targets for the development of anti-osteoporosis drugs. In this study, imperatorin and bergapten, two coumarin derivatives, were shown to enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type I collagen synthesis and bone nodule formation in primary cultured osteoblasts. Imperatorin and bergapten increased mRNA levels of BMP-2 using quantitative RT-PCR, whereas the BMP-2 antagonist noggin attenuated the increase of ALP activity induced by imperatorin and bergapten, indicating that BMP-2 expression is required for the action of imperatorin and bergapten in osteoblastic maturation. Both imperatorin and bergapten enhanced the phosphorylation of SMAD (transcription factors activated by TGF-beta) 1/5/8, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein (ERK). Pretreatment of osteoblasts with p38 inhibitor (SB203580) or mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (PD98059) or transfected with dominant negative mutant of p38 or ERK antagonized the elevation of BMP-2 expression and ALP activity induced by imperatorin and bergapten. Local administration of imperatorin or bergapten into the metaphysis of the tibia via the implantation of a needle cannula significantly increased the BMP-2 immunostaining and bone volume of secondary spongiosa in tibia. Taken together, our results provide evidence that coumarin derivatives increase BMP-2 expression and enhance bone formation in rat via the p38 and ERK-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yan L, Vatner DE, O'Connor JP, Ivessa A, Ge H, Chen W, Hirotani S, Ishikawa Y, Sadoshima J, Vatner SF. Type 5 adenylyl cyclase disruption increases longevity and protects against stress. Cell 2007; 130:247-58. [PMID: 17662940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian models of longevity are related primarily to caloric restriction and alterations in metabolism. We examined mice in which type 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5) is knocked out (AC5 KO) and which are resistant to cardiac stress and have increased median lifespan of approximately 30%. AC5 KO mice are protected from reduced bone density and susceptibility to fractures of aging. Old AC5 KO mice are also protected from aging-induced cardiomyopathy, e.g., hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, and reduced cardiac function. Using a proteomic-based approach, we demonstrate a significant activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and upregulation of cell protective molecules, including superoxide dismutase. Fibroblasts isolated from AC5 KO mice exhibited ERK-dependent resistance to oxidative stress. These results suggest that AC is a fundamentally important mechanism regulating lifespan and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Kanno T, Takahashi T, Tsujisawa T, Ariyoshi W, Nishihara T. Mechanical stress-mediated Runx2 activation is dependent on Ras/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:1266-77. [PMID: 17265428 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of biochemical events involved in mechanical stress-induced signaling in osteoblastic cells remains unclear. Runx2, a transcription factor involved in the control of osteoblast differentiation, has been identified as a target of mechanical stress-induced signaling in osteoblastic cells. In this study, uniaxial sinusoidal stretching (15% strain, 115% peak-to-peak, at 1/12 Hz) stimulated the differentiation of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and rat primary osteoblastic cells by activating Runx2. We examined the involvement of diverse mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the activation of Runx2 during mechanical stress. Mechanical stress increased alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, increased the expression of the osteoblast-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) protein osteocalcin, and induced Runx2 activation, along with increased osterix expression. Furthermore, activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs increased significantly. U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2, completely blocked Runx2 activation during periods of mechanical stress, but the p38 MAPK-selective inhibitor SB203580 did not alter nuclear phosphorylation of Runx2. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Rous sarcoma kinase (RAS), an upstream regulator of both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, inhibited stretch-induced ERK1/2 activation, but not mechanically induced p38 MAPK activity. Furthermore, mechanically induced Runx2 activation was inhibited by Ras depletion, using siRNA. These findings indicate that mechanical stress regulates Runx2 activation and favors osteoblast differentiation through the activation of MAPK signal transduction pathways and Ras/Raf-dependent ERK1/2 activation, independent of p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kanno
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lau KHW, Kapur S, Kesavan C, Baylink DJ. Up-regulation of the Wnt, estrogen receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and bone morphogenetic protein pathways in C57BL/6J osteoblasts as opposed to C3H/HeJ osteoblasts in part contributes to the differential anabolic response to fluid shear. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9576-88. [PMID: 16461770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6J (B6), but not C3H/HeJ (C3H), mice responded to mechanical loading with an increase in bone formation. A 30-min steady fluid shear of 20 dynes/cm(2) increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and alkaline phosphatase activity and up-regulated the expression of early mechanoresponsive genes (integrin beta1 (Igtb1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)) in B6 but not C3H osteoblasts, indicating that the differential mechanosensitivity was intrinsic to osteoblasts. In-house microarray analysis with 5,500 gene fragments revealed that the expression of 669 genes in B6 osteoblasts and 474 genes in C3H osteoblasts was altered 4 h after the fluid shear. Several genes associated with the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, the estrogen receptor (ER), the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor-beta, and Wnt pathways were differentially up-regulated in B6 osteoblasts. In vitro mechanical loading also led to up-regulation of these genes in the bones of B6 but not C3H mice. Pretreatment of B6 osteoblasts with inhibitors of the Wnt pathway (endostatin), the BMP pathway (Noggin), or the ER pathway (ICI182780) blocked the fluid shear-induced proliferation. Inhibition of integrin and Cox-2 activation by echistatin and indomethacin, respectively, each blocked the fluid shear-induced up-regulation of genes associated with these four pathways. In summary, up-regulation of the IGF-I, ER, BMP, and Wnt pathways is involved in mechanotransduction. These four pathways are downstream to the early mechanoresponsive genes, i.e. Igtb1 and Cox-2. In conclusion, differential up-regulation of these anabolic pathways may in part contribute to the good and poor response, respectively, in the B6 and C3H mice to mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Hing William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA.
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Riddle RC, Taylor AF, Genetos DC, Donahue HJ. MAP kinase and calcium signaling mediate fluid flow-induced human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 290:C776-84. [PMID: 16267109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00082.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signals are important regulators of skeletal homeostasis, and strain-induced oscillatory fluid flow is a potent mechanical stimulus. Although the mechanisms by which osteoblasts and osteocytes respond to fluid flow are being elucidated, little is known about the mechanisms by which bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells respond to such stimuli. Here we show that the intracellular signaling cascades activated in human mesenchymal stem cells by fluid flow are similar to those activated in osteoblastic cells. Oscillatory fluid flow inducing shear stresses of 5, 10, and 20 dyn/cm(2) triggered rapid, flow rate-dependent increases in intracellular calcium that pharmacological studies suggest are inositol trisphosphate mediated. The application of fluid flow also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 as well as the activation of the calcium-sensitive protein phosphatase calcineurin in mesenchymal stem cells. Activation of these signaling pathways combined to induce a robust increase in cellular proliferation. These data suggest that mechanically induced fluid flow regulates not only osteoblastic behavior but also that of mesenchymal precursors, implying that the observed osteogenic response to mechanical loading may be mediated by alterations in the cellular behavior of multiple members of the osteoblast lineage, perhaps by a common signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Ctr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Kapur S, Mohan S, Baylink DJ, Lau KHW. Fluid shear stress synergizes with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on osteoblast proliferation through integrin-dependent activation of IGF-I mitogenic signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20163-70. [PMID: 15778506 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501460200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that shear stress interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) pathway to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Human TE85 osteosarcoma cells were subjected to a steady shear stress of 20 dynes/cm(2) for 30 min followed by 24-h incubation with IGF-I (0-50 ng/ml). IGF-I increased proliferation dose-dependently (1.5-2.5-fold). Shear stress alone increased proliferation by 70%. The combination of shear stress and IGF-I stimulated proliferation (3.5- to 5.5-fold) much greater than the additive effects of each treatment alone, indicating a synergistic interaction. IGF-I dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation level of Erk1/2 by 1.2-5.3-fold and that of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) by 2-4-fold. Shear stress alone increased Erk1/2 and IGF-IR phosphorylation by 2-fold each. The combination treatment also resulted in synergistic enhancements in both Erk1/2 and IGF-IR phosphorylation (up to 12- and 8-fold, respectively). Shear stress altered IGF-IR binding only slightly, suggesting that the synergy occurred primarily at the post-ligand binding level. Recent studies have implicated a role for integrin in the regulation of IGF-IR phosphorylation and IGF-I signaling. To test whether the synergy involves integrin-dependent mechanisms, the effect of echistatin (a disintegrin) on proliferation in response to shear stress +/- IGF-I was measured. Echistatin reduced basal proliferation by approximately 60% and the shear stress-induced mitogenic response by approximately 20%. It completely abolished the mitogenic effect of IGF-I and that of the combination treatment. Shear stress also significantly reduced the amounts of co-immunoprecipitated SHP-2 and -1 with IGF-IR, suggesting that the synergy between shear stress and IGF-I in osteoblast proliferation involves integrin-dependent recruitment of SHP-2 and -1 away from IGF-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kapur
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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