1
|
Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R. Could Vitamin D Be Effective in Prevention of Preeclampsia? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113854. [PMID: 34836111 PMCID: PMC8621759 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of preeclampsia (PE) remains one of the most significant problems in perinatal medicine. Due to the possible unpredictable course of hypertension in pregnancy, primarily PE and the high complication rate for the mother and fetus/newborn, it is urgent to offer pregnant women in high-risk groups effective methods of preventing the PE development or delaying its appearance. In addition, due to the association of PE with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in later life, effective preeclampsia prevention could also be important in reducing their incidence. Ideal PE prophylaxis should target the pathogenetic changes leading to the development of PE and be safe for the mother and fetus, inexpensive and freely available. Currently, the only recognized method of PE prevention recommended by many institutions around the world is the use of a small dose of acetylsalicylic acid in pregnant women with risk factors. Unfortunately, some cases of PE are diagnosed in women without recognized risk factors and in those in whom prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid is not adequate. Hence, new drugs which would target pathogenetic elements in the development of preeclampsia are studied. Vitamin D (Vit D) seems to be a promising agent due to its beneficial effect on placental implantation, the immune system, and angiogenic factors. Studies published so far emphasize the relationship of its deficiency with the development of PE, but the data on the benefits of its supplementation to reduce the risk of PE are inconclusive. In the light of current research, the key issue is determining the protective concentration of Vit D in a pregnant woman. The study aims to present the possibility of using Vit D to prevent PE, emphasizing its impact on the pathogenetic elements of preeclampsia development.
Collapse
|
2
|
Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Gayoso S, García MP, González-Gómez M, Díaz-Flores L, Sánchez R, Carrasco JL, Madrid JF. Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its counterpart intussusceptive lymphangiogenesis. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1083-1103. [PMID: 32329808 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA) is currently considered an important alternative and complementary form of sprouting angiogenesis (SA). Conversely, intussusceptive lymphangiogenesis (IL) is in an initial phase of study. We compare their morphofunctional characteristics, since many can be shared by both processes. To that end, the following aspects are considered: A) The concept of IA and IL as the mechanism by which blood and lymphatic vessels split, expand and remodel through transluminal pillar formations (hallmarks of intussusception). B) Terminology and historical background, with particular reference to the group of Burri, including Djonov and Patan, who initiated and developed the vessel intussusceptive concept in blood vessels. C) Incidence in normal (e.g. in the sinuses of developing lymph nodes) and pathologic conditions, above all in vessel diseases, such as dilated veins in hemorrhoidal disease, intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), sinusoidal hemangioma, lobular capillary hemangioma, lymphangiomas/lymphatic malformations and vascular transformation of lymph nodes. D) Differences and complementarity between vessel sprouting and intussusception. E) Characteristics of the cover (endothelial cells) and core (connective tissue components) of pillars and requirements for pillar identification. F) Structures involved in pillar formation, including endothelial contacts of opposite vessel walls, interendothelial bridges, merged adjacent capillaries, vessel loops and spilt pillars. G) Structures resulting from pillars with intussusceptive microvascular growth, arborization, remodeling and segmentation (compartmentalization). H) Influence of intussusception in the morphogenesis of vessel tumors/ pseudotumors; and I) Hemodynamic and molecular control of vessel intussusception, including VEGF, PDGF BB, Hypoxia, Notch, Endoglobin and Nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - R Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Gayoso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M P García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins® Megalab-Hospiten Hospitals, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - L Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - R Sánchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J L Carrasco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J F Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirota Y, Nakagawa K, Isomoto K, Sakaki T, Kubodera N, Kamao M, Osakabe N, Suhara Y, Okano T. Eldecalcitol is more effective in promoting osteogenesis than alfacalcidol in Cyp27b1-knockout mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199856. [PMID: 30281599 PMCID: PMC6169848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) absorption from the intestinal tract is promoted by active vitamin D (1α,25D3). Vitamin D not only promotes Ca homeostasis, but it also inhibits bone resorption and promotes osteogenesis, thus playing a role in the maintenance of normal bone metabolism. Because 1α,25D3 plays an important role in osteogenesis, vitamin D formulations, such as alfacalcidol (ALF) and eldecalcitol (ELD), are used for treating osteoporosis. While it is known that, in contrast to ALF, ELD is an active ligand that directly acts on bone, the reason for its superior osteogenesis effects is unknown. Cyp27b1-knockout mice (Cyp27b1-/-mice) are congenitally deficient in 1α,25D3 and exhibit marked hypocalcemia and high parathyroid hormone levels, resulting in osteodystrophy involving bone hypocalcification and growth plate cartilage hypertrophy. However, because the vitamin D receptor is expressed normally in Cyp27b1-/-mice, they respond normally to 1α,25D3. Accordingly, in Cyp27b1-/-mice, the pharmacological effects of exogenously administered active vitamin D derivatives can be analyzed without being affected by 1α,25D3. We used Cyp27b1-/-mice to characterize and clarify the superior osteogenic effects of ELD on the bone in comparison with ALF. The results indicated that compared to ALF, ELD strongly induces ECaC2, calbindin-D9k, and CYP24A1 in the duodenum, promoting Ca absorption and decreasing the plasma concentration of 1α,25D3, resulting in improved osteogenesis. Because bone morphological measurements demonstrated that ELD has stronger effects on bone calcification, trabecular formation, and cancellous bone density than ALF, ELD appears to be a more effective therapeutic agent for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, in which cancellous bone density decreases markedly. By using Cyp27b1-/-mice, this study was the first to succeed in clarifying the osteogenic effect of ELD without any influence of endogenous 1α,25D3. Furthermore, ELD more strongly enhanced bone mineralization, trabecular proliferation, and cancellous bone density than did ALF. Thus, ELD is expected to show an effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis, in which cancellous bone mineral density decreases markedly. In the future, this study may enable the development of next-generation active vitamin D derivatives with higher affinity for bone than ELD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hirota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keigo Isomoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noboru Kubodera
- International Institute of Active Vitamin D Analogs, Sankeidai, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Maya Kamao
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Food and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu W, Luo F, Wang Q, Tan Q, Huang J, Zhou S, Wang Z, Sun X, Kuang L, Jin M, Su N, Jiang W, Chen L, Qi H, Zhu Y, Chen B, Chen H, Chen S, Gao Y, Xu X, Deng C, Chen L, Xie Y, Du X. Inducible Activation of FGFR2 in Adult Mice Promotes Bone Formation After Bone Marrow Ablation. J Bone Miner Res 2017. [PMID: 28650109 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the most severe craniosynostoses, resulting from gain-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Previous studies have shown that gain-of-function mutations of FGFR2 (S252W or P253R) cause skull malformation of human Apert syndrome by affecting both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, underscoring the key role of FGFR2 in bone development. However, the effects of FGFR2 on bone formation at the adult stage have not been fully investigated. To investigate the role of FGFR2 in bone formation, we generated mice with tamoxifen-inducible expression of mutant FGFR2 (P253R) at the adult stage. Mechanical bone marrow ablation (BMX) was performed in both wild-type and Fgfr2 mutant (MT) mice. Changes in newly formed trabecular bone were assessed by micro-computed tomography and bone histomorphometry. We found that MT mice exhibited increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption after BMX accompanied with a remarkable increase in bone marrow stromal cell recruitment and proliferation, osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and enhanced Wnt/β-catenin activity. Furthermore, pharmacologically inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling can partially reverse the increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption in MT mice after BMX. Our data demonstrate that gain-of-function mutation in FGFR2 exerts a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent anabolic effect on trabecular bone by promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption at the adult stage. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu Z, Fan C, Zhao X, Tao H. Treatment of osteoporosis with eldecalcitol, a new vitamin D analog: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:509-17. [PMID: 26869769 PMCID: PMC4734733 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s84264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eldecalcitol (ELD) is an active form of vitamin D analog that has been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in Japan. Over recent years, a number of multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted. Our goal is to comprehensively summarize the results from these studies. METHODS We searched the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to February 28, 2015. Each database was searched using search terms "Eldecalcitol" and "ED-71" and the results were combined. The retrieved data from three independent clinical trials included a total of 1,332 patients with osteoporosis. After the data were pooled from three trials, RevMan software was used to conduct meta-analyses to determine the effects of ELD on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover marker (BTM) type I collagen amino-terminal telopeptide (NTX). Effects of ELD on some of the bone formation and bone resorption parameters, incidence of vertebral fractures at the lower spine, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with osteoporosis were also summarized. RESULTS With a test for overall effect Z=6.35, ELD could increase lumbar BMD (P<0.00001). In comparison with alphacalcidol, ELD suppressed the NTX level to a greater degree (test for overall effect Z=3.82,P<0.0001). ELD was also found to suppress bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) by 19% (P<0.01) and osteocalcin by 19% (P<0.01) at the dose of 0.75 μg/day. Compared to alfacalcidol, ELD showed higher potency in suppressing serum BALP (26±9 vs 32±11 U/L,P<0.05) and amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen I (PINP) (42±15 vs 59±23 ng/mL,P<0.05). In addition, ELD was found to be more effective in reducing the incidence of vertebral fractures at the lower spine (P=0.029). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis showed that ELD was more potent than alphacalcidol in reducing BTM (NTX). Clinical data together suggest that ELD is efficient in treating osteoporosis by increasing lumbar BMD; suppressing BTMs, including NTX, BALP, osteocalcin, and PINP; resulting in the reduction in the incidence of vertebral fractures at the lower spine; and increasing the HRQOL in patients with osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma Y, Johnson CS, Trump DL. Mechanistic Insights of Vitamin D Anticancer Effects. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:395-431. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Fukuda T, Ochi H, Sunamura S, Haiden A, Bando W, Inose H, Okawa A, Asou Y, Takeda S. MicroRNA-145 regulates osteoblastic differentiation by targeting the transcription factor Cbfb. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3302-8. [PMID: 26450370 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblastic differentiation is regulated by various factors, including hormones and transcription factors. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is an essential player in osteoblastogenesis and transactivates its molecular target by creating a protein complex with its hetero-dimeric partner core binding factor beta (Cbfb). However, the molecular regulation of Cbfb expression remains unknown. Here, we identified miR-145 as a crucial regulator of Cbfb expression. The expression of miR-145 increased during osteoblastogenesis, indicating that miR-145 works as an inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis. Stable expression of miR-145 decreased endogenous Cbfb expression and inhibited osteoblastogenesis, in cooperation with miR-34c. Furthermore, miR-145 decreased bone regeneration in vivo. Our results indicate that miR-145 physiologically regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation via Cbfb expression by forming a regulatory microRNA network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Fukuda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Sunamura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akina Haiden
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Waka Bando
- Section of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inose
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Asou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bragdon B, Lybrand K, Gerstenfeld L. Overview of biological mechanisms and applications of three murine models of bone repair: closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis, and marrow ablation by reaming. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2015; 5:21-34. [PMID: 25727198 PMCID: PMC4358754 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fractures are one of the most common large-organ, traumatic injuries in humans, and osteoporosis-related fractures are the fastest growing health care problem of aging. Elective orthopedic surgeries of the bones and joints also represent some of most common forms of elective surgeries performed. Optimal repair of skeletal tissues is necessary for successful outcomes of these many different orthopedic surgical treatments. Research focused on post-natal skeletal repair is therefore of immense clinical importance and of particular relevance in situations in which bone tissue healing is compromised due to the extent of tissue trauma or specific medical co-morbidities. Three commonly used murine surgical models of bone healing, closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis (DO), and marrow ablation by reaming, are presented. The biological aspects of these models are contrasted and the types of research questions that may be addressed with these models are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bragdon
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
| | - Kyle Lybrand
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shiraishi A, Sakai S, Saito H, Takahashi F. Eldecalcitol improves mechanical strength of cortical bones by stimulating the periosteal bone formation in the senescence-accelerated SAM/P6 mice - a comparison with alfacalcidol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:119-23. [PMID: 24189542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eldecalcitol (ELD), a 2β-hydroxypropyloxy derivative of 1α,25(OH)2D3, is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption that has demonstrated a greater effect at reducing the risk of fracture in osteoporotic patients than alfacalcidol (ALF). In the present study, we used the senescence-accelerated mouse strain P6 (SAM/P6), which has low bone mass caused by osteoblast dysfunction, to evaluate the effect of ELD on cortical bone in comparison with ALF. Four-month-old SAM/P6 mice were given either ELD (0.025 or 0.05μg/kg) or ALF (0.2 or 0.4μg/kg) by oral gavage 5 times/week for 6 weeks. Both ELD and ALF increased serum calcium (Ca) in a dose-dependent manner. Serum Ca levels in the ELD 0.05μg/kg group were comparable to those of the ALF 0.2μg/kg group. ELD 0.05μg/kg significantly improved the bone biomechanical properties of the femur compared with the vehicle control group (p<0.001) and the ALF 0.2μg/kg group (p<0.05) evaluated by 3-point bending test. The cortical area of the mid-femur in the ELD 0.05μg/kg group but not the ALF 0.2μg/kg group was significantly higher than those of the vehicle control group (p<0.001). Bone histomorphometry revealed that in the femoral endocortical surface, the suppression of bone resorption parameters (N.Oc/BS) and bone formation parameters (MS/BS) by ELD (0.05μg/kg) was greater than that by ALF (0.2μg/kg). In contrast, in the femoral periosteal surface, ELD 0.05μg/kg significantly increased bone formation parameters (BFR/BS, MS/BS) compared with the vehicle control group (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively), whereas ALF 0.2μg/kg did not alter these parameters. These results indicate that ELD improved the biomechanical properties of femoral cortical bone not only by inhibiting endocortical bone resorption but also by stimulating the periosteal bone formation in SAM/P6 mice. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Shiraishi
- Medical Plan Management Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan.
| | - Sadaoki Sakai
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Saito
- Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Takahashi
- Primary Product Lifecycle Management Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Larriba MJ, González-Sancho JM, Bonilla F, Muñoz A. Interaction of vitamin D with membrane-based signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2014; 5:60. [PMID: 24600406 PMCID: PMC3927071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies in different biological systems have revealed that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) modulates signaling pathways triggered at the plasma membrane by agents such as Wnt, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and others. In addition, 1α,25(OH)2D3 may affect gene expression by paracrine mechanisms that involve the regulation of cytokine or growth factor secretion by neighboring cells. Moreover, post-transcriptional and post-translational effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 add to or overlap with its classical modulation of gene transcription rate. Together, these findings show that vitamin D receptor (VDR) cannot be considered only as a nuclear-acting, ligand-modulated transcription factor that binds to and controls the transcription of target genes. Instead, available data support the view that much of the complex biological activity of 1α,25(OH)2D3 resides in its capacity to interact with membrane-based signaling pathways and to modulate the expression and secretion of paracrine factors. Therefore, we propose that future research in the vitamin D field should focus on the interplay between 1α,25(OH)2D3 and agents that act at the plasma membrane, and on the analysis of intercellular communication. Global analyses such as RNA-Seq, transcriptomic arrays, and genome-wide ChIP are expected to dissect the interactions at the gene and molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bonilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fukuda T, Takeda S, Xu R, Ochi H, Sunamura S, Sato T, Shibata S, Yoshida Y, Gu Z, Kimura A, Ma C, Xu C, Bando W, Fujita K, Shinomiya K, Hirai T, Asou Y, Enomoto M, Okano H, Okawa A, Itoh H. Sema3A regulates bone-mass accrual through sensory innervations. Nature 2013; 497:490-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
12
|
Abstract
Vitamin D is important for the normal development and maintenance of bone. The elucidation of the vitamin D activation pathway and the cloning of the vitamin D receptor have advanced our understanding of the actions of vitamin D on bone. The preponderance of evidence indicates that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ enhances bone mineralization through its effects to promote calcium and phosphate absorption. Although 1,25(OH)₂D₃ stimulates bone resorption in vitro, treatment in vivo can prevent bone loss and fracture through several potential mechanisms. The development of vitamin D analogues has provided new therapeutic options for increasing bone mineral density and reducing fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yoshida
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lozano D, Fernández-de-Castro L, Portal-Núñez S, López-Herradón A, Dapía S, Gómez-Barrena E, Esbrit P. The C-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone-related peptide promotes bone formation in diabetic mice with low-turnover osteopaenia. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1424-38. [PMID: 21175568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current data suggest that parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) domains other than the N-terminal PTH-like domain contribute to its role as an endogenous bone anabolic factor. PTHrP-107-139 inhibits bone resorption, a fact which has precluded an unequivocal demonstration of its possible anabolic action in vivo. We thus sought to characterize the osteogenic effects of this peptide using a mouse model of diabetic low-turnover osteopaenia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PTHrP-107-139 was administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, with or without bone marrow ablation, for 13 days. Osteopaenia was confirmed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and microcomputed tomography analysis. Histological analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded bone tissue sections by haematoxylin/eosin and Masson's staining, and tartrate-resistent acid phosphatase immunohistochemistry. Mouse bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in normal and/or high glucose (HG) medium. Osteogenic and adipogenic markers were assessed by real-time PCR, and PTHrP and the PTH(1) receptor protein expression by Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS PTHrP-107-139 reversed the alterations in bone structure and osteoblast function, and also promoted bone healing after marrow ablation without affecting the number of osteoclast-like cells in diabetic mice. This peptide also reversed the high-glucose-induced changes in osteogenic differentiation in both bone marrow stromal cells and the more differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings demonstrate that PTHrP-107-139 promotes bone formation in diabetic mice. This mouse model and in vitro cell cultures allowed us to identify various anabolic effects of this peptide in this scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lozano
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Freitas PHL, Hasegawa T, Takeda S, Sasaki M, Tabata C, Oda K, Li M, Saito H, Amizuka N. Eldecalcitol, a second-generation vitamin D analog, drives bone minimodeling and reduces osteoclastic number in trabecular bone of ovariectomized rats. Bone 2011; 49:335-42. [PMID: 21664310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the histological events that follow administration of eldecalcitol, a second-generation of vitamin D analog currently awaiting approval as a drug for treatment of osteoporosis, we employed the ovariectomy (OVX) rat model. OVX rats received vehicle or 30ng/kg of eldecalcitol, and sham-operated animals received vehicle only. Rats were sacrificed after 12weeks and had their femora and tibiae removed and processed for histochemical and histomorphometrical analyses. When compared with OVX group, osteoclastic number and bone resorption parameters were significantly reduced in eldecalcitol-treated rats, accompanied by decreased bone formation parameters. The preosteoblastic layer, with which osteoclastic precursors interact for mutual differentiation, was poorly developed in the eldecalcitol group, indicating less cell-to-cell contact between preosteoblasts and osteoclast precursors. Interestingly, eldecalcitol did promote a type of focal bone formation that is independent of bone resorption, a process known as bone minimodeling. While the number of ED-1-positive macrophages was higher in the bone marrow of treated rats, though osteoclastic number was deceased. Taken together, our findings suggest that eldecalcitol stimulates preosteoblastic differentiation rather than their proliferation, which in turn may prevent or diminish cell-to-cell contact between preosteoblasts and osteoclastic precursors, and therefore, lead to lower osteoclast numbers and decreased bone resorption.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ritter CS, Brown AJ. Suppression of PTH by the vitamin D analog eldecalcitol is modulated by its high affinity for the serum vitamin D-binding protein and resistance to metabolism. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1348-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
16
|
Harada S, Takeda S, Uno A, Takahashi F, Saito H. Eldecalcitol is less effective in suppressing parathyroid hormone compared to calcitriol in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:281-3. [PMID: 20398764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eldecalcitol is a vitamin D3 analog under clinical development for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous studies have shown that the binding activities of eldecalcitol to the serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are 421.9% and 44.6% of those of calcitriol, respectively, and also, suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) production by only 3.5% of calcitriol in vitro using bovine parathyroid cell primary culture. Here, we compared in vivo activities of eldecalcitol on serum calcium, BMD and PTH with those of calcitriol. Six-week old male rats were given either vehicle (medium chain triglyceride; n=6), eldecalcitol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 microg/kg; n=6) or calcitriol (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5 microg/kg; n=6) daily for 14 days by oral gavages. Eldecalcitol was approximately five-times more potent than calcitriol in increasing serum calcium. Eldecalcitol significantly increased lumbar spine BMD, however, calcitriol had no effect on BMD at any given doses. On the contrary, eldecalcitol did not affect PTH mRNA synthesis at the normocalcemic doses, despite the BMD was higher than normal. These observations indicate that, as previous in vitro study suggested, eldecalcitol is less effective in suppressing PTH compared to calcitriol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Harada
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi M, Makishima M. Therapeutic applications for novel non-hypercalcemic vitamin D receptor ligands. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:593-606. [PMID: 19441936 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902877717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active form of vitamin D(3), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and immunity. A more complete understanding of the several physiological and pharmacological properties of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) indicates that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a promising drug target in the treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases, infections and cardiovascular disease as well as bone and mineral disorders. The calcemic effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its derivatives has limited their clinical application. As a result, the development of non-calcemic VDR ligands is required to realize the potential of VDR-targeting therapy. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions, including VDR interaction, regulation of cofactor recruitment, pharmacokinetics and cell type or tissue-selective action of VDR ligands with less-calcemic activity. CONCLUSION Pharmacokinetic parameters and selective tissue accumulation are related to the therapeutic benefit of non-hypercalcemic vitamin D derivatives. Induction of distinct VDR conformations and cofactor recruitment may be associated with selective actions of non-secosteroidal VDR ligands. Derivatives of lithocholic acid, a newly identified endogenous VDR ligand, are less-calcemic VDR ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Choi
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Du M, Wang K, Wu C, Zhang L. Effects of bovine colostrum acid protein on bone loss and hemobiochemistry indexes in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1051/dst/2009023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Lozano D, de Castro LF, Dapía S, Andrade-Zapata I, Manzarbeitia F, Alvarez-Arroyo MV, Gómez-Barrena E, Esbrit P. Role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the decreased osteoblast function in diabetes-related osteopenia. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2027-35. [PMID: 19196804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A deficit in bone formation is a major factor in diabetes-related osteopenia. We examined here whether diabetes-associated changes in osteoblast phenotype might in part result from a decrease in PTH-related protein (PTHrP). We used a bone marrow ablation model in diabetic mice by multiple streptozotocin injections. PTHrP (1-36) (100 microg/kg, every other day) or vehicle was administered to mice for 13 d starting 1 wk before marrow ablation. Diabetic mice showed bone loss in both the intact femur and the regenerating tibia on d 6 after ablation; in the latter, this was related to decreased bone-forming cells, osteoid surface, and blood vessels, and increased marrow adiposity. Moreover, a decrease in matrix mineralization occurred in ex vivo bone marrow cultures from the unablated tibia from diabetic mice. These skeletal alterations were associated with decreased gene expression (by real-time PCR) of Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, PTHrP, the PTH type 1 receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, and osteoprotegerin to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand mRNA ratio, and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 mRNA levels. Similar changes were induced by hyperosmotic (high glucose or mannitol) medium in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, which were mimicked by adding a neutralizing anti-PTHrP antibody or PTH type 1 receptor antagonists to these cells in normal glucose medium. PTHrP (1-36) administration reversed these changes in both intact and regenerating bones from diabetic mice in vivo, and in MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to high glucose. These findings strongly suggest that PTHrP has an important role in the altered osteoblastic function related to diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Oseo, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Capio Group), Avenida. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Adynamic bone in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical concern because of its potential increased risk for fracture and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prevalence rates for adynamic bone are reportedly increased, although the variance for its prevalence and incidence is large. Differences in its prevalence are largely attributed to classification and population differences, the latter of which constitutes divergent groups of elderly patients having diabetes and other comorbidities that are prone to low bone formation. Most patients have vitamin D deficiency and the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, invariably decreases to very low levels during CKD progression. Fortunately, therapy with vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) appears to be useful in preventing bone loss, in part, by its effect to stimulate bone formation and in decreasing CVD morbidity, and should be considered as essential therapy regardless of bone turnover status. Future studies will depend on assessing cardiovascular outcomes to determine whether the risk/reward profile for complications related to VDRA and CKD is tolerable.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Parathyroids, bone and mineral metabolism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:494-501. [PMID: 17982358 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f315ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Dai J, Rabie ABM. VEGF: an essential mediator of both angiogenesis and endochondral ossification. J Dent Res 2007; 86:937-50. [PMID: 17890669 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During bone growth, development, and remodeling, angiogenesis as well as osteogenesis are closely associated processes, sharing some essential mediators. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially recognized as the best-characterized endothelial-specific growth factor, which increased vascular permeability and angiogenesis, and it is now apparent that this cytokine regulates multiple biological functions in the endochondral ossification of mandibular condylar growth, as well as long bone formation. The complexity of VEGF biology is paralleled by the emerging complexity of interactions between VEGF ligands and their receptors. This narrative review summarizes the family of VEGF-related molecules, including 7 mammalian members, namely, VEGF, placenta growth factor (PLGF), and VEGF-B, -C, -D, -E, and -F. The biological functions of VEGF are mediated by at least 3 corresponding receptors: VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/Flk-1, VEGFR-3/Flt-4 and 2 co-receptors of neuropilin (NRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Current findings on endochondral ossification are also discussed, with emphasis on VEGF-A action in osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and chondroclasts/osteoclasts and regulatory mechanisms involving oxygen tension, and some growth factors and hormones. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of recombinant VEGF-A protein therapy and VEGF-A gene therapy are evaluated. Abbreviations used: VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; PLGF, placenta growth factor; NRP, neuropilin; HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ECM, extracellular matrix; RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases; ERK, extracellular signal kinases; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dai
- The Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|