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Silva ACD, Mapa V, Ferreira-Júnior JB, Oliveira ECD, Becker LK, Rosse I, Coelho DB. Progressive strength training can reverse sarcopenia stage in middle-aged and older adults regardless of their genetic profile. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105182. [PMID: 37688919 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the association of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism with sarcopenia stage, according to the Revised European Consensus on the Definition and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia, in middle-aged and older adults, pre- and post- ST. In the 12-week longitudinal study, 71 middle-aged and older adults were evaluated; the participants were assigned to either control or intervention group. The intervention group underwent progressive ST three times a week. All participants underwent blood collection, DNA extraction, genotyping of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism, anthropometric evaluations, and diagnostic tests for sarcopenia. The last two tests were repeated after 12 weeks. No association of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism with sarcopenia stage was observed before and after 12 weeks. However, the intervention group remained non-sarcopenic (n = 25, p <0.05) or achieved changes in sarcopenia stage (from sarcopenic to non-sarcopenic) (n = 13, p <0.05). Our study demonstrates that progressive ST performed regularly can reverse or prevent sarcopenia regardless of genotype for the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Mapa
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João B Ferreira-Júnior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Institute of Southeast Minas Gerais - Campus Rio Pomba, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson C de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lenice K Becker
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izinara Rosse
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Pharmacy, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Coelho
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Balberova OV, Shnayder NA, Bykov EV, Zakaryukin YE, Petrova MM, Soloveva IA, Narodova EA, Chumakova GA, Al-Zamil M, Asadullin AR, Vaiman EE, Trefilova VV, Nasyrova RF. Association of the ACTN3 Gene's Single-Nucleotide Variant Rs1815739 (R577X) with Sports Qualification and Competitive Distance in Caucasian Athletes of the Southern Urals. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1512. [PMID: 37628564 PMCID: PMC10454296 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An elite athlete's status is associated with a multifactorial phenotype depending on many environmental and genetic factors. Of course, the peculiarities of the structure and function of skeletal muscles are among the most important characteristics in the context of athletic performance. PURPOSE To study the associations of SNV rs1815739 (C577T or R577X) allelic variants and genotypes of the ACTN3 gene with qualification and competitive distance in Caucasian athletes of the Southern Urals. METHODS A total of 126 people of European origin who lived in the Southern Urals region took part in this study. The first group included 76 cyclical sports athletes (speed skating, running disciplines in track-and-field): SD (short distances) subgroup-40 sprinters (mean 22.1 ± 2.4 y.o.); LD (long distances) subgroup-36 stayer athletes (mean 22.6 ± 2.7 y.o.). The control group consisted of 50 healthy nonathletes (mean 21.4 ± 2.7 y.o.). We used the Step One Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) device for real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The frequency of the major allele R was significantly higher in the SD subgroup compared to the control subgroup (80% vs. 64%; p-value = 0.04). However, we did not find any significant differences in the frequency of the R allele between the athletes of the SD subgroup and the LD subgroup (80% vs. 59.7%, respectively; p-value > 0.05). The frequency of the X allele was lower in the SD subgroup compared to the LD subgroup (20% vs. 40.3%; p-value = 0.03). The frequency of homozygous genotype RR was higher in the SD subgroup compared to the control group (60.0% vs. 34%; p-value = 0.04). The R allele was associated with competitive distance in the SD group athletes compared to those of the control group (OR = 2.45 (95% CI: 1.02-5.87)). The X allele was associated with competitive distance in the LD subgroup compared to the SD subgroup (OR = 2.7 (95% CI: 1.09-6.68)). CONCLUSIONS Multiplicative and additive inheritance models demonstrated that high athletic performance for sprinters was associated with the homozygous dominant genotype 577RR in cyclical sports athletes of Caucasian origin in the Southern Urals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Balberova
- Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.V.B.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Natalia A. Shnayder
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.V.); (V.V.T.); (R.F.N.)
- Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (I.A.S.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Evgeny V. Bykov
- Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.V.B.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Yuri E. Zakaryukin
- Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.V.B.); (Y.E.Z.)
| | - Marina M. Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (I.A.S.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Irina A. Soloveva
- Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (I.A.S.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Narodova
- Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (I.A.S.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Galina A. Chumakova
- Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice with a Course of Additional Professional Education, Altai State Medical University, 656038 Barnaul, Russia;
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Azat R. Asadullin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Elena E. Vaiman
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.V.); (V.V.T.); (R.F.N.)
| | - Vera V. Trefilova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.V.); (V.V.T.); (R.F.N.)
| | - Regina F. Nasyrova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.V.); (V.V.T.); (R.F.N.)
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
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Lima G, Almeida SS, Silva ED, Rosa JPP, de Souza AL, Sierra APR, Doretto AR, Costa CA, Correia PR, Pesquero JB. Association between basketball playing position and ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in athletes of first division Brazilian Basketball League. Gene 2023; 863:147302. [PMID: 36813062 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic-association studies have shown that some polymorphisms are associated with different aspects of athletic performance, including very specific features, such as players' position in team sports, like soccer, rugby, and Australian football. However, this type of association has not been investigated in Basketball yet. The present study analyzed the association of ACTN3 R577X, AGT M268T, ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 polymorphisms with the position of basketball players. METHODS One hundred fifty-two male athletes from 11 teams of the first division of Brazilian Basketball League and 154 male Brazilian controls were genotyped. The analyses of the ACTN3 R577X and AGT M268T were performed by the allelic discrimination method, while ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 by conventional PCR followed by electrophorese in agarose gel. RESULTS The results showed a significant effect of height on all positions and an association between the genetic polymorphisms analyzed and basketball positions. In addition, a significantly higher frequency of ACTN3 577XX genotype was observed in Point Guards. Also, compared to Point Guard, ACTN3 RR and RX were more prevalent in the Shooting Guard and Small Forward group and RR genotype was also more prevalent in the Power Forward and Center group. CONCLUSION The main finding of our study was the positive association of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and basketball playing position, and a suggestion of genotypes related to strength/power performance with post players and genotypes related to endurance performance with point guard players.
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de Almeida KY, Cetolin T, Marrero AR, Aguiar Junior AS, Mohr P, Kikuchi N. A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2009. [PMID: 36360246 PMCID: PMC9690673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle injuries are among the main reasons for medical leavings of soccer athletes, being a major concern within professional teams and their prevention associated with sport success. Several factors are associated with a greater predisposition to injury, and genetic background is increasingly being investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze whether ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are predictors of the incidence and severity of muscle injury in professional soccer athletes from Brazil, individually and in association. Eighty-three professional athletes from the first and second divisions of the Brazilian Championship were evaluated regarding the polymorphisms through blood samples. Nighty-nine muscle injuries were identified during the seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and categorized according to severity. ACTN3 XX individuals had a higher frequency of severe injuries compared to the RX and RR genotypes (p = 0.001), and in the dominant model (compared to RX+RR), with p < 0.001. The trend p-value test showed an increased number of injuries/season following the order XX > RX > RR (p = 0.045). Those with the ACE II genotype had almost 2 fold the number of injuries per season compared to those with the ID+DD genotypes (p = 0.03). Logistic regression showed that the polymorphisms are predictors of the development of severe injury (ACTN3 R577X model with p = 0.004, R2: 0.259; ACE I/D model with p = 0.045, R2: 0.163), where ACTN3 XX individuals were more likely to suffer from severe injury (OR: 5.141, 95% CI: 1.472-17.961, p = 0.010). The combination of the ACTN3 577X allele and the ACE II genotype showed an increased number of injuries per season, enhanced by 100% (1.682 injuries/season versus 0.868 injuries/season, p = 0.016). Our findings suggest that both polymorphisms ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D (and their interaction) are associated with the susceptibility and severity of non-contact muscle injury in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Y. de Almeida
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan
| | - Tiago Cetolin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88905-120, Brazil
| | - Andrea Rita Marrero
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Mohr
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan
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Taniguchi Y, Makizako H, Nakai Y, Kiuchi Y, Akaida S, Tateishi M, Takenaka T, Kubozono T, Ohishi M. Associations of the Alpha-Actinin Three Genotype with Bone and Muscle Mass Loss among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206172. [PMID: 36294493 PMCID: PMC9605580 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle mass loss are known to occur simultaneously. The alpha-actinin three (ACTN3) genotype has been shown to potentially affect bone and muscle mass. In this study, we investigated the association between the ACTN3 genotype and bone and muscle mass loss in community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 295 participants who participated in a community health checkup. The ACTN3 genotypes were classified as RR, RX, or XX types. Bone mass loss was defined as a calcaneal speed of sound T-score of <−1.32 and <−1.37, and muscle mass loss was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle index of <7.0 kg/m2 and <5.7 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. The percentages of XX, RX, and RR in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group were 33.8%, 30.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, with a significantly higher trend for XX. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that XX had an odds ratio of 3.00 (95% confidence interval 1.05−8.54) of being in the combined bone and muscle mass loss group compared to the RR group (covariates: age, sex, grip strength, and medications). The ACTN3 genotype of XX is associated with a higher rate of comorbid bone and muscle mass loss. Therefore, ACTN3 genotyping should be considered for preventing combined bone and muscle mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5111
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Daiichi Institute of Technology, Kagoshima 899-4395, Japan
| | - Yuto Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Shoma Akaida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mana Tateishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takenaka
- Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan
| | - Takuro Kubozono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Mörseburg A, Pagani L, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Kivisild T. Response to Wyckelsma et al.: Loss of α-actinin-3 during human evolution provides superior cold resilience and muscle heat generation. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:967-972. [PMID: 35523147 PMCID: PMC9118108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The common loss-of-function mutation R577X in the structural muscle protein ACTN3 emerged as a potential target of positive selection from early studies and has been the focus of insightful physiological work suggesting a significant impact on muscle metabolism. Adaptation to cold climates has been proposed as a key adaptive mechanism explaining its global allele frequency patterns. Here, we re-examine this hypothesis analyzing modern (n = 3,626) and ancient (n = 1,651) genomic data by using allele-frequency as well as haplotype homozygosity-based methods. The presented results are more consistent with genetic drift rather than selection in cold climates as the main driver of the ACTN3 R577X frequency distribution in human populations across the world. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Wyckelsma et al. (2021),1 published in The American Journal of Human Genetics. See also the response by Wyckelsma et al. (2022),2 published in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mörseburg
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Boris Malyarchuk
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya str. 18, Magadan 685000, Russia
| | - Miroslava Derenko
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya str. 18, Magadan 685000, Russia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 3000, Belgium.
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Yamaguchi H, Awano H, Yamamoto T, Nambu Y, Iijima K. Serum Cardiac Troponin I is a Candidate Biomarker for Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies. Muscle Nerve 2022; 65:521-530. [PMID: 35174514 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), its relation to cardiomyopathy, and the contribution of the ACTN3 genotype to serum levels of cTnI in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) remain unknown. This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of cTnI, assess whether cTnI is a biomarker for cardiomyopathy in these dystrophinopathies, and evaluate the contribution of the ACTN3 genotype to the serum levels of cTnI in DMD patients. METHODS Serum cTnI values obtained from 127 DMD and 47 BMD patients were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between cTnI and echocardiography data or the ACTN3 XX genotype was assessed. RESULTS The cTnI levels and proportion of patients with abnormal cTnI levels were significantly higher among DMD patients than BMD, especially in the second decade of life. In DMD, the cTnI level reached a maximum at 13 years, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) became abnormal approximately 1 year subsequently. In BMD, the cTnI level peaked at the age of 14 years, and LVEF became abnormal 3 years later. Decreased LVEF was observed after cTnI elevation in both populations. cTnI levels by age in DMD patients with the ACTN3 XX genotype tended to increase significantly and early. DISCUSSION Myocardial injury indicated by cTnI elevation was more common and severe in DMD patients. cTnI elevation preceding cardiac dysfunction may represent an early phase of cardiomyopathy progression and may be a biomarker for early detection of cardiomyopathy in these dystrophinopathies. The ACTN3 XX genotype may be a risk factor for early myocardial injury. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Awano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Nambu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Director, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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de Lima LCR, Bueno Junior CR, de Oliveira Assumpção C, de Menezes Bassan N, Barreto RV, Cardozo AC, Greco CC, Denadai BS. The Impact of ACTN3 Gene Polymorphisms on Susceptibility to Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Changes in Running Economy Following Downhill Running. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769971. [PMID: 34867477 PMCID: PMC8634444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if ACTN3 gene polymorphism impacts the susceptibility to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and changes in running economy (RE) following downhill running. Thirty-five healthy men were allocated to the two groups based on their ACTN3 gene variants: RR and X allele carriers. Neuromuscular function [knee extensor isometric peak torque (IPT), rate of torque development (RTD), and countermovement, and squat jump height], indirect markers of EIMD [muscle soreness, mid-thigh circumference, knee joint range of motion, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity], and RE (oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion) for 5-min of running at a speed equivalent to 80% of individual maximal oxygen uptake speed were assessed before, immediately after, and 1-4 days after a 30-min downhill run (-15%). Neuromuscular function was compromised (P < 0.05) following downhill running with no differences between the groups, except for IPT, which was more affected in the RR individuals compared with the X allele carriers immediately (-24.9 ± 6.9% vs. -16.3 ± 6.5%, respectively) and 4 days (-16.6 ± 14.9% vs. -4.2 ± 9.5%, respectively) post-downhill running. EIMD manifested similarly for both the groups except for serum CK activity, which was greater for RR (398 ± 120 and 452 ± 126 U L-1 at 2 and 4 days following downhill running, respectively) compared with the X allele carriers (273 ± 121 and 352 ± 114 U L-1 at the same time points). RE was compromised following downhill running (16.7 ± 8.3% and 11 ± 7.5% increases in oxygen uptake immediately following downhill running for the RR and X allele carriers, respectively) with no difference between the groups. We conclude that although RR individuals appear to be more susceptible to EIMD following downhill running, this does not extend to the changes in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Coelho Rabello de Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, School of Physical Education, Centro Universitário da Fundação Hermínio Ometto, Araras, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Campus Liceu Salesiano, Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio de Oliveira Assumpção
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Physical Education and Sports Institute, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Natália de Menezes Bassan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso Coscrato Cardozo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Barrón-Cabrera E, Torres-Castillo N, González-Becerra K, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Torres-Valadez R, Hernández-Cañaveral I, Martínez-López E. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with metabolic alterations in a sex-dependent manner in subjects from western Mexico. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021; 35:713-721. [PMID: 34750902 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ACTN3 gene is primarily expressed in fast skeletal muscle fibres. A common nonsense polymorphism in this gene is ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), which causes an absolute deficiency of α-actinin-3 protein and alterations in muscle metabolism. Considering metabolic alterations are influenced by nutrition and genetic factors, as well as lifestyle factors, we hypothesise a possible association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with metabolic alterations. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 397 adults met the inclusion criteria. Body composition was measured by electrical bioimpedance. Dietary data were analysed using Nutritionist Pro™ software. Biochemical variables were determined by dry chemistry. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes and genotyping of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was determined by allelic discrimination using TaqMan probes. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The ACTN3 577XX genotype was associated with high glucose, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and a higher frequency of hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance in women. In males, the genetic variant showed a trend towards significance for insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with metabolic alterations in women and a tendency was observed in men variant carriers. Thus, this common genetic variant could be implicated in the development of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barrón-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nathaly Torres-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karina González-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eloy A Zepeda-Carrillo
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, México.,Hospital Civil Dr Antonio González Guevara, Servicios de Salud de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Rafael Torres-Valadez
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, México.,Unidad Académica de Salud Integral, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Iván Hernández-Cañaveral
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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10
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Pimenta I, Mateus H, Rodrigues-Manica S, Pinheiro-Torres R, Neto A, Domingues L, Lage Crespo C, Sardoo A, Machado P, Branco JC, Silva SN, Pimentel-Santos FM. The Effect of ACTN3 and VDR Polymorphisms on Skeletal Muscle Performance in Axial Spondyloarthropathies. Front Genet 2021; 12:688984. [PMID: 34456969 PMCID: PMC8385750 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.688984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spondyloarthritis (SpA) are the most common group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases affecting about 1.5% of the adult Caucasian population. Low back pain is the most common symptom. The aetiopathogenesis of SpA is multifactorial, with well-known genetic and environmental contributions. Furthermore, muscle properties might also be involved in the pathophysiological process and these could be modulated by the genetic background. Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and Vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes are well-known genes related with muscle performance. Our aim was to analyze four SNPs of these genes and to evaluate their influence in axial SpA (axSpA) susceptibility, phenotype and muscle properties. Methods We performed a pilot study based on case-control approach involving 56 participants: 28 axSpA patients and 28 healthy controls matched by age, gender and levels of physical activity. Clinical, epidemiological and muscle characterization data—muscle physical properties (stiffness, tone, and elasticity), strength, mass, and performance, were collected. Two different muscles were considered for analysis, the Multifidus and Gastrocnemius. Four SNPs of ACTN3 (rs1815739) and VDR (rs2228570, rs731236, and rs7975232), were selected, analyzed and correlated with clinical, epidemiological and muscle characterization data. Results In total, 51 individuals (27 axSpA patients and 24 matched controls) were eligible for further genetic analysis, 66.7% being male and with a mean age of 36 years. Muscle physical properties, muscle strength and muscle mass were similar in both groups; however, axSpA patients showed a decrease in muscle performance. None of the studied SNPs were associated with disease susceptibility/phenotype, muscle physical properties, muscle strength or muscle mass. However, ACTN3 rs1815739 and VDR rs2228570 were shown to be associated with muscle performance. Conclusion Our results suggest an association between ACTN3 and VDR polymorphisms and muscle performance in axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pimenta
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Mateus
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Santiago Rodrigues-Manica
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Serviço de Reumatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Pinheiro-Torres
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Serviço de Reumatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Agna Neto
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Serviço de Reumatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Domingues
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lage Crespo
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Atlas Sardoo
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Machado
- Centre for Rheumatology and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime C Branco
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Serviço de Reumatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana N Silva
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Pimentel-Santos
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Serviço de Reumatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTS We investigated the association of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms with the performance of Chinese elite female soccer athletes for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS The genotype distributions of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X in the athlete group and the control group of Chinese females were evaluated via PCR and compared. VO2max value was tested as per standard protocol. RESULTS Regarding the distribution of ACE polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was indifferent between the athletes (II 40 %, ID 46.7 %, DD 13.3 %) and the controls (II 42 %, ID 48 %, DD 10 %). No difference in the I/D allele frequency was observed between the athlete group and the control group. Regarding the distribution of ACTN3 polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was significantly different between the athletes (XX 0 %, XR 53.3 %, RR 46.7 %) and the controls (XX 16 %, XR 44 %, RR 40 %). The allele frequency was observed no different between the athlete and the control group. The ACE ID and ACTN3 RR genotype combination was associated with higher VO2max values among defenders than among other players. According to VO2max values,The ACE and ACTN3 genotype combinations (II/ID/DD + RR/XR) significantly differed between the athletes and the controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggested that the Chinese elite female soccer athletes were more likely to harbor the I allele and the R allele and that the combination of ACE II/ID and ACTN3 RR/XR was a synergetic determinant of the athletic performance of females in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Hubei Olympic Center , High-tech Road No.1 of the East Lake High-tech Zone, Hubei, 430050, Wuhan, China. .,Hubei Institute of Sports Science, Hubei Olympic Center , High-tech Road No.1 of the East Lake High-tech Zone, Hubei, 430050, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Fernández-Araque A, Giaquinta-Aranda A, Rodríguez-Díez JA, Carretero-Molinero S, López-López J, Verde Z. Muscular Strength and Quality of Life in Older Adults: The Role of ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1055. [PMID: 33504021 PMCID: PMC7908609 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As longevity is increasing, the 65-year-old and older population is projected to increase in the next decades, as are the consequences of age-related muscle deterioration on the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of the ACTN3R577X polymorphism with quality of life and muscular strength in an older Spanish population. In total, 281 older adults participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, chronic diseases, prescribed medications, quality of life, hand grip strength, and physical activity and nutritional status data were collected. ACTN3 R577X genotyping was determined using Taqman probes. Multivariate regression analysis revealed in adjusted model that, in men, the ACTN3 R577X genotype was significantly associated with hand grip strength (HGS), regression coefficient (β) = 1.23, p = 0.008, dimension 1 of the five-dimension questionnaire EuroQoL (EQ-5D, mobility), (β) = -1.44, p = 0.006, and clinical group risk (CGR) category (β) = -1.38, p = 0.006. In women, a marginal association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and the CGR category was observed, with a regression coefficient of (β) = -0.97, (p = 0.024). Our findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype may influence the decline in muscle strength and quality of life in older Spanish adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Araque
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Andrea Giaquinta-Aranda
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Jose Andrés Rodríguez-Díez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Silvia Carretero-Molinero
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Jorge López-López
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Zoraida Verde
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
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13
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Abstract
Despite strong evidence of an inheritable component of muscle phenotypes, little progress has been made in identifying the specific genetic factors involved in the development of sarcopenia. Even rarer are studies that focus on predicting the risk of sarcopenia based on a genetic risk score. In the present study, we tested the single and combined effect of seven candidate gene variants on the risk of sarcopenia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes were genotyped using the KASP assay. We examined 190 older adults that were classified as non-sarcopenic or sarcopenic according to the diagnostic criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia was associated with Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 genotypes. The combined effect of all three polymorphisms explained 39% of the interindividual variation in sarcopenia risk. Our results suggest that the single and combined effect of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 polymorphism is associated with sarcopenia risk in older adults. Nowadays, as the population is getting older and older, great efforts are being made to research the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. At the same time, small progress has been made in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia. Given the importance of research on this disease, further genetic studies are needed to better understand the genetic risk underlying sarcopenia. We believe that this small-scale study will help to demonstrate that there is still much to be discovered in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Urzi
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Pokorny
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.,Environmental Protection College, Velenje, Slovenia
| | - Elena Buzan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.,Environmental Protection College, Velenje, Slovenia
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14
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Romero-Blanco C, Artiga González MJ, Gómez-Cabello A, Vila-Maldonado S, Casajús JA, Ara I, Aznar S. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism related to sarcopenia and physical fitness in active older women. Climacteric 2020; 24:89-94. [PMID: 32602369 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1776248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population is getting older, physical activity promotion becomes a good strategy to increase quality of life in the elderly; but genetic condition also plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with physical fitness and muscle mass in physically active older women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with two groups of older women who practiced physical exercise regularly. The first cohort comprised 164 women (age 69.7 ± 3.2 years) and the second cohort 131 women (age 78.5 ± 3.0 years). The main outcome measures were anthropometric measures with assessment of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, self-reported physical activity EXERNET questionnaire (EEPAQ), evaluation of physical fitness (muscle strength and flexibility test), and ACTN3 genotyping. RESULTS Women above 75 years old with allele R presented a higher risk of experiencing sarcopenia compared to ACTNR XX homozygous women (odds ratio 0.356, 95% confidence interval 0.139-0.915, p = 0.026). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the chair stand test (p = 0.04), as well as in the sit and reach test (p = 0.01), with better results for women below 75 years old with the ACTN3 XX genotype. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and physical fitness show differences based on the ACTN3 R577X genotype in active older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romero-Blanco
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Vila-Maldonado
- GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Ara
- CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - S Aznar
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Harada N, Gotoda Y, Hatakeyama A, Nakagawa T, Miyatake Y, Kuroda M, Masumoto S, Tsutsumi R, Nakaya Y, Sakaue H. Differential regulation of Actn2 and Actn3 expression during unfolded protein response in C2C12 myotubes. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:199-209. [PMID: 32451822 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ACTN2 and ACTN3 encode sarcomeric α-actinin-2 and α-actinin-3 proteins, respectively, that constitute the Z-line in mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. In human ACTN3, a nonsense mutation at codon 577 that encodes arginine (R) produces the R577X polymorphism. Individuals having a homozygous 577XX genotype do not produce α-actinin-3 protein. The 577XX genotype reportedly occurs in sprint and power athletes in frequency lower than in the normal population, suggesting that α-actinin-3 deficiency diminishes fast-type muscle function. Among humans who carry 577R alleles, varying ACTN3 expression levels under certain conditions can have diverse effects on atheletic and muscle performance. However, the factors that regulate ACTN3 expression are unclear. Here we investigated whether the unfolded protein response (UPR) under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates expression of Actn3 and its isoform Actn2 in mouse C2C12 myotubes. Among UPR-related transcription factors, XBP1 upregulated Actn2, whereas XBP1, ATF4 and ATF6 downregulated Actn3 promoter activity. Chemical induction of ER stress increased Actn2 mRNA levels, but decreased those for Actn3. ER stress also decreased α-actinin-3 protein levels, whereas levels of α-actinin-2 were unchanged. The intracellular composition of muscle contraction-related proteins was altered under ER stress, in that expression of parvalbumin (a fast-twitch muscle-specific protein) and troponin I type 1 (skeletal, slow) was suppressed. siRNA-induced suppression of Actn3 mimicked the inhibitory effect of ER stress on parvalbumin levels. Thus, endogenous expression levels of α-actinin-3 can be altered by ER stress, which may modulate muscle performance and athletic aptitudes, particularly in humans who carry ACTN3 577R alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan. .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuka Gotoda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Adzumi Hatakeyama
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Saeko Masumoto
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1, Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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16
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Romero-Blanco C, Artiga-González MJ, Gómez-Cabello A, Vila-Maldonado S, Casajús JA, Ara I, Aznar S. Strength and Endurance Training in Older Women in Relation to ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D Polymorphisms. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17041236. [PMID: 32075076 PMCID: PMC7068405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of two genetic polymorphisms, ACTN3R577X, and ACE I/D, on physical condition in a sample of active older women after a two-year training period. The sample was composed of 300 healthy women over the age of 60 who underwent a two-year training program. Adapted tests from the Senior Fitness Test were used. The genotyping of the polymorphisms was obtained from the participants’ DNA via buccal swabs. The analysis of the ACE polymorphism did not reveal differences between genotypes. The analysis of the R577X polymorphism showed a favorable effect for the ACTN3 XX genotype in tests for leg strength (p: 0.001) after training, compared to the other genotypes, and also in the analysis of the combined effect of the polymorphism (ACE II + ACTN3 RX/XX). The intragroup effect revealed an improvement in arm strength for carriers of the X allele after 24 months of training (p < 0.05). The endurance values significantly worsened in all study groups. Conclusions: The R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 may have an important role in capacities related to muscle strength, providing a beneficial effect for carriers of the X allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romero-Blanco
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain;
| | | | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Sara Vila-Maldonado
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (S.V.-M.); (I.A.)
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (S.V.-M.); (I.A.)
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aznar
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain;
- CIBERFES Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Health Aging, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-268-800 (ext. 5545)
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17
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Goleva-Fjellet S, Bjurholt AM, Kure EH, Larsen IK, Støren Ø, Sæbø M. Distribution of allele frequencies for genes associated with physical activity and/or physical capacity in a homogenous Norwegian cohort- a cross-sectional study. BMC Genet 2020; 21:8. [PMID: 31973699 PMCID: PMC6979285 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are large individual differences in physical activity (PA) behavior as well as trainability of physical capacity. Heritability studies have shown that genes may have as much impact on exercise participation behavior as environmental factors. Genes that favor both trainability and participation may increase the levels of PA. The present study aimed to assess the allele frequencies in genes associated with PA and/or physical capacity, and to see if there is any association between these polymorphisms and self-reported PA levels in a cohort of middle-aged Norwegians of Scandinavian descent (n = 831; mean age mean age (± SD) 55.5 ± 3.8 years). RESULTS The genotype distributions of the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D and MAOA uVNTR polymorphisms were similar to other populations of European descent. When comparing the genotype distribution between the low/medium level PA group (LMPA) and high level PA groups (HPA), a significant difference in ACTN3 577X allele distribution was found. The X allele frequency was 10% lower in the HPA level group (P = 0.006). There were no differences in the genotype distribution of the ACE I/D or MAOA uVNTR polymorphism. Education and previous participation in sports or outdoor activities was positively associated with the self-reported PA levels (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and PA level in middle-aged Scandinavians. Nevertheless, the contribution of a single polymorphism to a complex trait, like PA level, is likely small. Socioeconomic variables, as education and previous participation in sports or outdoor activities, are positively associated with the self-reported PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannija Goleva-Fjellet
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway.
| | - Anne Mari Bjurholt
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| | - Elin H Kure
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
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18
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Abstract
Background During the process of acclimatization, when our organism needs to adjust several metabolic processes in the attempt of establishing a better oxygenation, it is normal that individuals present some symptoms that can lead to the disease of the mountain. However, not everyone presents such symptoms and individuals native of high altitudes regions present genetic differences compared to natives of low altitudes which can generate a better acute adaptation. One of these differences is the higher proportion of type I muscle fibers, which may originate from the R577X polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene. The aim of this study was to compare the response of individuals with different ACTN3 genotypes at simulated 4500 m altitude on the presence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) symptoms. Twenty-three volunteers (RR = 7, RX = 8, XX = 8) spent 4 hours exposed to a simulated altitude of 4500 m inside a normobaric hypoxia chamber. Lactate and glucose concentrations, SpO2, heart rate and the symptoms of AMS were analyzed immediately before entering the chamber and at each hour of exposure. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software. Results Our results point to an association between AMS symptoms and the presence of R allele from R577X polymorphism. Conclusion We conclude that individuals with at least one R allele of the R577X polymorphism seems to be more susceptible to the effects of hypoxia during the acclimatization process and may develop AMS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Muller Bottura
- 1Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP, Botucatu Street, 862, First Floor, Vila Clementino, SP, ZIP, São Paulo, 04023062 Brazil
| | | | - Debora Cristina Hipolide
- 1Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP, Botucatu Street, 862, First Floor, Vila Clementino, SP, ZIP, São Paulo, 04023062 Brazil
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19
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Yang X, Pang Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Yang S, Wang J, Hu K, Wang J, Jing H, Ke X, Fu L. High Expression Levels of ACTN1 and ACTN3 Indicate Unfavorable Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Cancer 2019; 10:4286-4292. [PMID: 31413748 PMCID: PMC6691690 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Actinins are major cytoskeletal proteins that mediate sarcomere function, and they also have important non-muscle functions such as regulating cytokinesis, cell adhesion and migration. There are four isoforms of actinins in mammals (ACTN1-4). Recently, the relationship between actinins and cancer has been discovered in many types of malignancy, yet their prognostic significance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. Methods: We collected data of 155 de novo AML patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database; 85 patients received chemotherapy only and 70 patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We divided each treatment groups into sub-groups based on the median expression levels of ACTN1-4. Results: Survival analysis showed that in the chemotherapy-only group, high ACTN1 and ACTN3 expression were associated with shorter event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis suggested that high expression of ACTN1 and ACTN3 (p<0.05) were independent poor prognostic factors. In the allo-HSCT group, ACTN1-4 expression had no impact on survival. Conclusions: Our study suggested that high expression levels of ACTN1 and ACTN3 adversely affected the survival of AML patients, but their harmful impact could be overcome by allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yifan Pang
- Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xinpei Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Gaoqi Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongmei Jing
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
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20
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Bello L, Pegoraro E. The "Usual Suspects": Genes for Inflammation, Fibrosis, Regeneration, and Muscle Strength Modify Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E649. [PMID: 31083420 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most severe form of dystrophinopathy, is quite homogeneous with regards to its causative biochemical defect, i.e., complete dystrophin deficiency, but not so much with regards to its phenotype. For instance, muscle weakness progresses to the loss of independent ambulation at a variable age, starting from before 10 years, to even after 16 years (with glucocorticoid treatment). Identifying the bases of such variability is relevant for patient counseling, prognosis, stratification in trials, and identification of therapeutic targets. To date, variants in five loci have been associated with variability in human DMD sub-phenotypes: SPP1, LTBP4, CD40, ACTN3, and THBS1. Four of these genes (SPP1, LTBP4, CD40, and THBS1) are implicated in several interconnected molecular pathways regulating inflammatory response to muscle damage, regeneration, and fibrosis; while ACTN3 is known as “the gene for speed”, as it contains a common truncating polymorphism (18% of the general population), which reduces muscle power and sprint performance. Studies leading to the identification of these modifiers were mostly based on a “candidate gene” approach, hence the identification of modifiers in “usual suspect” pathways, which are already known to modify muscle in disease or health. Unbiased approaches that are based on genome mapping have so far been applied only initially, but they will probably represent the focus of future developments in this field, and will hopefully identify novel, “unsuspected” therapeutic targets. In this article, we summarize the state of the art of modifier loci of human dystrophin deficiency, and attempt to assess their relevance and implications on both clinical management and translational research.
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21
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Potocka N, Penar-Zadarko B, Skrzypa M, Braun M, Zadarko-Domaradzka M, Ozimek M, Nizioł-Babiarz E, Barabasz Z, Zawlik I, Zadarko E. Association of ACTN3 Polymorphism with Body Somatotype and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Healthy Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16091489. [PMID: 31035544 PMCID: PMC6540183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ACTN3 encodes the protein α-actinin-3, which affects the muscle phenotype. In the present study, we examined the association of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with body somatotype and cardiorespiratory fitness in young, healthy adults. The study group included 304 young adults, in whom cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated and the maximum oxygen uptake was determined directly. The somatotype components were calculated according to the Heath-Carter method. Genotyping for the ACTN3 gene was performed using a polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting analysis. In the female group, a lower maximal heart rate (HRmax) was more strongly associated with the RR genotype (p = 0.0216) than with the RX and XX genotypes. In the male group, the ACTN3 RX genotype, as compared with other genotypes, tended to be associated with a lower percentage of adipose tissue (p = 0.0683), as also reflected by the body mass index (p = 0.0816). ACTN3 gene polymorphism may affect cardiorespiratory fitness. Our analysis of ACTN3 gene polymorphism does not clearly illustrate the relationships among genotype, body composition, and somatotype in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Potocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Beata Penar-Zadarko
- Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
- Innovative Research Laboratory in Nursing, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Marzena Skrzypa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland.
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka
- Department of Human Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Ozimek
- Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Nizioł-Babiarz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Barabasz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Izabela Zawlik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
- Department of Genetics, Institution of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Emilian Zadarko
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
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22
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Jacob Y, Chivers P, Anderton RS. Genetic predictors of match performance in sub-elite Australian football players: A pilot study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2018; 17:41-46. [PMID: 30740132 PMCID: PMC6353729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine whether previously identified candidate polymorphisms were associated with match performance in sub-elite Australian Rules Football (ARF) players. The genotypes of thirty players were analysed along with 3x1-kilometre time trial results, ARF-specific skill assessments (handball and kicking), and match performance (direct game involvements) per minute (DGIs/min) to investigate if there was a relationship between any of the variables. Results support previous findings that aerobic time trials are a significant predictor of DGIs/min in sub-elite ARF players. Significant associations were found for genotypes ADRB2 CC (p = .001), PPARGC1A AA (p = .001), PPARGC1A AG (p < .001), ACE ID (p < .001), COMT AA (p = .003), BDNF AG (p = .008), ADRB1 CC (p = .018) and ADRB3 CC (p = .010) and the 3x1-kilometre time trials (p < .001). In the current study, a variant in the DRD2 gene was a strong predictor of handball possessions during a match. Significance was seen for variants in the BDNF and COMT genes when the kicking and handball skill test results were combined and used in a linear mixed model to predict DGIs/min, suggesting a potential relationship with motor learning. The confirmation of genetic predictors of player performance in a team sport, such as ARF, suggests a portion of the physiological mechanisms of skill and ARF-specific talent may be explained by the expression of a specific number of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysabel Jacob
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
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23
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Koku FE, Karamızrak SO, Çiftçi AS, Taşlıdere H, Durmaz B, Çoğulu Ö. The relationship between ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism and physical performance in amateur soccer players and sedentary individuals. Biol Sport 2019; 36:9-16. [PMID: 30899134 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism in soccer players and sedentary individuals, and to investigate the relationship of this distribution with performance tests. A total of 100 soccer players and 101 sedentary individuals were enrolled in the study. Standing long jump and countermovement jump (with arm swing, without arm swing and repeated) scores were recorded, using a jump meter. Maximum VO2 levels were measured using a treadmill-connected cardiopulmonary exercise device, Masterscreen CPX. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was evaluated by real-time PCR. ACTN3 R577X genotype distribution was found to be similar in soccer players and controls (p>0.05). The only statistically significant finding was a shorter countermovement jump with arm swing scores in the RR-genotyped soccer players, compared with their RX genotyped counterparts (p<0.05). In the soccer player group, RX-genotyped subjects were observed to have lower respiratory threshold values compared with RR-genotyped subjects (p<0.05). No significant correlation was detected between this distribution and performance test results. ACTN3 R577X genotype distribution was found to have no effect on sprint and endurance characteristics in amateur soccer players. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism may not be a specific enough genetic marker to determine athletic performance in soccer.
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24
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Zhang Q, Cao Y, Chen J, Shen J, Ke D, Wang X, Ji J, Xu Y, Zhang W, Shen Y, Wang D, Pan D, Wang Z, Shi Y, Cheng S, Zhao Y, Lu D. ACTN3 is associated with children's physical fitness in Han Chinese. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:47-56. [PMID: 30167790 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ACTN3 gene locates on 11q13-q14 and encodes the α-actinin-3 protein, which is only expressed in human skeletal muscle and influenced muscle function and metabolism. The previous studies reported that SNP rs1815739 is associated with elite power athletes' performance. In this study, we investigated the association between five SNPs within the ACTN3 gene and Chinese children physical fitness. We recruited 2244 Han Chinese children participants, and measured their 25-m run, stand broad jump, 10-m shuttle run, handgrip, BMI (calculated by weight and height) data. SNPs rs1671064, rs2275998, rs2290463, rs10791881, and rs1815739 of ACTN3 gene were genotyped and analyzed in five physical fitness data. QTL analysis on genotype and physical fitness data was carried out in all samples. Furthermore, a dichotomous division of samples into an overweight group (543) and a normal group (1701) was used for an association study of overweight. In the QTL analysis, we found rs2290463 was significantly associated with stand broad jump (corrected P value = 0.009, beta = 2.692). After added age and gender as covariates in the regression test, the association became more significant (P value = 5.80 × 10- 5, corrected P value = 4.06 × 10- 4); when we used BMI as a covariate, the association still existed (P value = 4.65 × 10- 4, corrected P value = 0.001). In the association study of overweight, rs2275998 was found to be significant (OR, 95% CI = 0.733 [0.6-0.895]; Pallele = 0.011, Pgenotype = 0.024) after the Bonferroni correction, and the association did not change much after a further correction for gender, age, and stand broad jump performance. Our results showed that common variants in ACTN3 are significantly associated with both stand broad jump performance and overweight in Han Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yixuan Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jiawei Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Dandan Ke
- Human Sports Science Department, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Human Sports Science Department, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jue Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yinhuan Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dun Pan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Shulin Cheng
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200042, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200042, China
| | - Dajiang Lu
- Human Sports Science Department, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, 200438, China
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25
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Jacob Y, Spiteri T, Hart NH, Anderton RS. The Potential Role of Genetic Markers in Talent Identification and Athlete Assessment in Elite Sport. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E88. [PMID: 30200182 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In elite sporting codes, the identification and promotion of future athletes into specialised talent pathways is heavily reliant upon objective physical, technical, and tactical characteristics, in addition to subjective coach assessments. Despite the availability of a plethora of assessments, the dependence on subjective forms of identification remain commonplace in most sporting codes. More recently, genetic markers, including several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been correlated with enhanced aerobic capacity, strength, and an overall increase in athletic ability. In this review, we discuss the effects of a number of candidate genes on athletic performance, across single-skilled and multifaceted sporting codes, and propose additional markers for the identification of motor skill acquisition and learning. While displaying some inconsistencies, both the ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms appear to be more prevalent in strength and endurance sporting teams, and have been found to correlate to physical assessments. More recently, a number of polymorphisms reportedly correlating to athlete performance have gained attention, however inconsistent research design and varying sports make it difficult to ascertain the relevance to the wider sporting population. In elucidating the role of genetic markers in athleticism, existing talent identification protocols may significantly improve—and ultimately enable—targeted resourcing in junior talent pathways.
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26
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Harada N, Hatakeyama A, Okuyama M, Miyatake Y, Nakagawa T, Kuroda M, Masumoto S, Tsutsumi R, Nakaya Y, Sakaue H. Readthrough of ACTN3 577X nonsense mutation produces full-length α-actinin-3 protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:422-428. [PMID: 29857001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ACTN3 gene encodes α-actinin-3 protein, which stabilizes the contractile apparatus at the Z-line in skeletal muscle cell fast fibers. A nonsense mutation of the arginine (R) at the codon for amino acid 577 of the ACTN3 gene generates a premature termination codon (PTC) and produces the R577X polymorphism in humans (X specifies translational termination). The ACTN3 577X genotype abolishes α-actinin-3 protein production due to targeted degradation of the mutant transcript by the cellular nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) system, which requires mRNA splicing. In humans, α-actinin-3 deficiency can decrease sprinting and power performance as well as skeletal muscle mass and strength. Here we investigated whether suppression of the in-frame PTC induced by treatment with the aminoglycosides gentamicin and G418 that promote termination codon readthrough could allow production of full-length α-actinin-3 protein from ACTN3 577X. We constructed expression plasmids encoding mature mRNA that lacks introns or pre-mRNA, which carries introns for the ACTN3 577X gene (X and Xpre, respectively) and transfected the constructs into HEK293 cells. Similar constructs for the ACTN3 577R gene were used as controls. HEK293 cells carrying the X gene, but not the Xpre gene, expressed exogenous truncated α-actinin-3 protein, indicating NMD-mediated suppression of exogenous Xpre expression. Cells treated with aminoglycosides produced exogenous full-length α-actinin-3 protein in X-transfected cells, but not in Xpre-transfected cells. The NMD inhibitor caffeine prevented suppression of Xpre expression and thereby induced production of full-length α-actinin-3 protein in the presence of aminoglycoside. Together these results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism could be a novel target for readthrough therapy, which may affect athletic and muscle performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Adzumi Hatakeyama
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Maiko Okuyama
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Saeko Masumoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503, Japan
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27
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Garton FC, Houweling PJ, Vukcevic D, Meehan LR, Lee FXZ, Lek M, Roeszler KN, Hogarth MW, Tiong CF, Zannino D, Yang N, Leslie S, Gregorevic P, Head SI, Seto JT, North KN. The Effect of ACTN3 Gene Doping on Skeletal Muscle Performance. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:845-857. [PMID: 29706347 PMCID: PMC5986729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of ACTN3, due to homozygosity of the common null polymorphism (p.Arg577X), is underrepresented in elite sprint/power athletes and has been associated with reduced muscle mass and strength in humans and mice. To investigate ACTN3 gene dosage in performance and whether expression could enhance muscle force, we performed meta-analysis and expression studies. Our general meta-analysis using a Bayesian random effects model in elite sprint/power athlete cohorts demonstrated a consistent homozygous-group effect across studies (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.3-1.6) but substantial heterogeneity in heterozygotes. In mouse muscle, rAAV-mediated gene transfer overexpressed and rescued α-actinin-3 expression. Contrary to expectation, in vivo "doping" of ACTN3 at low to moderate doses demonstrated an absence of any change in function. At high doses, ACTN3 is toxic and detrimental to force generation, to demonstrate gene doping with supposedly performance-enhancing isoforms of sarcomeric proteins can be detrimental for muscle function. Restoration of α-actinin-3 did not enhance muscle mass but highlighted the primary role of α-actinin-3 in modulating muscle metabolism with altered fatiguability. This is the first study to express a Z-disk protein in healthy skeletal muscle and measure the in vivo effect. The sensitive balance of the sarcomeric proteins and muscle function has relevant implications in areas of gene doping in performance and therapy for neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyra R Meehan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Monkol Lek
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marshall W Hogarth
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chrystal F Tiong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Diana Zannino
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
As human longevity increases, recent research has focused on the maintenance of optimal health during old age. One such area of focus is that of muscle function in the elderly, with a loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of negative outcomes such as sarcopenia and a decrease in bone mineral density. In this mini-review, we focus on the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ACTN3, shown to impact muscle phenotype in elite athletes, on loss of muscle function, maintenance of bone mineral density, and metabolic disorder risk in an elderly population. From the surveyed research, this polymorphism has a clear and demonstrable impact on muscle phenotype and bone mineral density in this population, and acts as a potential modulator for metabolic disorders. As such, knowledge of an individual’s ACTN3 genotype may better inform the management of risk factors in the elderly, as well as driving innovations in exercise program design. Subsequently, such insights may contribute to the prolonged maintenance of health and function long into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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29
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Kumagai H, Tobina T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Kakigi R, Tsuzuki T, Zempo H, Shiose K, Yoshimura E, Kumahara H, Ayabe M, Higaki Y, Yamada R, Kobayashi H, Kiyonaga A, Naito H, Tanaka H, Fuku N. Role of selected polymorphisms in determining muscle fiber composition in Japanese men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1377-1384. [PMID: 29345962 PMCID: PMC6008072 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00953.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms and sex differences are suggested to affect muscle fiber composition; however, no study has investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms on muscle fiber composition with respect to sex differences. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of genetic polymorphisms on muscle fiber composition with respect to sex differences in the Japanese population. The present study included 211 healthy Japanese individuals (102 men and 109 women). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis to determine the proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, and MHC-IIx). Moreover, we analyzed polymorphisms in α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3; rs1815739), angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE; rs4341), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α gene (rs11549465), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 gene (rs1870377), and angiotensin II receptor, type 2 gene (rs11091046), by TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays. The proportion of MHC-I was 9.8% lower in men than in women, whereas the proportion of MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx was higher in men than in women (5.0 and 4.6%, respectively). Men with the ACTN3 RR + RX genotype had a 4.8% higher proportion of MHC-IIx than those with the ACTN3 XX genotype. Moreover, men with the ACE ID + DD genotype had a 4.7% higher proportion of MHC-I than those with the ACE II genotype. Furthermore, a combined genotype of ACTN3 R577X and ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) was significantly correlated with the proportion of MHC-I (r = −0.23) and MHC-IIx (r = 0.27) in men. In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between the examined polymorphisms and muscle fiber composition in women. These results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms independently affect the proportion of human skeletal muscle fibers MHC-I and MHC-IIx in men but not in women. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In men, the RR + RX genotype of the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism was associated with a higher proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC)-IIx. The ID + DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, in contrast to a previous finding, was associated with a higher proportion of MHC-I in men. In addition, the combined genotype of these polymorphisms was correlated with the proportion of MHC-I and MHC-IIx in men. Thus ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms influence the muscle fiber composition in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan.,Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takuro Tobina
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan.,Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Seiei College , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Keisuke Shiose
- Japan Institute of Sports Science , Tokyo , Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hideaki Kumahara
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Makoto Ayabe
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Akira Kiyonaga
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
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30
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Papadimitriou ID, Lockey SJ, Voisin S, Herbert AJ, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Sawczuk M, Massidda M, Calò CM, Astratenkova IV, Kouvatsi A, Druzhevskaya AM, Jacques M, Ahmetov II, Stebbings GK, Heffernan S, Day SH, Erskine R, Pedlar C, Kipps C, North KN, Williams AG, Eynon N. No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:13. [PMID: 29298672 PMCID: PMC5753575 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating associations between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and endurance athletic status have been limited by small sample sizes from mixed sport disciplines and lack quantitative measures of performance. AIM To examine the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and best personal running times in a large homogeneous cohort of endurance runners. METHODS We collected a total of 1064 personal best 1500, 3000, 5000 m and marathon running times of 698 male and female Caucasian endurance athletes from six countries (Australia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia and UK). Athletes were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. RESULTS There was no association between ACTN3 R577X or ACE I/D genotype and running performance at any distance in men or women. Mean (SD) marathon times (in s) were for men: ACTN3 RR 9149 (593), RX 9221 (582), XX 9129 (582) p = 0.94; ACE DD 9182 (665), ID 9214 (549), II 9155 (492) p = 0.85; for women: ACTN3 RR 10796 (818), RX 10667 (695), XX 10675 (553) p = 0.36; ACE DD 10604 (561), ID 10766 (740), II 10771 (708) p = 0.21. Furthermore, there were no associations between these variants and running time for any distance in a sub-analysis of athletes with personal records within 20% of world records. CONCLUSIONS Thus, consistent with most case-control studies, this multi-cohort quantitative analysis demonstrates it is unlikely that ACTN3 XX genotype provides an advantage in competitive endurance running performance. For ACE II genotype, some prior studies show an association but others do not. Our data indicate it is also unlikely that ACE II genotype provides an advantage in endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Fleur Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Shane Heffernan
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Robert Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alun G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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31
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Durmic TS, Zdravkovic MD, Djelic MN, Gavrilovic TD, Djordjevic Saranovic SA, Plavsic JN, Mirkovic SV, Batinic DV, Antic MN, Mihailovic ZR, Atanasijevic NG, Mileusnic MJ, Stojkovic OV. Polymorphisms in ACE and ACTN3 Genes and Blood Pressure Response to Acute Exercise in Elite Male Athletes from Serbia. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 243:311-320. [PMID: 29269700 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.243.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological adaptations to various types of prolonged and intensive physical activity, as seen in elite athletes from different sports, include changes in blood pressure (BP) response to acute exercise. Also, functional polymorphisms of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and alfa-actinin-3 (ACTN3) genes are shown to be associated with BP parameters changes, both in athletes and sedentary population. In this study, an Alu insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in ACE gene, as well as nonsense mutation in the gene encoding ACTN3 have been scored in 107 elite Serbian athletes classified according to their sporting discipline to power/sprint (short distance runners/swimmers), endurance (rowers, footballers, middle-distance swimmers) or mixed sports (water polo, handball, volleyball players). Presence of nonfunctional allele in ACTN3 is associated with significantly increased maximal systolic BP (SBPmax, p = 0.04). Athletes with Alu insertion in ACE had significantly (p = 0.006) larger decline of systolic BP after 3 minutes of recovery (SBPR3), calculated as the percentage of maximal SBP response during exercise stress testing. Concomitant presence of non-functional variant in ACTN3 gene decreased this beneficiary effect of ACE mutation on SBPR3. Long term enrollment in power/sprint sports significantly increased resting diastolic BP (DBPrest: 74 mmHg) and SBPmax (197 mmHg) and improved SBPR3 (74.8%) compared to enrolment in endurance (72 mmHg; 178 mmHg; 81.1%) and mixed sports (69 mmHg; 185 mmHg; 80.0%). Lack of the effect of genotype by sport interaction on BP parameters suggests that the long-term effects of different disciplines on BP are not mediated by these two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana S Durmic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade
| | - Marija D Zdravkovic
- University Hospital Medical Center Bezanijska Kosa, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade
| | - Marina N Djelic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of medicine, University of Belgrade
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoran R Mihailovic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade
| | | | | | - Oliver V Stojkovic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade
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32
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Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, research has focused on attempting to understand the genetic influence on sports performance. This has led to the identification of a number of candidate genes which may help differentiate between elite and non-elite athletes. One of the most promising genes in that regard is ACTN3, which has commonly been referred to as “a gene for speed”. Recent research has examined the influence of this gene on other performance phenotypes, including exercise adaptation, exercise recovery, and sporting injury risk. In this review, we identified 19 studies exploring these phenotypes. Whilst there was large variation in the results of these studies, as well as extremely heterogeneous cohorts, there is overall a tentative consensus that ACTN3 genotype can impact the phenotypes of interest. In particular, the R allele of a common polymorphism (R577X) is associated with enhanced improvements in strength, protection from eccentric training-induced muscle damage, and sports injury. This illustrates that ACTN3 is more than just a gene for speed, with potentially wide-ranging influence on muscle function, knowledge of which may aid in the future personalization of exercise training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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33
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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34
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Malhotra S, Preet K, Tomar A, Rawat S, Singh S, Singh I, Varte LR, Chatterjee T, Pal MS, Sarkar S. Polygenic study of endurance-associated genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T) in male Gorkha soldiers. Sports Med Open 2017; 3:17. [PMID: 28444615 PMCID: PMC5405041 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Gorkhas, a sub-mountainous population of the Himalayan region, are known for strength and bravery. In the present study when “Gorkha” is used without brackets, we are mentioning Gorkhas of Tibeto-Burman origin. Physical capability, strength and endurance are important components of fitness associated with genetic traits. The aim of this study was to examine the endurance potential of male Gorkha soldiers, based on endurance-related genetic markers ACE I/D, ACTN3 Arg (R)577Ter(X), CKMM A/G NcoI and eNOS Glu(G)298Asp(T). Methods Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 374 male Gorkha soldiers (Tibeto-Burman). These frequencies were compared with frequencies obtained from Gorkha (Indo-Aryan), high-altitude natives (Tibeto-Burman) and Indian lowlanders (Indo-Aryan). “Total genotype score” (TGS) was calculated from accumulated combination of polymorphisms with maximum value “100” for theoretically “optimal” polygenic score. Probability of occurrence of “optimal” endurance profile was also determined. Results ACE II genotypic frequency was highest in Tamangs followed by Gurungs, Rais, Limbus and Magars. No statistical difference in genotypic and allelic frequency of ACTN3 Arg(R)577Ter(X) was noted within the groups. Rais showed the highest CKMM A allele frequency (0.908) compared to other Gorkha (Tibeto-Burman) groups. Limbus and Tamangs showed the highest eNOS G allele frequency (0.938 and 0.915, respectively) compared to that of other groups. Probability of male Gorkha soldiers possessing a theoretically optimal polygenic endurance profile for four candidate polymorphisms was ~3.35% (1 in 30). Four percent of the population of male Gorkha soldiers (15 in 374) exhibited an optimal TGS 100, and 16% exhibited TGS 87 for endurance compared to male Indian soldiers belonging to the lowland (Indo-Aryan) and Gorkha (Indo-Aryan) populations suggesting an overall more “favourable” polygenic profile in the male Gorkha soldier (Tibeto-Burman) population. Conclusions This study presents evidence of higher frequency of endurance-associated genes in the Gorkhas implying thereby that such genetically endowed individuals from the population may be selected and trained for achieving excellence in endurance-related elite sports activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0085-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Malhotra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Kiran Preet
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Arvind Tomar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE). Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sayar Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Inderjeet Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - L Robert Varte
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Tirthankar Chatterjee
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - M S Pal
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Soma Sarkar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence. Government of India, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India.
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35
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Belli T, Crisp AH, Verlengia R. Greater muscle damage in athletes with ACTN3 R577X (RS1815739) gene polymorphism after an ultra-endurance race: a pilot study. Biol Sport 2017; 34:105-10. [PMID: 28566803 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.64583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism on muscle damage responses in athletes competing in an ultra-endurance race. Twenty moderate to well-trained ultra-runners who had entered in an official 37.1 km adventure race (22.1 km mountain biking, 10.9 km trekking, 4.1 km water trekking, 30 m rope course, and orienteering) volunteered for the study. Blood samples were collected for genotyping and analysis of muscle protein levels before and after the race. Percentage changes (pre- to post-race) of serum myoglobin [XX = 5,377% vs. RX/RR = 1,666%; P = 0.005, effect size (ES) = 1.73], creatine kinase (XX = 836.5% vs. RX/RR = 455%; P = 0.04, ES = 1.29), lactate dehydrogenase (XX = 82% vs. RX/RR = 65%; P = 0.002, ES = 1.61), and aspartate aminotransferase (XX = 148% vs. RX/RR = 75%; P = 0.02, ES = 1.77) were significantly greater for XX than RX/RR genotypes. ES analysis confirmed a large magnitude of muscle damage in XX genotype ultra-runners. Therefore, athletes with the ACTN3 577XX genotype experienced more muscle damage after an adventure race. This suggests that ultra-runners with alpha-actinin-3 deficiency may be more susceptible to rhabdomyolysis and associated health complications during ultra-endurance competitions.
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Min SK, Lim ST, Kim CS. Association of ACTN3 polymorphisms with BMD, and physical fitness of elderly women. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2731-2736. [PMID: 27821924 PMCID: PMC5088115 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Association of ACTN3 polymorphism with bone mineral density and the physical
fitness of elderly women is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the
association between ACTN3 genotype and bone mineral density, and the physical fitness of
elderly women. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-eight elderly women (67.38 ± 3.68 years) were
recruited at a Seongbuk-Gu (Seoul, Korea) Medical Service Public Health Center.
Measurements of physical fitness included muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility,
agility, balance and VO2max. Bone mineral density (BMD), upper limb muscle
mass, lower limb muscle mass, percent body fat and body fat mass for the entire body were
measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and an analyzer. Genotyping for the ACTN3
R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan approach. [Results] ACTN3
gene distribution of subjects were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.694). The
relative bone mineral density trunk, pelvis and spine differed significantly among the
ACTN3 genotypes. There were no significant differences among bone mineral densities of the
head, arms, legs, ribs and total, but the RR genotype tended to be higher than other
genotypes. Physical fitness was not significantly different among the ACTN3 genotypes.
[Conclusion] These results suggest that ACTN3 gene polymorphisms could be used as one of
the genetic determinants of bone mass in elderly women, and in particular, they indicate
that individuals with the RR genotype have higher BMD and bone mineral composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Ki Min
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lim
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Dongduk Women's University, Republic of Korea
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Jung H, Lee N, Park S. Interaction of ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle imbalance effects on kinematic efficiency in combat sports athletes. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-7. [PMID: 27508148 PMCID: PMC4977906 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.06.20.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle imbalance effects on kinematic efficiency changes in combat sports athletes. [Methods] Six types of combat sports athletes (Judo, Taekwondo, boxing, kendo, wrestling, and Korean Ssi-reum) participated in the study. ATCN3 gene polymorphism and muscle imbalance in lower extremity were evaluated followed by analysis of differences of moment in hip, knee, and ankle joint during V-cut jumping and stop. To examine the moment difference due to an interaction of ATCN3 polymorphism and muscle imbalance, all participants were divided into 4 groups (R+MB, R+MIB, X+MB, and X+MIB). [Results] There was no significant difference of hip, knee, and ankle joint moment in R allele and X allele during V-cut jumping and stop based on ACTN3 gene polymorphism. Otherwise, muscle imbalance of knee moment in X-axis and ground reaction force of knee in Z-axis showed a higher significance in muscle imbalance during V-cut jumping and stop compared to muscle balance (p<0.05). In addition, joint analysis showed that muscle imbalance in X allele group had significantly higher knee moment of V-cut ground reaction force in X-axis and higher ankle moment of jumping ground reaction force in X and Z-axis compared to muscle balance with R and/or X group (p <0.05). [Conclusion] This study confirmed that muscle imbalance in lower extremity of combat athletes might induce higher risk factors of sports injury incidence than genetic factor and training might reduce the ratio of sports injury risk incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansang Jung
- College of Sports Science, Kangnam University, Yongin-si, Gyoenggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Namju Lee
- Department of Sports Health Medicine, School of Sports Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Park
- Department of Sports Leadership, College of Natural Science, Kwangwoon University, Seoul Republic of Korea
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Papadimitriou ID, Lucia A, Pitsiladis YP, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Orekhov EF, Artioli GG, Guilherme JPLF, Lancha AH, Ginevičienė V, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Muniesa CA, Kouvatsi A, Massidda M, Calò CM, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Wang G, Austin K, Druzhevskaya AM, Astratenkova IV, Ahmetov II, Bishop DJ, North KN, Eynon N. ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:285. [PMID: 27075997 PMCID: PMC4831144 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, studies investigating the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants and elite sprint/power performance have been limited by small cohorts from mixed sport disciplines, without quantitative measures of performance. Aim: To examine the association between these variants and sprint time in elite athletes. Methods We collected a total of 555 best personal 100-, 200-, and 400-m times of 346 elite sprinters in a large cohort of elite Caucasian or African origin sprinters from 10 different countries. Sprinters were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. Results On average, male Caucasian sprinters with the ACTN3 577RR or the ACE DD genotype had faster best 200-m sprint time than their 577XX (21.19 ± 0.53 s vs. 21.86 ± 0.54 s, p = 0.016) and ACE II (21.33 ± 0.56 vs. 21.93 ± 0.67 sec, p = 0.004) counterparts and only one case of ACE II, and no cases of ACTN3 577XX, had a faster 200-m time than the 2012 London Olympics qualifying (vs. 12 qualified sprinters with 577RR or 577RX genotype). Caucasian sprinters with the ACE DD genotype had faster best 400-m sprint time than their ACE II counterparts (46.94 ± 1.19 s vs. 48.50 ± 1.07 s, p = 0.003). Using genetic models we found that the ACTN3 577R allele and ACE D allele dominant model account for 0.92 % and 1.48 % of sprint time variance, respectively. Conclusions Despite sprint performance relying on many gene variants and environment, the % sprint time variance explained by ACE and ACTN3 is substantial at the elite level and might be the difference between a world record and only making the final. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Vladimir P Pushkarev
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Urals Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Guilherme G Artioli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio H Lancha
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Sport Education, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Carlos A Muniesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fleur Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Guan Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Krista Austin
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Department of Physiology, St Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | | | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
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Bosnyák E, Trájer E, Udvardy A, Komka Z, Protzner A, Kováts T, Györe I, Tóth M, Pucsok J, Szmodis M. ACE and ACTN3 genes polymorphisms among female Hungarian athletes in the aspect of sport disciplines. Acta Physiol Hung 2015; 102:451-8. [PMID: 26690037 DOI: 10.1556/036.102.2015.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the importance of two sport-associated gene polymorphisms, alpha-actinin-3 R577X (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D (ACE), among Hungarian athletes in different sports. The examination was carried out only on women (n = 100). Sport-specific groups were formed in order to guarantee the most homogeneous clusters. Human genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. To measure the differences between the participating groups, Chi-squared test was performed using Statistica 9.0 for Windows® (significance level: p < 0.05). In comparing the ACE I/D allele frequencies, significant difference was detected between water polo (I = 61.11%; D = 38.89%) and combat sports (I = 35.71%, D = 64.29%) athletes (p < 0.03). There was no statistical difference when ACE I/D alleles in combat sports and kayaking/rowing (p > 0.05) were compared. A similarity was detectable in the I allele frequencies of the water polo (61.11%) and kayaking/rowing (56.67%) groups. The ACTN3 R/X polymorphism showed no differences in comparison with the sport groups. R allele frequencies were higher in every group compared to the X allele. The potential significance of the ACE I allele in sports of an aerobic nature was not clearly confirmed among Hungarian athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bosnyák
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - E Trájer
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - A Udvardy
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - Z Komka
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - A Protzner
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - T Kováts
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - I Györe
- Health Centre of Hungarian Defence Force , Kecskemét , Hungary
| | - M Tóth
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
| | - J Pucsok
- National Institute for Sports Medicine , Budapest , Hungary
| | - M Szmodis
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education , Alkotás utca 44, H-1123, Budapest , Hungary
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Ulucan K, Sercan C, Biyikli T. Distribution of Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion and α-Actinin-3 Codon 577 Polymorphisms in Turkish Male Soccer Players. Genet Epigenet 2015; 7:1-4. [PMID: 26448692 PMCID: PMC4578552 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s31479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) gene and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene polymorphisms are considered to be the most important candidate genes for genetic predisposition to human athletic performance. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the distribution of ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms for the first time in male Turkish soccer players. In this prospective study, our cohort consisted of 25 professional players, all with Turkish ancestry. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction length polymorphism was used for the characterization of the genotype of ACTN3 and single PCR for ACE. For ACE genotype, 16%, 44%, and 40% of the players had insertion/insertion (II), insertion/deletion (ID), and deletion/deletion (DD) genotypes, respectively, whereas 20% had XX, 36% had RX, and 44% had RR genotypes for ACTN3. When we examined the allelic percentages, for ACE, D allele was recorded as 62 and I as 38, and for ACTN3, R allele was 62 and X was 38. Our results were in agreement with the previous reports, indicating the presence of ACTN3 D and ACE X allele in soccer players. We suggest that ACE and ACTN3 genotypes are important biomarkers for genetic counseling for the individuals who are prone to be successful soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korkut Ulucan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Sercan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türker Biyikli
- Department of Coach Training, School of Physical Education and Sports, Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Murphy ACH, Young PW. The actinin family of actin cross-linking proteins - a genetic perspective. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:49. [PMID: 26312134 PMCID: PMC4550062 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinins are one of the major actin cross-linking proteins found in virtually all cell types and are the ancestral proteins of a larger family that includes spectrin, dystrophin and utrophin. Invertebrates have a single actinin-encoding ACTN gene, while mammals have four. Mutations in all four human genes have now been linked to heritable diseases or traits. ACTN1 mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia, a platelet disorder characterized by excessive bleeding. ACTN2 mutations have been linked to a range of cardiomyopathies, and ACTN4 mutations cause a kidney condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Intriguingly, approximately 16 % of people worldwide are homozygous for a nonsense mutation in ACTN3 that abolishes actinin-3 protein expression. This ACTN3 null allele has undergone recent positive selection in specific human populations, which may be linked to improved endurance and adaptation to colder climates. In this review we discuss the human genetics of the ACTN gene family, as well as ACTN gene knockout studies in several model organisms. Observations from both of these areas provide insights into the evolution and cellular functions of actinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C H Murphy
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W Young
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Pasqua LA, Bueno S, Matsuda M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva PHN, Bertuzzi R. The genetics of human running: ACTN3 polymorphism as an evolutionary tool improving the energy economy during locomotion. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 43:255-60. [PMID: 26148057 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covering long distances was an important trait to human evolution and continues to be highlighted for health and athletic status. This ability is benefitted by a low cost of locomotion (CoL), meaning that the individuals who are able to expend less energy would be able to cover longer distances. The CoL has been shown to be influenced by distinct and even 'opposite' factors, such as physiological and muscular characteristics, which are genetically inherited. In this way, DNA alterations could be important determinants of the characteristics associated with the CoL. A polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (R577X) has been related to physical performance, associating the X allele with endurance and the R allele with strength/power abilities. AIM To investigate the influence of ACTN3 genotypes on the CoL. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty healthy male individuals performed two constant speed tests (at 10 and 12 km/h) to determine the CoL. RESULTS Interestingly, the results showed that heterozygous individuals (RX genotype) presented significantly lower CoL compared to RR and XX individuals. CONCLUSIONS It is argued that RX genotype might generate an intermediate strength-to-endurance phenotype, leading to a better phenotypic profile for energy economy during running and, consequently, for long-term locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pasqua
- a Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport
| | - Salomão Bueno
- a Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport
| | | | - Mônica V Marquezini
- c Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil , and
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- d Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , PE , Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- c Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil , and
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- a Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport .,d Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , PE , Brazil
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Ben-Zaken S, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Rabinovich M, Kassem E, Meckel Y. ACTN3 Polymorphism: Comparison Between Elite Swimmers and Runners. Sports Med Open 2015; 1:13. [PMID: 26284168 PMCID: PMC4532721 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The human ACTN3 gene encodes α-actinin-3, an actin-binding protein with a pivotal role in muscle structure and metabolism. A common genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 577 of the ACTN3 results in the replacement of an arginine (R) with a stop codon (X). The R allele is a normal functional version of the gene, whereas the X allele contains a sequence change that completely stops production of functional α-actinin-3 protein. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was found to be associated with power athletic performance especially among track and field athletes. The aim of the current study was to compare allelic and genotype frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism among runners and swimmers specializing in different distances, and >non-athletic controls. Methods One hundred and thirty-seven runners, 91 swimmers and 217 controls, participated in the study. Runners were assigned to two subgroups according to their event specialty—long-distance runners (LDR) and short-distance runners (SDR). Swimmers were also assigned to two subgroups according to their main swimming event—long-distance swimmers (LDS) and short-distance swimmers (SDS). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral EDTA-treated anti-coagulated blood using a standard protocol. Genotypes were determined using the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Results Runners’ genotype and allele differed significantly between LDR, SDR, and controls, with the lowest prevalence of RR genotype and R allele among LDR. XX genotype and X allele prevalence was significantly higher among LDR compared to the other groups (p < 0.01 for all). On the other hand, swimmers’ genotype and allele frequencies did not differ significantly between subgroups (LDS and SDS). Yet, LDS had significantly higher RR genotype and R allele frequencies compared to LDR. Conclusions The findings suggest that while ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is a genetic polymorphism that may distinguish between SDR and LDR, it cannot differentiate significantly between SDS and LDS. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01319032 Key Points ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is largely associated with running events specialization, with high prevalence of RR genotype and R allele frequency among short-distance runners compare to long-distance runners. Unlike in running, ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is not associated with swimming specialization. The inability of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism to distinguish between swimmers specializing in different events, presumably since other factors such as body physique, technique, tactics, etc., are more likely to determine such a distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, 42902 Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Rabinovich
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, 42902 Israel
| | - Eias Kassem
- Pediatric Department, Hillel-Yafe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, 42902 Israel
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Pasqua LA, Bueno S, Artioli GG, Lancha AH, Matsuda M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva PHN, Bertuzzi R. Influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on ventilatory thresholds related to endurance performance. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:163-70. [PMID: 25939605 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the association between ACTN3 polymorphism and physiological parameters related to endurance performance. A total of 150 healthy male volunteers performed a maximal incremental running test to determine the speeds corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Participants were genotyped and divided into terciles based on the analysed variables. Genotype frequencies were compared through χ(2) test between lower and higher terciles, with the lowest or highest values of each analysed variable. ACTN3 XX genotype was over-represented in higher tercile for VT and RCP. Odds ratio also showed significantly higher chances of XX individuals to be in higher tercile compared to RR (7.3) and RR + RX (3.5) for VT and compared to RR genotype (8.1) and RR + RX (3.4) for RCP. Thus, XX individuals could attain the VT and RCP at higher speeds, suggesting that they are able to sustain higher running speeds in lower exercise intensity domains. It could result in higher lipid acids oxidation, saving muscle glycogen and delaying the fatigue during prolonged exercises, which could be the advantage mechanism of this genotype to endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pasqua
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Salomão Bueno
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- b Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Antônio H Lancha
- b Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- c Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Mônica V Marquezini
- d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- e Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (CAV) , Federal University of Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , PE , Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- a Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Grenda A, Leońska-Duniec A, Kaczmarczyk M, Ficek K, Król P, Cięszczyk P, Zmijewski P. Interaction Between ACE I/D and ACTN3 R557X Polymorphisms in Polish Competitive Swimmers. J Hum Kinet 2014; 42:127-36. [PMID: 25414746 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the ACE ID / ACTN3 R577X genotype combination was associated with sprint and endurance performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the interaction between both ACE ID and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms and sprint and endurance performance in swimmers. Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using GenElute Mammalian Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (Sigma, Germany). All samples were genotyped using a real-time poly- merase chain reaction. The ACE I/D and the ACTN3 R577X genotype frequencies met Hardy-Weinberg expectations in both swimmers and controls. When the two swimmer groups, long distance swimmers (LDS) and short distance swimmers (SDS), were compared with control subjects in a single test, a significant association was found only for the ACE polymorphism, but not for ACTN3. Additionally, four ACE/ACTN3 combined genotypes (ID/RX, ID/XX, II/RX and II/XX) were statistically significant for the LDS versus Control comparison, but none for the SDS versus Control comparison. The ACE I/D and the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms did not show any association with sprint swimming, taken individually or in combination. In spite of numerous previous reports of associations with athletic status or sprint performance in other sports, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, in contrast to ACE I/D, was not significantly associated with elite swimming status when considered individually. However, the combined analysis of the two loci suggests that the co-occurrence of the ACE I and ACTN3 X alleles may be beneficial to swimmers who compete in long distance races.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been proposed to regulate skeletal muscle differentiation and hypertrophy through its interaction with the signalling protein calcineurin. Since the inhibition of calcineurin potentiates the production of testosterone, we hypothesized that α-actinin-3 deficiency (predicted from the ACTN3 XX genotype) may influence serum levels of testosterone of athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism with resting testosterone levels in athletes. METHODS A total of 209 elite Russian athletes from different sports (119 males, 90 females) were genotyped for ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism by real-time PCR. Resting testosterone was examined in serum of athletes using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The mean testosterone levels were significantly higher in both males and females with the ACTN3 R allele than in XX homozygotes (males: RR: 24.9 (5.7), RX: 21.8 (5.5), XX: 18.6 (4.9) ng · mL(-1), P = 0.0071; females: RR: 1.43 (0.6), RX: 1.21 (0.71), XX: 0.79 (0.66) ng · mL(-1), P = 0.0167). CONCLUSIONS We found that the ACTN3 R allele was associated with high levels of testosterone in athletes, and this may explain, in part, the association between the ACTN3 RR genotype, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and power athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Ahmetov
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Education Research Laboratory, Kazan, Russia ; Kazan State Medical University, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan, Russia
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47
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Kim JH, Jung ES, Kim CH, Youn H, Kim HR. Genetic associations of body composition, flexibility and injury risk with ACE, ACTN3 and COL5A1 polymorphisms in Korean ballerinas. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:205-14. [PMID: 25566457 PMCID: PMC4241924 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to exam the association of body composition, flexibility, and injury risk to genetic polymorphisms including ACE ID, ACTN3 RX, and COL5A1 polymorphisms in ballet dancers in Korea. METHODS For the purpose of this study, elite ballerinas (n = 97) and normal female adults (n = 203) aged 18 to 39 were recruited and these participants were tested for body weight, height, body fat, fat free mass, flexibility, injury risks on the joints and gene polymorphisms (ACE, ACTN3, COL5A1 polymorphism). RESULTS As results, the ACE DD genotype in ballerinas was associated with higher body fat and percentage of body fat than the ACE II and ID genotypes (p < 0.05). In the study on the ACTN3 polymorphism and ballerinas, the XX genotype in ballerinas had lower body weight and lower fat-free mass than the RR and RX genotype (p < 0.005). Also, the means of sit and reach test for flexibility was lower in the ACTN3 XX genotype of ballerinas than the RR and RX genotype of ballerinas (p < 0.05). Among the sports injuries, the ankle injury of the XX-genotyped ballerinas was in significantly more prevalence than the RR and XX-genotyped ballerinas (p < 0.05). According to the odd ratio analysis, XX-genotyped ballerinas have the injury risk on the ankle about 4.7 (95% CI: 1.6~13.4, p < 0.05) times more than the RR and RX-genotyped ballerinas. Meanwhile, the COL5A1 polymorphism in ballerinas has no association with any factors including flexibility and injury risks. CONCLUSION In conclusion, ACE polymorphism and ACTN3 polymorphism were associated with ballerinas' performance capacity; COL5A1 was not associated with any factors of performance of Ballerinas. The results suggested that the ACE DD genotype is associated with high body fat, the ACTN3 XX genotype is associated with low fat-free mass, low flexibility, and higher risk of ankle-joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- School of Dance, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- School of Dance, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Hyeon Youn
- Department of Judo, Yong In University, Yong In, Korea
| | - Hwa Rye Kim
- School of Dance, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Fattahi Z, Najmabadi H. Prevalence of ACTN3 (the athlete gene) R577X polymorphism in Iranian population. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012; 14:617-22. [PMID: 23285413 PMCID: PMC3518978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ability of athletes in speed or endurance contests somehow is determined by inherited muscle fiber types. One of the important genes involved in sport genetics is ACTN3 that is located on chromosome 11q13-q14 and encodes α-actinin-3, which belongs to highly conserved family of α-actinin proteins. Genetic analysis of α-actinin-3 gene has showed a polymorphism R577X (rs1815739), which results in premature stop codon and leads to non functional α-actnin-3 protein. ACTN3 genotype can contribute to the performance in elite and endurance activities. R577X polymorphism replaces arginine by stop codon. Individuals homozygous for R577 have full copy of α-actinin-3 and elite and power sprint athletes show significantly higher frequency of 577R allele. In the other hand, some studies represented that X allele have high level of frequency in endurance athletes. However, this data remains controversial Since there is no information about the frequency of ACTN3 genotype in our population therefore as the first step it is essential to determine the genetic background of Iranian population. The objective of this study was to genotype normal Iranian individuals to determine the prevalence of each allele in our population. METHODS We used PCR-RFLP method for genotyping 210 normal individuals. RESULTS Total of 210 Iranian normal individuals for distribution of R577X and R alleles were genotyped. The different genotypes were as follow; 24% RR (50/210), 65%RX (136/210) and 11%XX (24/210), with allelic distribution of 0.56 and 0.44 for 577R and 577X alleles of ACTN3. CONCLUSION This allelic distribution for Iranian's is more close to Caucasian population, which is concurrent with the route of ancient human's migration from Iran Plateau toward Europe. Our results showed no different patterns of allelic distribution among female and males, which was the same in other studies too, although some differences has been reported in the studies on athletes population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fattahi
- Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Hossein Najmabadi, Ph.D. Prof. of Medical & Molecular Genetics Head & Director of the Genetic Research Centre University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 19834. Tel.: +98-21-22180138, Fax: +98-21-22180138, E-mail:
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