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Egbueri JC. A multi-model study for understanding the contamination mechanisms, toxicity and health risks of hardness, sulfate, and nitrate in natural water resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61626-61658. [PMID: 36928703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several water quality contaminants have attracted the attention of numerous researchers globally, in recent times. Although the toxicity and health risk assessments of sulfate and water hardness have not received obvious attention, nitrate contamination has gained peculiar research interest globally. In the present paper, multiple data-driven indexical, graphical, and soft computational models were integrated for a detailed assessment and predictive modeling of the contamination mechanisms, toxicity, and human health risks of natural waters in Southeast Nigeria. Majority of the tested physicochemical parameters were within their satisfactory limits for drinking and other purposes. However, total hardness (TH), SO4, and NO3 were above stipulated limits in some locations. A nitrate health risk assessment revealed that certain areas present a chronic health risk to children, females, and males due to water intake. However, the dermal absorption route was found to have negligible health risks. SO4 in some locations was above the 100 mg/L Nigerian limit; thus, heightening the potential health effects due to intake of the contaminated water resources. Most samples had low TH values, which exposes users to health defects. There are mixed contamination mechanisms in the area, according to graphical plots, R-mode hierarchical dendrogram, factor analysis, and stoichiometry. However, geogenic mechanisms predominate over human-related mechanisms. Based on the results, a composite diagrammatic model was developed. Furthermore, predictive radial basis function (RBF) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models accurately predicted the TH, SO4, and NO3, with the RBF outperforming the MLR models. Insights from the RBF and MLR models were useful in validating the results of the hierarchical dendrogram, factor, stoichiometric, and graphical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnbosco C Egbueri
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Yu Y, Wang Y, Hou X, Tian F. Recent advances in the identification of related factors and preventive strategies of hip fracture. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1006527. [PMID: 36992874 PMCID: PMC10040558 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1006527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hip fracture is the most devastating type of osteoporosis-related fracture, and is a major worldwide public health problem with a high socioeconomic burden, morbidity rate, and mortality rate. Thus, it is crucial to uncover the risk factors and protective factors to create a hip fracture prevention strategy. In addition to a briefly review of some well accepted risk and protective factors of hip fracture, this review mainly summarized the recent advances in the identification of emerging risk or protective factors for hip fracture, in terms of regional differences in medical services, diseases, drugs, mechanical load, neuromuscular mass, genes, blood types, cultural differences. This review provides a comprehensive review of the associated factors and effective prevention measures for hip fracture, and discusses issues that need further investigation. These issues include the determination of the influencing mechanism of risk factors triggering hip fracture and their interlinked correlation with other factors, as well as the confirmation or correction of emerging factors associated with hip fracture, particularly those that are still controversial. These recent findings will aid in optimizing the strategy for preventing hip fracture.
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Cowan AC, Clemens KK, Sontrop JM, Dixon SN, Killin L, Anderson S, Acedillo RR, Bagga A, Bohm C, Brown PA, Cote B, Dev V, Harris C, Hiremath S, Kiaii M, Lacson E, Molnar AO, Oliver MJ, Parmar MS, McRae JM, Nathoo B, Quinn K, Shah N, Silver SA, Tascona DJ, Thompson S, Ting RH, Tonelli M, Vorster H, Wadehra DB, Wald R, Wolf M, Garg AX. Magnesium and Fracture Risk in the General Population and Patients Receiving Dialysis: A Narrative Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231154183. [PMID: 36814964 PMCID: PMC9940170 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231154183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Magnesium is an essential mineral for bone metabolism, but little is known about how magnesium intake alters fracture risk. We conducted a narrative review to better understand how magnesium intake, through supplementation, diet, or altering the concentration of dialysate magnesium, affects mineral bone disease and the risk of fracture in individuals across the spectrum of kidney disease. Sources of Information Peer-reviewed clinical trials and observational studies. Methods We searched for relevant articles in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The methodologic quality of clinical trials was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black criteria checklist. Key Findings The role of magnesium intake in fracture prevention is unclear in both the general population and in patients receiving maintenance dialysis. In those with normal kidney function, 2 meta-analyses showed higher bone mineral density in those with higher dietary magnesium, whereas 1 systematic review showed no effect on fracture risk. In patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, a higher concentration of dialysate magnesium is associated with a lower concentration of parathyroid hormone, but little is known about other bone-related outcomes. In 2 observational studies of patients receiving hemodialysis, a higher concentration of serum magnesium was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture. Limitations This narrative review included only articles written in English. Observed effects of magnesium intake in the general population may not be applicable to those with chronic kidney disease particularly in those receiving dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Cowan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada,Andrea C. Cowan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Road, Room ELL-215, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Kristin K. Clemens
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M. Sontrop
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie N. Dixon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada,Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Rey R. Acedillo
- Department of Medicine, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada
| | | | - Clara Bohm
- Chronic Disease Innovation Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Pierre Antoine Brown
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brenden Cote
- Patient Partner, London Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada
| | - Varun Dev
- Humber River Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mercedeh Kiaii
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Lacson
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amber O. Molnar
- Department of Medicine, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Oliver
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer M. McRae
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Samuel A. Silver
- Division of Nephrology, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen’s University, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron Wald
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Myles Wolf
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amit X. Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada
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Nsabimana A, Li P, Wang Y, Alam SMK. Variation and multi-time series prediction of total hardness in groundwater of the Guanzhong Plain (China) using grey Markov model. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:899. [PMID: 36269437 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Total hardness (TH) is an important index representing the water suitability for domestic purpose. TH is represented mainly by Ca2+ and Mg2+ which are essential elements for human bone development. Between 2000 and 2015, the TH values of groundwater in major cities of the Guanzhong Plain varied significantly. The study was carried out to investigate TH variation over 16 years and to examine how effective the grey Markov model was in predicting TH concentrations in time series datasets. The hydrochemical parameters determining TH concentration and their origins were investigated using statistical analysis and geochemical models. The grey Markov model, which is effective in short time series prediction, was used to forecast the multi-time series of TH. The findings demonstrated a prevalence of HCO3- and SO42- in the groundwater types combined with calcite precipitation, gypsum, and dolomite dissolution that increased the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3-, influencing TH variation. The predicted TH values of the eight monitoring wells for the year 2016 were 1213.66, 124.30, 203.66, 103.01, 349.56, 251.23, 453.31, and 471.81 mg/L, respectively. Datasets with low TH variation were more accurately predicted than datasets with high TH variation. This was especially observed on sample B557 where TH concentration in 2010 was 400.33 mg/L and suddenly dropped to 90.1, 82.6, 85.1, 87.6, and 75.1 mg/L in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively. The study also shows that the Markov chain model can optimize the GM(1,1) model and improve the prediction accuracy significantly. All samples in Weinan City and one sample in Xi'an City showed a significant decrease in TH concentration. Except one sample in Xi'an City, TH concentrations tended to rise in the other cities (Baoji, Xianyang) of the Guanzhong Plain. This study verified the reliability of the grey Markov model in terms of forecasting time series datasets with high variability, and the results can be referential to similar studies in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Nsabimana
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - S M Khorshed Alam
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
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Rapant S, Letkovičová A, Jurkovičová D, Kosmovský V, Kožíšek F, Jurkovič Ľ. Differences in health status of Slovak municipalities supplied with drinking water of different hardness values. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2665-2677. [PMID: 32700094 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This epidemiological study of ecological type deals with the analysis of relationship between drinking water hardness and health status of inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. This relationship was investigated in two groups of more than 50,000 inhabitants living in 53 different municipalities. The first group was supplied with drinking water with low hardness, and the second group was supplied with drinking water with increased hardness. The health status of the population of both groups was monitored by means of health indicators, which represented 15-year average values, for 1994-2008. We investigated four major causes of death, namely cardiovascular, oncological, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract mortality, and evaluated the average life expectancy. The health status of inhabitants supplied with drinking water with increased hardness was significantly better than the health status of people supplied with drinking water with low hardness. For example, the relative mortality for cardiovascular diseases, oncological diseases, digestive tract diseases and respiratory diseases was 56%, 62%, 128% and 121% higher in the population supplied with soft drinking water compared to the population supplied with hard water, respectively. In addition, life expectancy was more than 4.5 years higher in the population supplied with hard drinking water. Our observation confirms the findings of previous studies on relationship between the water hardness and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rapant
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Anna Letkovičová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Jurkovičová
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktor Kosmovský
- Regional Public Health Office, Nádvorná 3366/12, 960 01, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - František Kožíšek
- The National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárová 49/48, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Jurkovič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Kozisek F. Regulations for calcium, magnesium or hardness in drinking water in the European Union member states. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Oliveira CM, Teixeira H, Alves SM, Pina MF. Regional drinking water composition effects on hip fracture risk: a spatial analysis of nationwide hospital admissions in Portugal, from 2000 to 2010. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902020200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Geographical variation on hip fractures (HF) may be related to the geographical variation of drinking water composition (DWC); minerals in drinking water may contribute to its fragility. We aim to investigate the effects of DWC on HF risk in Portugal (2000-2010). From National Hospital Discharge Register we selected admissions of patients aged ≥50 years, diagnosed with HF caused by low/moderate energy traumas. Water components and characteristics were selected at the municipality level. A spatial generalized additive model with a negative binomial distribution as a link function was used to estimate the association of HF with variations in DWC. There were 96,905HF (77.3% in women). The spatial pattern of HF risk was attenuated after being adjusted for water parameters. Results show an indirect association between calcium, magnesium, and iron and HF risk but no clear relation between aluminum, cadmium, fluoride, manganese, or color and HF risk. Regarding pH, the 6.7pH and 7pH interval seems to pose a lower risk. Different dose-response relationships were identified. The increase of calcium, magnesium, and iron values in DWC seems to reduce regional HF risk. Long-term exposure to water parameters, even within the regulatory limits, might increase the regional HF risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maria Oliveira
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Teixeira
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Maria Alves
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Pina
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil
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Kunutsor SK, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW, Laukkanen JA. Low serum magnesium levels are associated with increased risk of fractures: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:593-603. [PMID: 28405867 PMCID: PMC5570773 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium, which is an essential trace element that plays a key role in several cellular processes, is a major component of bone; however, its relationship with risk of major bone fractures is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of baseline serum magnesium concentrations with risk of incident fractures. We analyzed data on 2245 men aged 42-61 years in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study, with the assessment of serum magnesium measurements and dietary intakes made at baseline. Hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for incident total (femoral, humeral, and forearm) and femoral fractures were assessed. During a median follow-up of 25.6 years, 123 total fractures were recorded. Serum magnesium was non-linearly associated with risk of total fractures. In age-adjusted Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% CIs) for total fractures in a comparison of the bottom quartile versus top quartile of magnesium concentrations was 2.10 (1.30-3.41), which persisted on adjustment for several established risk factors 1.99 (1.23-3.24). The association remained consistent on further adjustment for renal function, socioeconomic status, total energy intake, and several trace elements 1.80 (1.10-2.94). The corresponding adjusted HRs for femoral fractures were 2.56 (1.38-4.76), 2.43 (1.30-4.53) and 2.13 (1.13-3.99) respectively. There was no evidence of an association of dietary magnesium intake with risk of any fractures. In middle-aged Caucasian men, low serum magnesium is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of fractures. Further research is needed to assess the potential relevance of serum magnesium in the prevention of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor Kwadzo Kunutsor
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Michael Richard Whitehouse
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Ashley William Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jari Antero Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Tu SJ, Wang SP, Cheng FC, Weng CE, Huang WT, Chang WJ, Chen YJ. Attenuating trabecular morphology associated with low magnesium diet evaluated using micro computed tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174806. [PMID: 28369124 PMCID: PMC5378393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature shows that bone mineral density (BMD) and the geometric architecture of trabecular bone in the femur may be affected by inadequate dietary intake of Mg. In this study, we used microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize and quantify the impact of a low-Mg diet on femoral trabecular bones in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups and supplied either a normal or low-Mg diet for 8weeks. Samples of plasma and urine were collected for biochemical analysis, and femur tissues were removed for micro-CT imaging. In addition to considering standard parameters, we regarded trabecular bone as a cylindrical rod and used computational algorithms for a technical assessment of the morphological characteristics of the bones. BMD (mg-HA/cm3) was obtained using a standard phantom. RESULTS We observed a decline in the total tissue volume, bone volume, percent bone volume, fractal dimension, number of trabecular segments, number of connecting nodes, bone mineral content (mg-HA), and BMD, as well as an increase in the structural model index and surface-area-to-volume ratio in low-Mg mice. Subsequently, we examined the distributions of the trabecular segment length and radius, and a series of specific local maximums were identified. The biochemical analysis revealed a 43% (96%) decrease in Mg and a 40% (71%) decrease in Ca in plasma (urine excretion). CONCLUSIONS This technical assessment performed using micro-CT revealed a lower population of femoral trabecular bones and a decrease in BMD at the distal metaphysis in the low-Mg mice. Examining the distributions of the length and radius of trabecular segments showed that the average length and radius of the trabecular segments in low-Mg mice are similar to those in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ju Tu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-En Weng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tzu Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jeng Chang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Farsinejad-Marj M, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1389-1399. [PMID: 26556742 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary magnesium intake has been related to osteoporosis and risk of fractures in earlier studies; however, findings were conflicting. This meta-analysis indicated that high magnesium intake was not associated with increased risk of fracture; however, a positive marginally significant correlation was found between magnesium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in total hip as well as in femoral neck. Although there is some evidence on the association between magnesium intake, BMD and fractures, no previous study has summarized findings in this regard. We aimed to systematically review the current evidence on this association and to perform a meta-analysis of observational studies. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and Google Scholar up to January 2015 for studies that examined the relationship between magnesium intake and BMD or fracture. Studies that had reported correlation coefficients between magnesium intake and BMD or those that reported odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) for risk of fracture in different sites were included. In total, 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We found that high intakes of magnesium were not significantly associated with risk of total hip fracture (summary effect size 1.92; 95 % CI 0.81, 4.55) or total fractures (1.01; 0.94-1.07). Combining four effect sizes, a positive marginally significant correlation was observed between magnesium intake and total BMD (pooled r 0.16; 95 % CI 0.001, 032). Based on nine effect sizes, we found a marginally significant association between magnesium intake and femoral neck BMD (0.14; 0.001, 0.28). However, no significant correlation was found between magnesium intake and BMD in lumbar spine (0.09; -0.01, 0.19). We found that high intakes of magnesium were not associated with increased risk of hip and total fractures. There was a positive marginally significant correlation between magnesium intake and BMD in femoral neck and total hip. No significant correlations were observed between magnesium intake and BMD in lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farsinejad-Marj
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, PO Box 81745-151, Iran
| | - P Saneei
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, PO Box 81745-151, Iran
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Esmaillzadeh
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, PO Box 81745-151, Iran.
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Dahl C, Søgaard AJ, Tell GS, Forsén L, Flaten TP, Hongve D, Omsland TK, Holvik K, Meyer HE, Aamodt G. Population data on calcium in drinking water and hip fracture: An association may depend on other minerals in water. A NOREPOS study. Bone 2015; 81:292-299. [PMID: 26191779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Norwegian population has among the highest hip fracture rates in the world. The incidence varies geographically, also within Norway. Calcium in drinking water has been found to be beneficially associated with bone health in some studies, but not in all. In most previous studies, other minerals in water have not been taken into account. Trace minerals, for which drinking water can be an important source and even fulfill the daily nutritional requirement, could act as effect-modifiers in the association between calcium and hip fracture risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between calcium in drinking water and hip fracture, and whether other water minerals modified this association. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey of trace metals in 429 waterworks, supplying 64% of the population in Norway, was linked geographically to the home addresses of patients with incident hip fractures (1994-2000). Drinking water mineral concentrations were divided into "low" (below and equal waterworks average) and "high" (above waterworks average). Poisson regression models were fitted, and all incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were adjusted for age, geographic region, urbanization degree, type of water source, and pH of the water. Effect modifications were examined by stratification, and interactions between calcium and magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese were tested both on the multiplicative and the additive scale. Analyses were stratified on gender. RESULTS Among those supplied from the 429 waterworks (2,110,916 person-years in men and 2,397,217 person-years in women), 5433 men and 13,493 women aged 50-85 years suffered a hip fracture during 1994-2000. Compared to low calcium in drinking water, a high level was associated with a 15% lower hip fracture risk in men (IRR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.91) but no significant difference was found in women (IRR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.93-1.02). There was interaction between calcium and copper on hip fracture risk in men (p=0.051); the association between calcium and hip fracture risk was stronger when the copper concentration in water was high (IRR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.78) as opposed to when it was low (IRR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94). This pattern persisted also after including potential confounding factors and other minerals in the model. No similar variation in risk was found in women. CONCLUSION In this large, prospective population study covering two thirds of the Norwegian population and comprising 19,000 hip fractures, we found an inverse association between calcium in drinking water and hip fracture risk in men. The association was stronger when the copper concentration in the water was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Dahl
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisa Forsén
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Women and Children's Division, Norwegian Resource Centre for Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Hongve
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Kristin Omsland
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine (Institute of Health and Society), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Holvik
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine (Institute of Health and Society), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Aamodt
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning (ILP), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Exposure to Selected Geogenic Trace Elements (I, Li, and Sr) from Drinking Water in Denmark. GEOSCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences5010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Søgaard AJ, Meyer HE, Emaus N, Grimnes G, Gjesdal CG, Forsmo S, Schei B, Tell GS. Cohort profile: Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). Scand J Public Health 2014; 42:804-13. [PMID: 25278275 DOI: 10.1177/1403494814551858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This paper describes the history, purpose, data collection and contributions in the research collaboration Norwegian Osteoporosis Epidemiologic Studies (NOREPOS). METHODS NOREPOS encompasses almost 85,000 bone mineral density measurements within Cohort of Norway and data on almost 140,000 hip fractures in Norway 1994-2008. Included are anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipids and glucose, and 50 standard questions on sociodemographic factors, diseases and risk factors. Blood samples/DNA are stored. The main research question posed in NOREPOS is why hip fracture rates in Norway are the highest in the world. Data on hip fractures 2009-2013 will be added in 2014. RESULTS Main findings include: Every hour a Norwegian suffers a hip fracture; hip fracture incidence rates declined after 1999; only 16% of patients used anti-osteoporosis drugs 1 year after hip fracture; 25% of patients died within 1 year after the fracture; 12% suffered a new hip fracture within 10 years; rural dwellers had lower hip and forearm fracture incidence than city dwellers; magnesium in tap water may be protective whereas bacterial contamination, cadmium and lead may be harmful to bone health; low serum vitamin D and E levels were associated with higher hip fracture risk; vitamin A was not associated with fracture risk; and abdominal obesity increased the risk of hip fracture when BMI was accounted for. CONCLUSIONS NOREPOS encompasses a unique source of information for aetiological research, genetic studies as well as for biomarkers of osteoporosis and fractures. Because of the increasing number of elderly people in Europe, hip fractures will continue to pose an international public health and health care challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Emaus
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Clara Gram Gjesdal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Forsmo
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Schei
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Establishment of the Underlying Rationale and Description of a Cheap Nanofiltration-Based Method for Supplementing Desalinated Water with Magnesium Ions. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6051172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Dahl C, Søgaard AJ, Tell GS, Flaten TP, Hongve D, Omsland TK, Holvik K, Meyer HE, Aamodt G. Do cadmium, lead, and aluminum in drinking water increase the risk of hip fractures? A NOREPOS study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:14-23. [PMID: 24287706 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate relations between cadmium, lead, and aluminum in municipality drinking water and the incidence of hip fractures in the Norwegian population. A trace metals survey in 566 waterworks was linked geographically to hip fractures from hospitals throughout the country (1994-2000). In all those supplied from these waterworks, 5,438 men and 13,629 women aged 50-85 years suffered a hip fracture. Poisson regression models were fitted, adjusting for age, region of residence, urbanization, and type of water source as well as other possibly bone-related water quality factors. Effect modification by background variables and interactions between water quality factors were examined (correcting for false discovery rate). Men exposed to a relatively high concentration of cadmium (IRR = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.01, 1.20) had an increased risk of fracture. The association between relatively high lead and hip fracture risk was significant in the oldest age group (66-85 years) for both men (IRR = 1.11; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.21) and women (IRR = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.04, 1.16). Effect modification by degree of urbanization on hip fracture risk in men was also found for all three metals: cadmium, lead, and aluminum. In summary, a relatively high concentration of cadmium, lead, and aluminum measured in drinking water increased the risk of hip fractures, but the associations depended on gender, age, and urbanization degree. This study could help in elucidating the complex effects on bone health by risk factors found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Dahl
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway,
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