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Burnheimer JM, Baxter DJ, Deeley KB, Vieira AR, Bezamat M. Exploring etiologic contributions to the occurrence of external apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2024:S0889-5406(24)00225-7. [PMID: 39001738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION External apical root resorption (EARR) is often an undesirable sequela of orthodontic treatment. Prior studies have suggested a substantial link between EARR and certain genetic components. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play a role as predisposing factors. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between EARR and various SNPs. METHODS The study included 218 orthodontic participants of all malocclusions who had available pretreatment and posttreatment panoramic radiographs. The most severely affected maxillary incisor on the radiograph was assessed for EARR using a 0-4 categorical scale. DNA was taken from the saliva samples of the participants, and the SNPs were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan chemistry. Statistical testing was performed to verify any associations with EARR (P <0.05). RESULTS From all genes tested, the rs678397 SNP of ACT3N (P = 0.003) and the rs1051771 SNP of TSC2 (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with EARR. No association could be established between other polymorphisms and EARR. In addition, patients with Class III malocclusion and extended treatment times were at increased risk of developing EARR. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the concept of gene polymorphisms as risk factors in EARR. In particular, a significant association was found between ACT3N and TSC2 and EARR. Clinically, predisposing risk factors for EARR should be assessed for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Burnheimer
- Advanced Education Program in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, Pa.
| | - Dylan J Baxter
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Kathleen B Deeley
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Office of Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Mariana Bezamat
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Soler-Aguinaga A, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, González-Rodenas J, Ferrandis J, Moreno-Pérez V. ACTN3 XX Genotype Negatively Affects Running Performance and Increases Muscle Injury Incidence in LaLiga Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38540445 PMCID: PMC10969915 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphism with match running performance and injury incidence in top-level professional football players. A total of 315 top-level professional football players from the first division of Spanish football (i.e., LaLiga) participated in this prospective and descriptive study. The ACTN3 rs1815739 genotype was identified for each player using genomic DNA samples. During LaLiga 2021-2022, players' performance was obtained through a validated camera system in all official matches. Additionally, the incidence of non-contact injuries was obtained by each team's medical staff according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement. From the study sample, 116 (36.8%) players had the RR genotype, 156 (49.5%) had the RX genotype, and 43 (13.7%) had the XX genotype. The anthropometric characteristics of the players were similar across genotypes. However, the total running distance (p = 0.046), the distance at 21.0-23.9 km/h (p = 0.042), and the number of sprints (p = 0.042) were associated with the ACTN3 genotype. In all these variables, XX players had lower match performance values than RR players. Additionally, total and match injury incidences were higher in XX players than in RR players (p = 0.026 and 0.009, respectively). The rate of muscle injuries was also higher in XX players (p = 0.016). LaLiga football players with the ACTN3 XX genotype had lower match running performance and a higher incidence of non-contact injuries over the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions, La Liga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Joaquín González-Rodenas
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Jordi Ferrandis
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Translational Research Centre of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Zouhal H, Coso JD, Jayavel A, Tourny C, Ravé G, Jebabli N, Clark CCT, Barthélémy B, Hackney AC, Abderrahman AB. Association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and risk of non-contact injury in trained athletes: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:359-368. [PMID: 34284153 PMCID: PMC10199131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review, systematically, evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs. METHODS A computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, from inception until November 2020. All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. RESULTS Our search identified 492 records. After the screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis. These studies were performed in 6 different countries (Spain, Japan, Brazil, China, the Republic of Korea, and Italy) and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants. Of the studies, 2 studies involved only women, 5 studies involved only men, and 6 studies involved both men and women. All the studies included were classified as high-quality studies (≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale score). Overall, evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations. Six studies observed a significant association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage: 2 with non-contact ankle injury, 3 with non-contact muscle injury, and 1 with overall non-contact injury. CONCLUSION The present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries, such as muscle injury, ankle sprains, and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Madrid 28032, Spain
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Claire Tourny
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, CETAPS EA 3832, F-76821, France
| | | | - Nidhal Jebabli
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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El Ouali EM, Zouhal H, Bahije L, Ibrahimi A, Benamar B, Kartibou J, Saeidi A, Laher I, El Harane S, Granacher U, Mesfioui A. Effects of Malocclusion on Maximal Aerobic Capacity and Athletic Performance in Young Sub-Elite Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030071. [PMID: 36976957 PMCID: PMC10051721 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral pathologies can cause athletic underperformance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of malocclusion on maximal aerobic capacity in young athletes with the same anthropometric data, diet, training mode, and intensity from the same athletics training center. Sub-elite track and field athletes (middle-distance runners) with malocclusion (experimental group (EG); n = 37; 21 girls; age: 15.1 ± 1.5 years) and without malocclusion (control group (CG); n = 13; 5 girls; age: 14.7 ± 1.9 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Participants received an oral diagnosis to examine malocclusion, which was defined as an overlapping of teeth that resulted in impaired contact between the teeth of the mandible and the teeth of the upper jaw. Maximal aerobic capacity was assessed using the VAMEVAL test (calculated MAS and estimated VO2max). The test consisted of baseline values that included the following parameters: maximum aerobic speed (MAS), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), heart rate frequency, systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), blood lactate concentration (LBP), and post-exercise blood lactate assessment (LAP) after the performance of the VAMEVAL test. There were no statistically significant differences between the two study groups related to either anthropometric data (age: EG = 15.1 ± 1.5 vs. CC = 14.7 ± 1.9 years (p = 0.46); BMI: EG = 19.25 ± 1.9 vs. CC = 19.42 ± 1.7 kg/m2 (p = 0.76)) or for the following physical fitness parameters and biomarkers: MAS: EG = 15.5 (14.5-16.5) vs. CG = 15.5 (15-17) km/h (p = 0.47); VO2max: EG = 54.2 (52.5-58.6) vs. CG = 54.2 (53.4-59.5) mL/kg/min (p = 0.62) (IQR (Q1-Q3)); heart rate before the physical test: EG = 77.1 ± 9.9 vs. CG = 74.3 ± 14.0 bpm (p = 0.43); SAP: EG = 106.6 ± 13.4 vs. CG = 106.2 ± 14.8 mmHg (p = 0.91); DAP: EG = 66.7 ± 9.1 vs. CG = 63.9 ± 10.2 mmHg (p = 0.36); LBP: EG = 1.5 ± 0.4 vs. CG = 1.3 ± 0.4 mmol/L (p = 0.12); and LAP: EG = 4.5 ± 2.36 vs. CG = 4.06 ± 3.04 mmol/L (p = 0.60). Our study suggests that dental malocclusion does not impede maximal aerobic capacity and the athletic performance of young track and field athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mokhtar El Ouali
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kénitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), 35850 Irodouer, France
| | - Loubna Bahije
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Mohammed 5 University of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed 5 Rabat University, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Bahae Benamar
- BENAMAR Medical Analysis Laboratory, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Jihan Kartibou
- Ministry of National Education and Teaching and Sports, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sanae El Harane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kénitra 14000, Morocco
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Kobayashi T, Seki S, Hwang I. Relationship of muscle power and bone mineral density with the α-actinin-3 R577X polymorphism in Japanese female athletes from different sport types: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31685. [PMID: 36397442 PMCID: PMC9666200 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between muscle power and bone mineral density (BMD) and the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism in Japanese female collegiate athletes participating in sports with various mechanical-load characteristics. This study included 260 female collegiate athletes involved in 10 competitive sports and 26 controls (mean ages, 19.2 ± 1.2 and 19.7 ± 1.3 years, respectively). The sports were classified into 3 categories (low-impact, multidirectional, and high-impact) based on the exercise load characteristics. Data on sports participation and competition experience were obtained through a questionnaire-type survey. The maximum anaerobic power (MAnP) test was performed to measure muscle power. The total body BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) was analyzed using a TaqMan® assay. The multidirectional sports participants with the RR genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism had a higher BMD than those with the RX and RX + XX genotypes (P = .018 and P = .003, respectively). The RR genotype was also associated with a higher MAnP than those with the RX + XX genotypes (P = .035). No other variables related to BMD and MAnP were significantly different. Our results suggests that the RR genotype may confer high trainability for BMD and muscle power in Japanese female collegiate athletes participating in multidirectional sport types. However, these associations were not found in the athletes participating in the low- and high-impact sport types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- * Correspondence: Tetsuro Kobayashi, Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Shotaro Seki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Inkwan Hwang
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Taniguchi Y, Makizako H, Nakai Y, Kiuchi Y, Akaida S, Tateishi M, Takenaka T, Kubozono T, Ohishi M. Associations of the Alpha-Actinin Three Genotype with Bone and Muscle Mass Loss among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206172. [PMID: 36294493 PMCID: PMC9605580 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle mass loss are known to occur simultaneously. The alpha-actinin three (ACTN3) genotype has been shown to potentially affect bone and muscle mass. In this study, we investigated the association between the ACTN3 genotype and bone and muscle mass loss in community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 295 participants who participated in a community health checkup. The ACTN3 genotypes were classified as RR, RX, or XX types. Bone mass loss was defined as a calcaneal speed of sound T-score of <−1.32 and <−1.37, and muscle mass loss was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle index of <7.0 kg/m2 and <5.7 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. The percentages of XX, RX, and RR in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group were 33.8%, 30.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, with a significantly higher trend for XX. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that XX had an odds ratio of 3.00 (95% confidence interval 1.05−8.54) of being in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group compared to the RR group (covariates: age, sex, grip strength, and medications). The ACTN3 genotype of XX is associated with a higher rate of comorbid bone and muscle mass loss. Therefore, ACTN3 genotyping should be considered for preventing combined bone and muscle mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5111
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Daiichi Institute of Technology, Kagoshima 899-4395, Japan
| | - Yuto Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Shoma Akaida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mana Tateishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takenaka
- Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan
| | - Takuro Kubozono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Buil MÁ, Sánchez-Sánchez J, López P, González-Ródenas J, Gasulla-Anglés P, López-Samanes Á, Hernández-Sánchez S, Iztueta A, Moreno-Pérez V. Association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 Polymorphism with Physical Performance and Injury Incidence in Professional Women Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091635. [PMID: 36140803 PMCID: PMC9498709 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The p.R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the ACTN3 gene causes individuals with the XX genotype to be deficient in functional α-actinin-3. Previous investigations have found that XX athletes are more prone to suffer non-contact muscle injuries, in comparison with RR and RX athletes who produce a functional α-actinin-3 in their fast-twitch fibers. This investigation aimed to determine the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on physical performance and injury incidence of players competing in the women’s Spanish first division of football (soccer). Using a cross-sectional experiment, football-specific performance and epidemiology of non-contact football-related injuries were recorded in a group of 191 professional football players. ACTN3 R577X genotype was obtained for each player using genomic DNA samples obtained through buccal swabs. A battery of physical tests, including a countermovement jump, a 20 m sprint test, the sit-and-reach test and ankle dorsiflexion, were performed during the preseason. Injury incidence and characteristics of non-contact injuries were obtained according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement for one season. From the study sample, 28.3% of players had the RR genotype, 52.9% had the RX genotype, and 18.8% had the XX genotype. Differences among genotypes were identified with one-way analysis of variance (numerical variables) or chi-square tests (categorical variables). Jump height (p = 0.087), sprint time (p = 0.210), sit-and-reach distance (p = 0.361), and dorsiflexion in the right (p = 0.550) and left ankle (p = 0.992) were similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. A total of 356 non-contact injuries were recorded in 144 football players while the remaining 47 did not sustain any non-contact injuries during the season. Injury incidence was 10.4 ± 8.6, 8.2 ± 5.7, and 8.9 ± 5.3 injuries per/1000 h of football exposure, without differences among genotypes (p = 0.222). Injury rates during training (from 3.6 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 2.1 injuries per/1000 h of training exposure, p = 0.100) and match (from 47.8 ± 9.5 to 54.1 ± 6.3 injuries per/1000 h of match exposure, p = 0.209) were also similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. The ACTN3 genotype did not affect the mode of onset, the time needed to return to play, the type of injury, or the distribution of body locations of the injuries. In summary, women football players with different genotypes of the p.R577X ACTN3 polymorphism had similar values of football-specific performance and injury incidence. From a practical perspective, the ACTN3 genotyping may not be useful to predict performance or injury incidence in professional women football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Buil
- Department of Sports Medicine, Levante Unión Deportiva, 46360 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, IVRE—Institut Valencià de Recuperació Esportiva, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro López
- Medical Department, Valencia Club de Fútbol, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ane Iztueta
- Health and Performance Unit, Real Sociedad de Fútbol Sociedad Anónima Deportiva, 20160 Donostia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Henrique JS, Braga PLG, de Almeida SS, Nunes NSP, Benfato ID, Arida RM, de Oliveira CAM, Gomes da Silva S. Effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on functional fitness and executive function of elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:943934. [PMID: 36158545 PMCID: PMC9501855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, physical integrity and cognitive abilities, especially executive function, become compromised, directly influencing the quality of life of the elderly. One good strategy to ensure healthy aging is the practice of physical exercise. Activities to improve aerobic capacity and muscle strength are extremely important in old age. However, some genetic factors can interfere both positively and negatively with these gains. In this context, the polymorphism rs1815739 (R577X) of the α-actinin 3 gene (ACTN-3) is commonly studied and related to muscle phenotype. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on the functional fitness (measured by the Senior Fit test) and cognitive capacity (evaluated by the Stroop test) of the elderly (n = 347), both men and women. We did not find the effect of genotype on functional fitness, but we did observed a positive effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on executive function. The presence of the X allele of the ACTN3 gene in the elderly was related to a better performance in the Stroop test (shorter answer time). Our results showed that ACTN-3 gene polymorphism affects the executive function of the elderly but not their functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Luiz Garcia Braga
- Department of Psychogerontology, Instituto Educatie de Ensino e Pesquisa, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Sandro Soares de Almeida
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physical and Functional Performance, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Izabelle Dias Benfato
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Department of Research and Extension, Fundação Cristiano Varella, Muriaé, Brazil
- Centro Universitário FAMINAS, Muriaé, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sérgio Gomes da Silva ;
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Saeki C, Tsubota A. Influencing Factors and Molecular Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia and Osteosarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090899. [PMID: 34575048 PMCID: PMC8468289 DOI: 10.3390/life11090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in nutrient/energy metabolism and storage, anabolic hormone regulation, ammonia detoxification, and cytokine production. Impaired liver function can cause malnutrition, hyperammonemia, and chronic inflammation, leading to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and proteolysis. Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have a high prevalence of sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function, affecting health-related quality of life and prognosis. Recent reports have revealed that osteosarcopenia, defined as the concomitant occurrence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis, is also highly prevalent in patients with CLD. Since the differentiation and growth of muscles and bones are closely interrelated through mechanical and biochemical communication, sarcopenia and osteoporosis often progress concurrently and affect each other. Osteosarcopenia further exacerbates unfavorable health outcomes, such as vertebral fracture and frailty. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and osteosarcopenia, and an understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involving the liver, bones, and muscles, are important for prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia elucidated to data in hopes of promoting advances in treating these musculoskeletal disorders in patients with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Saeki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan;
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Core Research Facilities, Research Center for Medical Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3433-1111
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10
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Nunes JRS, Pértille F, Andrade SCS, Perazza CA, Villela PMS, Almeida-Val VMF, Gao ZX, Coutinho LL, Hilsdorf AWS. Genome-wide association study reveals genes associated with the absence of intermuscular bones in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Anim Genet 2020; 51:899-909. [PMID: 33006182 DOI: 10.1111/age.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of intermuscular bones in fisheries products limits the consumption and commercialization potential of many fish species, including tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). These bones have caused medical emergencies and are an undesirable characteristic for fish farming because their removal is labor-intensive during fish processing. Despite the difficulty in identifying genes related to the lack of intermuscular bone in diverse species of fish, the discovery of individuals lacking intermuscular bones in a Neotropical freshwater characiform fish has provided a unique opportunity to delve into the genetic mechanisms underlying the pathways of intermuscular bone formation. In this study, we carried out a GWAS among boneless and wt tambaqui populations to identify markers associated with a lack of intermuscular bone. After analyzing 11 416 SNPs in 360 individuals (12 boneless and 348 bony), we report 675 significant (Padj < 0.003) associations for this trait. Of those, 13 associations were located near candidate genes related to the reduction of bone mass, promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone resorption, central control of bone remodeling, bone mineralization and other related functions. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we have successfully identified genes related to a lack of intermuscular bones using GWAS in a non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R S Nunes
- Nature and Culture Institute, Federal University of Amazon (UFAM), Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, 69630-000, Brazil.,Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - F Pértille
- Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil.,Avian Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, 58 183, Sweden
| | - S C S Andrade
- Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Bioscience Institute (IB), São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - C A Perazza
- Unit of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, 08780-911, Brazil
| | - P M S Villela
- Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - V M F Almeida-Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Z-X Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - L L Coutinho
- Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A W S Hilsdorf
- Unit of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, 08780-911, Brazil
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11
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Nicot R, Chung K, Vieira AR, Raoul G, Ferri J, Sciote JJ. Condyle modeling stability, craniofacial asymmetry and ACTN3 genotypes: Contribution to TMD prevalence in a cohort of dentofacial deformities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236425. [PMID: 32726330 PMCID: PMC7390436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial asymmetry, mandibular condylar modeling and temporomandibular joint disorders are common comorbidities of skeletally disproportionate malocclusions, but etiology of occurrence together is poorly understood. We compared asymmetry, condyle modeling stability and temporomandibular health in a cohort of 128 patients having orthodontics and orthognathic surgery to correct dentofacial deformity malocclusions. We also compared ACTN3 and ENPP1 genotypes for association to clinical conditions. Pre-surgical posterior-anterior cephalometric and panometric radiographic analyses; jaw pain and function questionnaire and clinical examination of TMD; and SNP-genotype analysis from saliva samples were compared to assess interrelationships. Almost half had asymmetries in need of surgical correction, which could be subdivided into four distinct morphological patterns. Asymmetric condyle modeling between sides was significantly greater in craniofacial asymmetry, but most commonly had an unanticipated pattern. Often, longer or larger condyles occurred on the shorter mandibular ramus side. Subjects with longer ramus but dimensionally smaller condyles were more likely to have self-reported TMD symptoms (p = 0.023) and significantly greater clinical diagnosis of TMD (p = 0 .000001), with masticatory myalgia most prominent. Genotyping found two significant genotype associations for ACTN3 rs1671064 (Q523R missense) p = 0.02; rs678397 (intronic SNP) p = 0.04 and one significant allele association rs1815739 (R577X nonsense) p = 0.00. Skeletal asymmetry, unusual condyle modeling and TMD are common and interrelated components of many dentofacial deformities. Imbalanced musculoskeletal functional adaptations and genetic or epigenetic influences contribute to the etiology, and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008—Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Kay Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Alexandre R. Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Gwénaël Raoul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008—Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Joël Ferri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008—Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - James J. Sciote
- Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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12
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Effect of ACTN3 Genotype on Sports Performance, Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, and Injury Epidemiology. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8070099. [PMID: 32668587 PMCID: PMC7404684 DOI: 10.3390/sports8070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as power, strength and aerobic capacity. In this regard, the lack of a muscle protein due to a genetic polymorphism has been found to affect sport performance in a wide variety of ways. α-actinin-3 is a protein located within the skeletal muscle with a key role in the production of sarcomeric force. A common stop-codon polymorphism (rs1815739; R577X) in the gene that codes for α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) produces individuals with the XX genotype that lack expression of a functional α-actinin-3. In contrast, individuals with the R-allele (i.e., RX vs. RR genotypes) in this polymorphism can express α-actinin-3. Interestingly, around ~18% of the world population have the XX genotype and much has been debated about why a polymorphism that produces a lack of a muscle protein has endured natural selection. Several investigations have found that α-actinin-3 deficiency due to XX homozygosity in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism can negatively affect sports performance through several structural, metabolic, or signaling changes. In addition, new evidence suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency may also impact sports performance through indirect factors such a higher risk for injury or lower resistance to muscle-damaging exercise. The purpose of this discussion is to provide a clear explanation of the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency due to the ACTN3 XX genotype on sport. Key focus has been provided about the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on morphologic changes in skeletal muscle, on the low frequency of XX athletes in some athletic disciplines, and on injury epidemiology.
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13
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The Development of a Personalised Training Framework: Implementation of Emerging Technologies for Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020025. [PMID: 33467340 PMCID: PMC7739422 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been considerable interest in the individualisation of athlete training, including the use of genetic information, alongside more advanced data capture and analysis techniques. Here, we explore the evidence for, and practical use of, a number of these emerging technologies, including the measurement and quantification of epigenetic changes, microbiome analysis and the use of cell-free DNA, along with data mining and machine learning. In doing so, we develop a theoretical model for the use of these technologies in an elite sport setting, allowing the coach to better answer six key questions: (1) To what training will my athlete best respond? (2) How well is my athlete adapting to training? (3) When should I change the training stimulus (i.e., has the athlete reached their adaptive ceiling for this training modality)? (4) How long will it take for a certain adaptation to occur? (5) How well is my athlete tolerating the current training load? (6) What load can my athlete handle today? Special consideration is given to whether such an individualised training framework will outperform current methods as well as the challenges in implementing this approach.
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14
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Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P, Pérez LM, Eynon N, Lucía A. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:49-60. [PMID: 30327870 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A common null polymorphism (rs1815739; R577X) in the gene that codes for α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been related to different aspects of exercise performance. Individuals who are homozygous for the X allele are unable to express the α-actinin-3 protein in the muscle as opposed to those with the RX or RR genotype. α-actinin-3 deficiency in the muscle does not result in any disease. However, the different ACTN3 genotypes can modify the functioning of skeletal muscle during exercise through structural, metabolic or signaling changes, as shown in both humans and in the mouse model. Specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype might favor the ability to generate powerful and forceful muscle contractions. Leading to an overall advantage of the RR genotype for enhanced performance in some speed and power-oriented sports. In addition, RR genotype might also favor the ability to withstand exercise-induced muscle damage, while the beneficial influence of the XX genotype on aerobic exercise performance needs to be validated in human studies. More information is required to unveil the association of ACTN3 genotype with trainability and injury risk during acute or chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Laura M Pérez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucía
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Vukcevic D, Meehan LR, Lee FXZ, Lek M, Roeszler KN, Hogarth MW, Tiong CF, Zannino D, Yang N, Leslie S, Gregorevic P, Head SI, Seto JT, North KN. The Effect of ACTN3 Gene Doping on Skeletal Muscle Performance. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:845-857. [PMID: 29706347 PMCID: PMC5986729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of ACTN3, due to homozygosity of the common null polymorphism (p.Arg577X), is underrepresented in elite sprint/power athletes and has been associated with reduced muscle mass and strength in humans and mice. To investigate ACTN3 gene dosage in performance and whether expression could enhance muscle force, we performed meta-analysis and expression studies. Our general meta-analysis using a Bayesian random effects model in elite sprint/power athlete cohorts demonstrated a consistent homozygous-group effect across studies (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.3-1.6) but substantial heterogeneity in heterozygotes. In mouse muscle, rAAV-mediated gene transfer overexpressed and rescued α-actinin-3 expression. Contrary to expectation, in vivo "doping" of ACTN3 at low to moderate doses demonstrated an absence of any change in function. At high doses, ACTN3 is toxic and detrimental to force generation, to demonstrate gene doping with supposedly performance-enhancing isoforms of sarcomeric proteins can be detrimental for muscle function. Restoration of α-actinin-3 did not enhance muscle mass but highlighted the primary role of α-actinin-3 in modulating muscle metabolism with altered fatiguability. This is the first study to express a Z-disk protein in healthy skeletal muscle and measure the in vivo effect. The sensitive balance of the sarcomeric proteins and muscle function has relevant implications in areas of gene doping in performance and therapy for neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyra R Meehan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Monkol Lek
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chrystal F Tiong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Diana Zannino
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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16
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Agostini G, Holt BM, Relethford JH. Bone functional adaptation does not erase neutral evolutionary information. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:708-729. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Agostini
- Mayo Clinic/ASU Obesity Solutions, School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State UniversityTempe Arizona
| | - Brigitte M. Holt
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst Massachusetts
| | - John H. Relethford
- Department of AnthropologyState University of New York at OneontaOneonta New York
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17
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Abstract
As human longevity increases, recent research has focused on the maintenance of optimal health during old age. One such area of focus is that of muscle function in the elderly, with a loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of negative outcomes such as sarcopenia and a decrease in bone mineral density. In this mini-review, we focus on the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ACTN3, shown to impact muscle phenotype in elite athletes, on loss of muscle function, maintenance of bone mineral density, and metabolic disorder risk in an elderly population. From the surveyed research, this polymorphism has a clear and demonstrable impact on muscle phenotype and bone mineral density in this population, and acts as a potential modulator for metabolic disorders. As such, knowledge of an individual's ACTN3 genotype may better inform the management of risk factors in the elderly, as well as driving innovations in exercise program design. Subsequently, such insights may contribute to the prolonged maintenance of health and function long into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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18
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Miarka B, Brito CJ, Fukuda DH, Barros CC, Goulart C, Dal Bello F, Del Vecchio FB. Influence of ACTN3 R/X gene polymorphisms on racing strategy in rowing athletes. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1416527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Miarka
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Cássia Goulart
- School Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fábio Dal Bello
- Head of Physical Activity and Sports Science Master Program. Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Abend A, Shkedi O, Fertouk M, Caspi LH, Kehat I. Salt-inducible kinase induces cytoplasmic histone deacetylase 4 to promote vascular calcification. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1166-1185. [PMID: 28588072 PMCID: PMC5494505 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathologic osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes arterial calcifications, a process associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The molecular pathways promoting this pathology are not completely understood. We studied VSMCs, mouse aortic rings, and human aortic valves and showed here that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is upregulated early in the calcification process. Gain- and loss-of-function assays demonstrate that HDAC4 is a positive regulator driving this pathology. HDAC4 can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but in VSMCs, the cytoplasmic rather than the nuclear activity of HDAC4 promotes calcification, and a nuclear-localized mutant of HDAC4 fails to promote calcification. The cytoplasmic location and function of HDAC4 is controlled by the activity of salt-inducible kinase (SIK). Pharmacologic inhibition of SIK sends HDAC4 to the nucleus and inhibits the calcification process in VSMCs, aortic rings, and in vivo In the cytoplasm, HDAC4 binds and its activity depends on the adaptor protein ENIGMA (Pdlim7) to promote vascular calcification. These results establish a cytoplasmic role for HDAC4 and identify HDAC4, SIK, and ENIGMA as mediators of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Abend
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omer Shkedi
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Fertouk
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lilac H Caspi
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Izhak Kehat
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Cardiology and the Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Cho J, Lee I, Kang H. ACTN3 Gene and Susceptibility to Sarcopenia and Osteoporotic Status in Older Korean Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4239648. [PMID: 28626757 PMCID: PMC5463164 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4239648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about molecular markers for sarcopenia and osteoporosis in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of the ACTN3 polymorphism with sarcopenia and osteoporotic status in older Korean adults. METHODS Older Korean 62 men and 270 women (mean age 73.7 ± 6.6 years) participated in this study. Body mass index, percent body fatness, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body were analyzed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ACTN3 R/X genotyping was determined using TaqMan probes. RESULTS Determination of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using binary logistic regression analyses showed that XX homozygotes were at a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia (OR = 2.056, 95% CI = 1.024-4.127, p = 0.043) and osteoporosis (OR = 2.794, 95% CI = 1.208-5.461, p = 0.016) than RR homozygotes (reference group, OR = 1). The OR of XX homozygotes for having sarcopenia remained significant (OR = 2.237, 95% CI = 1.044-4.836, p = 0.038) after adjustments for age, gender, body fatness, and serum vitamin D. The OR of XX homozygotes for having osteoporosis was no longer significant (OR = 2.682, 95% CI = 0.960-7.942, p = 0.075) after adjustments for the covariates. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype may influence decline in muscle and bone health phenotypes in older Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Cho
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Lee
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kang
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Exploring the relationship between α-actinin-3 deficiency and obesity in mice and humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1154-1157. [PMID: 28293018 PMCID: PMC5504447 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health crisis, and the identification of genetic modifiers of weight gain is crucial in understanding this complex disorder. A common null polymorphism in the fast fiber-specific gene ACTN3 (R577X) is known to influence skeletal muscle function and metabolism. α-Actinin-3 deficiency occurs in an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide, and results in reduced muscle strength and a shift towards a more efficient oxidative metabolism. The X-allele has undergone strong positive selection during recent human evolution, and in this study, we sought to determine whether ACTN3 genotype influences weight gain and obesity in mice and humans. An Actn3 KO mouse has been generated on two genetic backgrounds (129X1/SvJ and C57BL/6J) and fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% calories from fat). Anthropomorphic features (including body weight) were examined and show that Actn3 KO 129X1/SvJ mice gained less weight compared to WT. In addition, six independent human cohorts were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X (Rs1815739) and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio-adjusted BMI (WHRadjBMI) and obesity-related traits were assessed. In humans, ACTN3 genotype alone does not contribute to alterations in BMI or obesity.
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23
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Min SK, Lim ST, Kim CS. Association of ACTN3 polymorphisms with BMD, and physical fitness of elderly women. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2731-2736. [PMID: 27821924 PMCID: PMC5088115 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Association of ACTN3 polymorphism with bone mineral density and the physical
fitness of elderly women is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the
association between ACTN3 genotype and bone mineral density, and the physical fitness of
elderly women. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-eight elderly women (67.38 ± 3.68 years) were
recruited at a Seongbuk-Gu (Seoul, Korea) Medical Service Public Health Center.
Measurements of physical fitness included muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility,
agility, balance and VO2max. Bone mineral density (BMD), upper limb muscle
mass, lower limb muscle mass, percent body fat and body fat mass for the entire body were
measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and an analyzer. Genotyping for the ACTN3
R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan approach. [Results] ACTN3
gene distribution of subjects were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.694). The
relative bone mineral density trunk, pelvis and spine differed significantly among the
ACTN3 genotypes. There were no significant differences among bone mineral densities of the
head, arms, legs, ribs and total, but the RR genotype tended to be higher than other
genotypes. Physical fitness was not significantly different among the ACTN3 genotypes.
[Conclusion] These results suggest that ACTN3 gene polymorphisms could be used as one of
the genetic determinants of bone mass in elderly women, and in particular, they indicate
that individuals with the RR genotype have higher BMD and bone mineral composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Ki Min
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lim
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Dongduk Women's University, Republic of Korea
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24
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Lee N, Kim J. A review of the effect of swim training and nutrition on bone mineral density in female athletes. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 19:273-9. [PMID: 27274459 PMCID: PMC4886840 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present paper reviews the physiological adaptation to swim training and dietary supplementation relating to bone mineral density (BMD) in female swimmers. Swim training still seems to have conflicting effects on bone health maintenance in athletes. METHODS This review article focuses on swim training combined with dietary supplementation with respect to BMD in female athletes. RESULTS Upon review of previous studies, it became obvious that the majority of studies did not collect physical activity data on the swimmers outside of their swimming activities. These activities may have some influence on the BMD of swimmers and therefore, future studies need to examine additional physical activity history data as well as swim training. This additional information may help to explain why swimmers' BMD tends to be lower than the BMD of control individuals in many studies. Moreover, dietary supplementation such as calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D also affect bone health in swimmers, and it is extremely important to evaluate BMD in the context of dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION A review of the literature suggests that exercise intervention studies, including longitudinal and randomized control trials, need to attempt to introduce various exercise programs to female swimmers in order to determine the optimal exercise prescription for bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namju Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Arts & Sports Science, Jungwon University, Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyu Kim
- Aribio Sports Science Institute, Yongin University, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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25
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GARTON FLEURC, NORTH KATHRYNN. The Effect of Heterozygosity for the ACTN3 Null Allele on Human Muscle Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:509-20. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Garton FC, North KN, Koch LG, Britton SL, Nogales-Gadea G, Lucia A. Rodent models for resolving extremes of exercise and health. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:82-92. [PMID: 26395598 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremes of exercise capacity and health are considered a complex interplay between genes and the environment. In general, the study of animal models has proven critical for deep mechanistic exploration that provides guidance for focused and hypothesis-driven discovery in humans. Hypotheses underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and gene/tissue function can be tested in rodents to generate sufficient evidence to resolve and progress our understanding of human biology. Here we provide examples of three alternative uses of rodent models that have been applied successfully to advance knowledge that bridges our understanding of the connection between exercise capacity and health status. First we review the strong association between exercise capacity and all-cause morbidity and mortality in humans through artificial selection on low and high exercise performance in the rat and the consequent generation of the "energy transfer hypothesis." Second we review specific transgenic and knockout mouse models that replicate the human disease condition and performance. This includes human glycogen storage diseases (McArdle and Pompe) and α-actinin-3 deficiency. Together these rodent models provide an overview of the advancements of molecular knowledge required for clinical translation. Continued study of these models in conjunction with human association studies will be critical to resolving the complex gene-environment interplay linking exercise capacity, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) and Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Deschamps CL, Connors KE, Klein MS, Johnsen VL, Shearer J, Vogel HJ, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Many GM, Barfield W, Hoffman EP, Kraus WE, Hittel DS. The ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Fitness in Healthy Young Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130644. [PMID: 26107372 PMCID: PMC4480966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygosity for a premature stop codon (X) in the ACTN3 “sprinter” gene is common in humans despite the fact that it reduces muscle size, strength and power. Because of the close relationship between skeletal muscle function and cardiometabolic health we examined the influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism over cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of young adults (n = 98 males, n = 102 females; 23 ± 4.2 years) from our Assessing Inherent Markers for Metabolic syndrome in the Young (AIMMY) study. Both males and females with the RR vs XX genotype achieved higher mean VO2 peak scores (47.8 ± 1.5 vs 43.2 ±1.8 ml/O2/min, p = 0.002) and exhibited higher resting systolic (115 ± 2 vs 105 ± mmHg, p = 0.027) and diastolic (69 ± 3 vs 59 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.005) blood pressure suggesting a role for ACTN3 in the maintenance of vascular tone. We subsequently identified the expression of alpha-actinin 3 protein in pulmonary artery smooth muscle, which may explain the genotype-specific differences in cardiovascular adaptation to acute exercise. In addition, we utilized targeted serum metabolomics to distinguish between RR and XX genotypes, suggesting an additional role for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in human metabolism. Taken together, these results identify significant cardiometabolic effects associated with possessing one or more functional copies of the ACTN3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Deschamps
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kimberly E. Connors
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthias S. Klein
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Virginia L. Johnsen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Many
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Whitney Barfield
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke University, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Dustin S. Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Kawao N, Kaji H. Interactions Between Muscle Tissues and Bone Metabolism. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:687-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine; Kinki University Faculty of Medicine; Osakasayama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine; Kinki University Faculty of Medicine; Osakasayama Japan
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29
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Zebrick B, Teeramongkolgul T, Nicot R, Horton MJ, Raoul G, Ferri J, Vieira AR, Sciote JJ. ACTN3 R577X genotypes associate with Class II and deepbite malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:603-11. [PMID: 25439211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION α-Actinins are myofibril anchor proteins that influence the contractile properties of skeletal muscles. ACTN2 is expressed in slow type I and fast type II fibers, whereas ACTN3 is expressed only in fast fibers. ACTN3 homozygosity for the 577X stop codon (ie, changing 577RR to 577XX, the R577X polymorphism) results in the absence of α-actinin-3 in about 18% of Europeans, diminishes fast contractile ability, enhances endurance performance, and reduces bone mass or bone mineral density. We have examined ACTN3 expression and genetic variation in the masseter muscle of orthognathic surgery patients to determine the genotype associations with malocclusion. METHODS Clinical information, masseter muscle biopsies, and saliva samples were obtained from 60 subjects. Genotyping for ACTN3 single nucleotide polymorphisms, real-time polymerase chain reaction quantitation of muscle gene message, and muscle morphometric fiber type properties were compared to determine statistical differences between genotype and phenotype. RESULTS Muscle mRNA expression level was significantly different for ACTN3 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes (P <0.01). The frequency of ACTN3 genotypes was significantly different for the sagittal and vertical classifications of malocclusion, with the clearest association being elevated 577XX genotype in skeletal Class II malocclusion (P = 0.003). This genotype also resulted in significantly smaller diameters of fast type II fibers in masseter muscles (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION ACTN3 577XX is overrepresented in subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion, suggesting a biologic influence during bone growth. ACTN3 577XX is underrepresented in subjects with deepbite malocclusion, suggesting that muscle differences contribute to variations in vertical facial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zebrick
- Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | | | - Romain Nicot
- Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Michael J Horton
- Research assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Gwenael Raoul
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; UDSL, Roger Salengro Hospital, CHU; and INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Joel Ferri
- Professor and head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; UDSL, Roger Salengro Hospital, CHU; and INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Associate professor, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - James J Sciote
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.
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30
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New insights into adhesion signaling in bone formation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:1-68. [PMID: 23890379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineralized tissues that are protective scaffolds in the most primitive species have evolved and acquired more specific functions in modern animals. These are as diverse as support in locomotion, ion homeostasis, and precise hormonal regulation. Bone formation is tightly controlled by a balance between anabolism, in which osteoblasts are the main players, and catabolism mediated by the osteoclasts. The bone matrix is deposited in a cyclic fashion during homeostasis and integrates several environmental cues. These include diffusible elements that would include estrogen or growth factors and physicochemical parameters such as bone matrix composition, stiffness, and mechanical stress. Therefore, the microenvironment is of paramount importance for controlling this delicate equilibrium. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent data highlighting the role of cell-adhesion molecules during bone formation. Due to the very large scope of the topic, we focus mainly on the role of the integrin receptor family during osteogenesis. Bone phenotypes of some deficient mice as well as diseases of human bones involving cell adhesion during this process are discussed in the context of bone physiology.
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31
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Karasik D, Cohen-Zinder M. The genetic pleiotropy of musculoskeletal aging. Front Physiol 2012; 3:303. [PMID: 22934054 PMCID: PMC3429074 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal aging is detrimental to multiple bodily functions and starts early, probably in the fourth decade of an individual's life. Sarcopenia is a health problem that is expected to only increase as a greater portion of the population lives longer; prevalence of the related musculoskeletal diseases is similarly expected to increase. Unraveling the biological and biomechanical associations and molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases represents a formidable challenge. There are two major problems making disentangling the biological complexity of musculoskeletal aging difficult: (a) it is a systemic, rather than "compartmental," problem, which should be approached accordingly, and (b) the aging per se is neither well defined nor reliably measurable. A unique challenge of studying any age-related condition is a need of distinguishing between the "norm" and "pathology," which are interwoven throughout the aging organism. We argue that detecting genes with pleiotropic functions in musculoskeletal aging is needed to provide insights into the potential biological mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences insusceptibility to the musculoskeletal diseases. However, exploring pleiotropic relationships among the system's components is challenging both methodologically and conceptually. We aimed to focus on genetic aspects of the cross-talk between muscle and its "neighboring" tissues and organs (tendon, bone, and cartilage), and to explore the role of genetics to find the new molecular links between skeletal muscle and other parts of the "musculoskeleton." Identification of significant genetic variants underlying the musculoskeletal system's aging is now possible more than ever due to the currently available advanced genomic technologies. In summary, a "holistic" genetic approach is needed to study the systems's normal functioning and the disease predisposition in order to improve musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University Safed, Israel
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Osteoporosis genetics: year 2011 in review. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:114. [PMID: 23951496 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased rates of osteoporotic fractures represent a worldwide phenomenon, which result from a progressing aging in the population around the world and creating socioeconomic problems. This review will focus mostly on human genetic studies identifying genomic regions, genes and mutations associated with osteoporosis (bone mineral density (BMD) and bone loss) and related fractures, which were published during 2011. Although multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to date, the genetic cause of osteoporosis and fractures has not yet been found, and only a small fraction of high heritability of bone mass was successfully explained. GWAS is a successful tool to initially define and prioritize specific chromosomal regions showing associations with the desired traits or diseases. Following the initial discovery and replication, targeted sequencing is needed in order to detect those rare variants which GWAS does not reveal by design. Recent GWAS findings for BMD included WNT16 and MEF2C. The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in fracture healing has been explored by several groups, and new single-nucleotide polymorphisms present in genes such as NOGGIN and SMAD6 were found to be associated with a greater risk of fracture non-union. Finding new candidate genes, and mutations associated with BMD and fractures, also provided new biological connections. Thus, candidates for molecular link between bone metabolism and lactation (for example, RAP1A gene), as well as possible pleiotropic effects for bone and muscle (ACTN3 gene) were suggested. The focus of contemporary studies seems to move toward whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic and functional genomics strategies to find causal variants for osteoporosis.
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