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Alves JAM, Magalhães MR, Zampieri FG, Veiga VC, Maia IS, Cavalcanti AB. Physiological and linical ffects of ifferent nfusion ates of ntravenous luids for olume xpansion: A coping eview. J Crit Care 2023; 76:154295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Liu Q, Yin X, Li P. Clinical, hormonal, and biochemical characteristics of 70 chinese children with moderate to severe type 1 diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:301. [PMID: 36460989 PMCID: PMC9717516 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most severe acute complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Patients with DKA of different severities may have different clinical manifestations, serum biochemical levels and hormone changes. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the clinical manifestations, serum hormone levels, and biochemical levels of 70 Chinese patients with moderate to severe type 1 DKA in the acute and recovery phases admitted to Shanghai Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2020. RESULTS The time required for acidosis correction in 37 patients with severe DKA was 5.9 h longer than that in 33 patients with moderate DKA (P < 0.001). In addition, serum levels of serum ionized calcium (P = 0.003), free triiodothyronine (FT3) (P = 0.029), white blood cells (WBCs) (P = 0.044), and triglycerides (TGs) (P = 0.002) were significantly different between patients with moderate and severe DKA. Serum levels of ionized calcium decreased significantly after recovery from severe DKA. Within 1 week, thyroid hormone and blood lipid levels recovered to normal ranges without intervention. CONCLUSION Patients with severe DKA had higher acidosis correction times, higher WBC counts, TGs and ionized calcium levels, and lower FT3 levels than patients with moderate DKA. No additional intervention was required for thyroid hormone, and blood lipid and serum ionized calcium levels recovered to the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200062, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200062, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200062, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Xu C, Gong M, Wen S, Zhou M, Li Y, Zhou L. The Comparative Study on the Status of Bone Metabolism and Thyroid Function in Diabetic Patients with or without Ketosis or Ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:779-797. [PMID: 35309734 PMCID: PMC8926020 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s349769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to identify changes in bone turnover markers and thyroid function in diabetic ketosis (DK) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared data from the Department of Endocrinology at Shanghai Pudong Hospital from 2018 to 2020 on the pancreatic status and previous glucose control, bone transformation, calcium homeostasis, and thyroid function in groups with diabetes (DM alone, n=602), DK (n=232), and DKA (n=60). Similar comparisons were made in recurrent DK (A) (n=17) and single DK (A) (n=272). RESULTS The fasting C-peptide level decreased significantly, but hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were higher in DK or DKA (p<0.05). Blood calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-VitD3) levels were significantly lower in DKA (p<0.05), but parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels remained constant across all three groups. The N-terminal middle molecular fragment of osteocalcin (N-MID) and β-C terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) showed significant inverse alterations in DKA, regardless of gender or age (p<0.05). Otherwise, DKA significantly inhibited thyroid function (p<0.05). Furthermore, Spearman correlation analyses revealed a relationship between N-MID and HbA1c in DM alone (r=-0.27, p<0.01), while total triiodothyronine (TT3, r=0.62, p<0.01) or free T3 (FT3, r=0.61, p<0.01) in DK, and DKA (TT3, r=0.45, p<0.01; FT3, r=0.43, p<0.01). Multilinear regression analyses revealed that β-CTX (β=0.564), HbA1c (β=-0.196), TT3 (β=0.183), and 25-OH-VitD3 (β=-0.120) were the only independent determinants of N-MID in DM, whereas FT3 (β=0.491), β-CTX (β=0.315) in DK, and FT3 (β=0.420), β-CTX (β=0.367), TG (β=-0.278) in DKA. Only 25-OH-VitD3 was found to be significantly lower in recurrent DK (A) than in single onset DK (A) (p<0.05), and β-CTX (β=0.745) was found to be significantly independently associated with N-MID. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings show a dramatic change in bone turnover markers in DM patients with DK and DKA, and this change may be related to thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Clinical Research OB/GYN REI Division, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Tel +8613611927616, Email
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Ahmed T, Ahmed T, Haque R. Rare ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Mimic: Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Severe Hypercalcemia. Cureus 2020; 12:e9001. [PMID: 32775081 PMCID: PMC7402551 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Madsen JOB, Herskin CW, Zerahn B, Jensen AK, Jørgensen NR, Olsen BS, Svensson J, Pociot F, Johannesen J. Bone turnover markers during the remission phase in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:366-376. [PMID: 31840392 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In rodents, osteocalcin (OCN) stimulates insulin production and insulin sensitivity, both important factors during partial remission in humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, decreased OCN has been reported in both adult and pediatric T1D. This study aims at investigating bone turnover and partial remission in children and adolescents with recent onset T1D. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety-nine individuals (33% girls) were recruited within 3 months of T1D onset and examined three times, 6 months apart. Outcome variables were bone formation markers OCN and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and the bone resorption marker C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX). Dependent variables included IDAA1c (surrogate marker of partial remission), total body bone mineral density (BMD) and stimulated C-peptide as representative of endogenous insulin production. RESULTS OCN- and P1NP Z-scores were significantly decreased throughout the study, whereas CTX Z-scores were increased. None of the bone turnover markers changed significantly between visits. Total body BMD Z-score did not change during the study but was significantly higher than the reference population at visit 2 (P = .035). There were no differences in the bone turnover markers for those in partial remission as defined by either C-peptide or IDAA1c at any visit. The individual change in CTX Z-score was negatively associated with the increase of IDAA1c (P = .030) independent of C-peptide decline (P = .034). CONCLUSION Bone turnover markers indicate increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation during the first year of T1D. The negative association between bone resorption and IDAA1c might represent compensatory mechanisms affecting insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O B Madsen
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Camilla W Herskin
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bo Zerahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas K Jensen
- Section of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,OPEN, Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birthe S Olsen
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jesper Johannesen
- Department of Children Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chen SC, Shepherd S, McMillan M, McNeilly J, Foster J, Wong SC, Robertson KJ, Ahmed SF. Skeletal Fragility and Its Clinical Determinants in Children With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3585-3594. [PMID: 30848792 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with an increased fracture risk at all ages. OBJECTIVE To understand the determinants of bone health and fractures in children with T1D. DESIGN Case-control study of children with T1D on bone-turnover markers, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 3 Tesla-MRI of the proximal tibia to assess bone microarchitecture and vertebral marrow adiposity compared with age- and sex-matched healthy children. RESULTS Thirty-two children with T1D at a median (range) age of 13.7 years (10.4, 16.7) and 26 controls, aged 13.8 years (10.2, 17.8), were recruited. In children with T1D, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) SD score (SDS), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen SDS, and total body (TB) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) SDS were lower (all P < 0.05). Children with T1D also had lower trabecular volume [0.55 (0.47, 0.63) vs 0.59 (0.47, 0.63); P = 0.024], lower trabecular number [1.67 (1.56, 1.93) vs 1.82 (1.56, 1.99); P = 0.004], and higher trabecular separation [0.27 (0.21, 0.32) vs 0.24 (0.20, 0.33); P = 0.001] than controls. Marrow adiposity was similar in both groups (P = 0.25). Bone formation, as assessed by BAP, was lower in children with poorer glycemic control (P = 0.009) and who were acidotic at initial presentation (P = 0.017) but higher in children on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (P = 0.025). Fractures were more likely to be encountered in children with T1D compared with controls (31% vs 19%; P< 0.001). Compared with those without fractures, the T1D children with a fracture history had poorer glycemic control (P = 0.007) and lower TB BMD (P < 0.001) but no differences in bone microarchitecture. CONCLUSION Children with T1D display a low bone-turnover state with reduced bone mineralization and poorer bone microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Ching Chen
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Diabetes Service, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Shepherd
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McMillan
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane McNeilly
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Hospital for Children, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Foster
- Department of Clinical Physics, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sze Choong Wong
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J Robertson
- Paediatric Diabetes Service, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Madsen JOB, Jørgensen NR, Pociot F, Johannesen J. Bone turnover markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes-A systematic review. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:510-522. [PMID: 30941847 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with impaired bone health and both osteocalcin (OCN) and procollagen type 1 amino terminal propetide (P1NP) (markers of bone formation) and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide (CTX) (marker of bone resorption) are decreased in adult patients with T1D. We review the existing literature characterizing these bone turnover markers in children and adolescents with T1D and by meta-analysis examine whether alterations in OCN, P1NP, and CTX are evident and if potential changes correlate to the metabolic control (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c). Systematic searches at MEDLINE and EMBASE were conducted in January 2018 identifying all studies describing OCN, P1NP, or CTX in children and adolescents with T1D. A total of 26 studies were included, representing data from more than 1000 patients with T1D. Pooled analyses of standard mean difference and summary effects analysis were performed when sufficient data were available. Pooled analysis revealed mean OCN to be significantly lower in children and adolescents with T1D compared to healthy controls (standard mean difference: -1.87, 95% confidence interval, CI: -2.83; -0.91) whereas both P1NP and CTX did not differ from the controls. Only data on OCN was sufficient to make pooled correlation analysis revealing a negative correlation between OCN and HbA1c (-0.31 95% CI: -0.45; -0.16). In conclusion, OCN is decreased in children and adolescents with T1D, whether CTX and P1NP are affected as well is unclear, due to very limited data available. New and large studies including OCN, P1NP, and CTX (preferably as z-scores adjusting for age variability) is needed to further elucidate the status of bone turnover in children and adolescents with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O B Madsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jesper Johannesen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Ahn C, Kang JH, Jeung EB. Calcium homeostasis in diabetes mellitus. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:261-266. [PMID: 28927245 PMCID: PMC5639077 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a lifestyle-related pandemic disease. Diabetic patients frequently develop electrolyte disorders, especially diabetic ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Such patients show characteristic potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and calcium depletion. In this review, we discuss a homeostatic mechanism that links calcium and DM. We also provide a synthesis of the evidence in favor or against this linking mechanism by presenting recent clinical indications, mainly from veterinary research. There are consistent results supporting the use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation to reduce the risk of DM. Clinical trials support a marginal reduction in circulating lipids, and some meta-analyses support an increase in insulin sensitivity, following vitamin D supplementation. This review provides an overview of the calcium and vitamin D disturbances occurring in DM and describes the underlying mechanisms. Such elucidation will help indicate potential pathophysiology-based precautionary and therapeutic approaches and contribute to lowering the incidence of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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9
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Alexander RT, Cordat E, Chambrey R, Dimke H, Eladari D. Acidosis and Urinary Calcium Excretion: Insights from Genetic Disorders. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3511-3520. [PMID: 27468975 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis is associated with increased urinary calcium excretion and related sequelae, including nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. The increased urinary calcium excretion induced by metabolic acidosis predominantly results from increased mobilization of calcium out of bone and inhibition of calcium transport processes within the renal tubule. The mechanisms whereby acid alters the integrity and stability of bone have been examined extensively in the published literature. Here, after briefly reviewing this literature, we consider the effects of acid on calcium transport in the renal tubule and then discuss why not all gene defects that cause renal tubular acidosis are associated with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todd Alexander
- Departments of Pediatrics and .,Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Régine Chambrey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark; and
| | - Dominique Eladari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Physiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, Monreal-Robles R, González-González JG. Acute toluene intoxication--clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med 2015; 15:19. [PMID: 26282250 PMCID: PMC4539858 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-015-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. However, dangerous metabolic abnormalities are associated to acute toluene intoxication. It has been previously reported that rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatorenal injury could be hallmarks of the condition, and could constitute risk factors for poor outcomes. The objective was to describe the clinical presentation, to characterize the renal and liver abnormalities, the management and prognosis associated to acute toluene intoxication. Methods We prospectively assessed 20 patients that were admitted to a single center’s emergency department from September 2012 to June 2014 with clinical and metabolic alterations due to acute toluene intoxication. Results The main clinical presentation consisted of weakness associated to severe hypokalemia and acidosis. Renal glomerular injury (proteinuria) is ubiquitous. Biliary tract injury (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevations) disproportional to hepatocellular injury is common. Rhabdomyolysis occurred in 80 % of patients, probably due to hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia. There were three deaths, all female, and all associated with altered mental status, severe acidosis, hypokalemia and acute oliguric renal failure. The cause of death was in all cases due to cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Conclusion The hallmarks of acute toluene intoxication are hypokalemic paralysis and metabolic acidosis. Liver injury and rhabdomyolysis are common. On admission, altered mental status, renal failure, severe acidemia and female gender (not significant in our study, but present in all three deaths) could be associated with a poor outcome, and patients with these characteristics should be considered to be treated in an intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodrigo Camara-Lemarroy
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. México, Madero y Gonzalitos S/N, Monterrey, NL, 64460, Mexico.
| | - René Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. México, Madero y Gonzalitos S/N, Monterrey, NL, 64460, Mexico. .,Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Roberto Monreal-Robles
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. México, Madero y Gonzalitos S/N, Monterrey, NL, 64460, México.
| | - José Gerardo González-González
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L. México, Madero y Gonzalitos S/N, Monterrey, NL, 64460, Mexico.
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11
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Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:488-496. [PMID: 25325058 PMCID: PMC4198400 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders. These disturbances are particularly common in decompensated diabetics, especially in the context of diabetic ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. These patients are markedly potassium-, magnesium- and phosphate-depleted. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to both hypo- and hyper-natremia reflecting the coexistence of hyperglycemia-related mechanisms, which tend to change serum sodium to opposite directions. The most important causal factor of chronic hyperkalemia in diabetic individuals is the syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Impaired renal function, potassium-sparing drugs, hypertonicity and insulin deficiency are also involved in the development of hyperkalemia. This article provides an overview of the electrolyte disturbances occurring in DM and describes the underlying mechanisms. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of the several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.
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12
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Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu N, Aeimlapa R, Suntornsaratoon P, Wongdee K, Tiyasatkulkovit W, Kengkoom K, Chaimongkolnukul K, Seriwatanachai D, Krishnamra N. High dietary cholesterol masks type 2 diabetes-induced osteopenia and changes in bone microstructure in rats. Lipids 2014; 49:975-86. [PMID: 25200330 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs concurrently with high blood cholesterol or dyslipidemia. Although T2DM has been hypothesized to impair bone microstructure, several investigations showed that, when compared to age-matched healthy individuals, T2DM patients had normal or relatively high bone mineral density (BMD). Since cholesterol and lipids profoundly affect the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, it might be cholesterol that obscured the changes in BMD and bone microstructure in T2DM. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine bone elongation, epiphyseal histology, and bone microstructure in non-obese T2DM Goto-Kakizaki rats treated with normal (GK-ND) and high cholesterol diet. We found that volumetric BMD was lower in GK-ND rats than the age-matched wild-type controls. In histomorphometric study of tibial metaphysis, T2DM evidently suppressed osteoblast function as indicated by decreases in osteoblast surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in GK-ND rats. Meanwhile, the osteoclast surface and eroded surface were increased in GK-ND rats, thus suggesting an activation of bone resorption. T2DM also impaired bone elongation, presumably by retaining the chondrogenic precursor cells in the epiphyseal resting zone. Interestingly, several bone changes in GK rats (e.g., increased osteoclast surface) disappeared after high cholesterol treatment as compared to wild-type rats fed high cholesterol diet. In conclusion, high cholesterol diet was capable of masking the T2DM-induced osteopenia and changes in several histomorphometric parameters that indicated bone microstructural defect. Cholesterol thus explained, in part, why a decrease in BMD was not observed in T2DM, and hence delayed diagnosis of the T2DM-associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Lapmanee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Makaya T, Chatterjee S, Arundel P, Bevan C, Wright NP. Severe hypercalcemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:e44. [PMID: 23520372 PMCID: PMC3609531 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Makaya
- From the Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, U.K.; the
| | - Sumana Chatterjee
- Department of General Paediatrics, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, U.K.; the
| | - Paul Arundel
- Department of Metabolic Bone Disease, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, U.K.; and the
| | - Cliff Bevan
- Critical Care Unit, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Neil P. Wright
- From the Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, U.K.; the
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Arnett TR. Acidosis, hypoxia and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:103-9. [PMID: 20655868 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is profoundly affected by local pH and oxygen tension. It has long been recognised that the skeleton contains a large reserve of alkaline mineral (hydroxyapatite), which is ultimately available to neutralise metabolic H(+) if acid-base balance is not maintained within narrow limits. Bone cells are extremely sensitive to the direct effects of pH: acidosis inhibits mineral deposition by osteoblasts but it activates osteoclasts to resorb bone and other mineralised tissues. These reciprocal responses act to maximise the availability of OH(-) ions from hydroxyapatite in solution, where they can buffer excess H(+). The mechanisms by which bone cells sense small pH changes are likely to be complex, involving ion channels and receptors in the cell membrane, as well as direct intracellular effects. The importance of oxygen tension in the skeleton has also long been known. Recent work shows that hypoxia blocks the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts (and thus bone formation), whilst strongly stimulating osteoclast formation (and thus bone resorption). Surprisingly, the resorptive function of osteoclasts is unimpaired in hypoxia. In vivo, tissue hypoxia is usually accompanied by acidosis due to reduced vascular perfusion and increased glycolytic metabolism. Thus, disruption of the blood supply can engender a multiple negative impact on bone via the direct actions of reduced pO(2) and pH on bone cells. These observations may contribute to our understanding of the bone disturbances that occur in numerous settings, including ageing, inflammation, fractures, tumours, anaemias, kidney disease, diabetes, respiratory disease and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Related disorders of bone. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02736670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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