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Wang T, Zhao C, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Yan L, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Hu H, Liu A, Bai X, Zou Z. Whitening of brown adipose tissue inhibits osteogenic differentiation via secretion of S100A8/A9. iScience 2024; 27:108857. [PMID: 38303710 PMCID: PMC10830855 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which brown adipose tissue (BAT) regulates bone metabolism is unclear. Here, we reveal that BAT secretes S100A8/A9, a previously unidentified BAT adipokine (batokine), to impair bone formation. Brown adipocytes-specific knockout of Rheb (RhebBAD KO), the upstream activator of mTOR, causes BAT malfunction to inhibit osteogenesis. Rheb depletion induces NF-κB dependent S100A8/A9 secretion from brown adipocytes, but not from macrophages. In wild-type mice, age-related Rheb downregulation in BAT is associated with enhanced S100A8/A9 secretion. Either batokines from RhebBAD KO mice, or recombinant S100A8/A9, inhibits osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro by targeting toll-like receptor 4 on their surfaces. Conversely, S100A8/A9 neutralization not only rescues the osteogenesis repressed in the RhebBAD KO mice, but also alleviates age-related osteoporosis in wild-type mice. Collectively, our data revealed an unexpected BAT-bone crosstalk driven by Rheb-S100A8/A9, uncovering S100A8/A9 as a promising target for the treatment, and potentially, prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chaoran Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfa Li
- Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopadics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongling Hu
- Department of Trauma and Joint Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Anling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Bathina S, Armamento-Villareal R. The complex pathophysiology of bone fragility in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: therapeutic targets to promote osteogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168687. [PMID: 37576965 PMCID: PMC10422976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractures associated with Type2 diabetes (T2DM) are major public health concerns in an increasingly obese and aging population. Patients with obesity or T2DM have normal or better than normal bone mineral density but at an increased risk for fractures. Hence it is crucial to understand the pathophysiology and mechanism of how T2DM and obesity result in altered bone physiology leading to increased fracture risk. Although enhanced osteoclast mediated bone resorption has been reported for these patients, the most notable observation among patients with T2DM is the reduction in bone formation from mostly dysfunction in osteoblast differentiation and survival. Studies have shown that obesity and T2DM are associated with increased adipogenesis which is most likely at the expense of reduced osteogenesis and myogenesis considering that adipocytes, osteoblasts, and myoblasts originate from the same progenitor cells. Furthermore, emerging data point to an inter-relationship between bone and metabolic homeostasis suggesting that these physiologic processes could be under the control of common regulatory pathways. Thus, this review aims to explore the complex mechanisms involved in lineage differentiation and their effect on bone pathophysiology in patients with obesity and T2DM along with an examination of potential novel pharmacological targets or a re-evaluation of existing drugs to improve bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siresha Bathina
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Disease, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Disease, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Zhang P, Yu B, Shao S, Zhang R, Zeng Y, Li J, Ren C, Zhou X, Zhao J. Exploring the relationship of brown adipose tissue to bone microarchitecture using 7T MRI and micro-CT. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:1085-1090. [PMID: 35730142 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved both in energy production and bone metabolism. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between BAT and microarchitecture at cancellous and cortical bone using Kunming mice and the methods of 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with micro-CT. METHODS Twenty-four female Kunming mice were examined by 7T MRI and measured T2* relaxation time on the deep and superficial interscapular BAT (iBAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). Cancellous bone microarchitecture of the distal femur and cortical bone of the middle femur were examined by micro-CT. A paired t-test was used to analyze the differences in T2* values between iBAT and sWAT. The correlation between BAT T2* values and bone microstructure parameters were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. RESULTS T2* values of the deep and superficial iBAT (6.36±3.31 ms and 6.23±2.61 ms) were significantly shorter than those of sWAT (16.30±3.05 ms, t(deep) iBAT=-10.816), t(superficial) iBAT =-12.276, p<0.01). Deep iBAT T2* values were significantly and negatively correlated with bone volume, cancellous thickness, and bone thickness (Th) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) of the cancellous bone of femur. Deep iBAT T2* values were significantly and positively correlated with the structural model index of cancellous bone of femur. Deep iBAT T2* values were significantly and negatively correlated with bone mineral density of the cortical bone of femur. CONCLUSIONS MRI can distinguish the two adipose tissues from each other. T2* values of BAT were lower than WAT on MRI. BAT related bone remodeling was more correlated with the microstructure of cancellous bone than that of cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Baohai Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuying Shao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ranxu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jujia Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Congcong Ren
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | | | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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He X, Hua Y, Li Q, Zhu W, Pan Y, Yang Y, Li X, Wu M, Wang J, Gan X. FNDC5/irisin facilitates muscle−adipose−bone connectivity through ubiquitination-dependent activation of runt-related transcriptional factors RUNX1/2. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101679. [PMID: 35124008 PMCID: PMC8892030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the cleavage protein irisin derived from fibronectin type III domain–containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in exercise-stimulated skeletal muscle has increasingly become a biomarker associated with metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis in humans. However, it is unclear how this protein facilitates muscle−adipose−bone connectivity in metabolic and skeletal homeostasis. In this study, we unexpectedly observed that the FNDC5 gene can be markedly activated during the differentiation of brown adipocytes but not white adipocytes, and that FNDC5 is specifically expressed in mouse brown adipose tissues (BATs). But unlike it in the skeletal muscles, the expression of FNDC5/irisin in BAT is promoted by cold exposure rather than exercise in mice. Analysis of promoter activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation further showed that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and thyroid hormone receptors cooperate on the FNDC5 gene promoter to induce its transcription. We found that FNDC5/irisin stimulates the runt-related transcriptional factors RUNX1/2 via a focal adhesion kinase–dependent pathway in both bone and subcutaneous white adipose tissues. Mechanistically, focal adhesion kinase is stimulated by FNDC5/irisin and then facilitates E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase WW domain–containing protein 2 to ubiquitinate and subsequently activate RUNX1/2, culminating in the activation of osteoblast-related or thermogenesis-related genes. Interestingly, the PR domain containing protein 16 that is crucial for subcutaneous white adipose “browning” and skeletal development was found to form a complex with RUNX1/2 in a WW domain–containing protein 2-dependent manner. These findings elucidate a signaling mechanism by which FNDC5/irisin supports the muscle−adipose−bone connectivity, especially BAT−bone connectivity.
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Watanabe M, Risi R, Tafuri MA, Silvestri V, D'Andrea D, Raimondo D, Rea S, Di Vincenzo F, Profico A, Tuccinardi D, Sciuto R, Basciani S, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Cinti S, Ottini L, Manzi G, Gnessi L. Bone density and genomic analysis unfold cold adaptation mechanisms of ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23290. [PMID: 34857816 PMCID: PMC8639971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fuegians, ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, are an exemplary case of a cold-adapted population, since they were capable of living in extreme climatic conditions without any adequate clothing. However, the mechanisms of their extraordinary resistance to cold remain enigmatic. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in this kind of adaptation, besides having a protective role on the detrimental effect of low temperatures on bone structure. Skeletal remains of 12 adult Fuegians, collected in the second half of XIX century, were analyzed for bone mineral density and structure. We show that, despite the unfavorable climate, bone mineral density of Fuegians was close to that seen in modern humans living in temperate zones. Furthermore, we report significant differences between Fuegians and other cold-adapted populations in the frequency of the Homeobox protein Hox-C4 (HOXC4) rs190771160 variant, a gene involved in BAT differentiation, whose identified variant is predicted to upregulate HOXC4 expression. Greater BAT accumulation might therefore explain the Fuegians extreme cold-resistance and the protection against major cold-related damage. These results increase our understanding of how ecological challenges have been important drivers of human–environment interactions during Humankind history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Watanabe
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Renata Risi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anne Tafuri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniel D'Andrea
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Rea
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Vincenzo
- Natural History Museum-University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Italian Institute of Human Paleontology (IsIPU), Anagni-Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sciuto
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Manzi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Roberts FL, Rashdan NA, Phadwal K, Markby GR, Dillon S, Zoll J, Berger J, Milne E, Orriss IR, Karsenty G, Le Saux O, Morton NM, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. Osteoblast-specific deficiency of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase or phosphodiesterase-1 engenders insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed mice. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4614-4624. [PMID: 33305372 PMCID: PMC9665351 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Supraphysiological levels of the osteoblast-enriched mineralization regulator ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase or phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We determined the impact of osteoblast-specific Enpp1 ablation on skeletal structure and metabolic phenotype in mice. Female, but not male, 6-week-old mice lacking osteoblast NPP1 expression (osteoblast-specific knockout [KO]) exhibited increased femoral bone volume or total volume (17.50% vs. 11.67%; p < .01), and reduced trabecular spacing (0.187 vs. 0.157 mm; p < .01) compared with floxed (control) mice. Furthermore, an enhanced ability of isolated osteoblasts from the osteoblast-specific KO to calcify their matrix in vitro compared to fl/fl osteoblasts was observed (p < .05). Male osteoblast-specific KO and fl/fl mice showed comparable glucose and insulin tolerance despite increased levels of insulin-sensitizing under-carboxylated osteocalcin (195% increase; p < .05). However, following high-fat-diet challenge, osteoblast-specific KO mice showed impaired glucose and insulin tolerance compared with fl/fl mice. These data highlight a crucial local role for osteoblast NPP1 in skeletal development and a secondary metabolic impact that predominantly maintains insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Roberts
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nabil A. Rashdan
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kanchan Phadwal
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Greg R. Markby
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Scott Dillon
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Julian Berger
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Isabel R. Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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7
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Du J, He Z, Xu M, Qu X, Cui J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Li H, Yu Z. Brown Adipose Tissue Rescues Bone Loss Induced by Cold Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778019. [PMID: 35126308 PMCID: PMC8811040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to induce bone loss by altering bone remodeling. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is influenced by the SNS in cold environments. Many studies have confirmed a positive relationship between BAT volume and bone mass, but the influence and mechanism of BAT on bone in vivo and in vitro is still unknown. Two-month-old C57/BL6j male mice were exposed to cold temperature (4°C) to induce BAT generation. BAT volume, bone remodeling and microstructure were assessed after 1 day, 14 days and 28 days of cold exposure. CTX-1, P1NP and IL-6 levels were detected in the serum by ELISA. To determine the effect of BAT on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro, brown adipocyte conditional medium (BAT CM) was collected and added to the differentiation medium of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Micro-CT results showed that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) significantly decreased after 14 days of exposure to cold temperature but recovered after 28 days. Double labeling and TRAP staining in vivo showed that bone remodeling was altered during cold exposure. BAT volume enlarged after 14 days of cold stimulation, and IL-6 increased. BAT CM promoted BMSC mineralization by increasing osteocalcin (Ocn), RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (Alp) expression, while bone absorption was inhibited by BAT CM. In conclusion, restoration of bone volume after cold exposure may be attributed to enlarged BAT. BAT has a beneficial effect on bone mass by facilitating osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
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8
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Hemke R, Buckless C, Torriani M. Quantitative Imaging of Body Composition. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24:375-385. [PMID: 32992366 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Body composition refers to the amount and distribution of lean tissue, adipose tissue, and bone in the human body. Lean tissue primarily consists of skeletal muscle; adipose tissue comprises mostly abdominal visceral adipose tissue and abdominal and nonabdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Hepatocellular and myocellular lipids are also fat pools with important metabolic implications. Importantly, body composition reflects generalized processes such as increased adiposity in obesity and age-related loss of muscle mass known as sarcopenia.In recent years, body composition has been extensively studied quantitatively to predict overall health. Multiple imaging methods have allowed precise estimates of tissue types and provided insights showing the relationship of body composition to varied pathologic conditions. In this review article, we discuss different imaging methods used to quantify body composition and describe important anatomical locations where target tissues can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colleen Buckless
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Torriani
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Brown adipose tissue and cancer progression. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49:635-639. [PMID: 31650208 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-019-03322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to determine the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was approved by our institutional review board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant. Our study group comprised 132 cancer patients (116 f, 16 m; mean age 50 ± 16 years) who underwent F18-FDG PET/CT per standard clinical protocol, for staging or surveillance of cancer. We included patients who were BAT-positive on PET/CT and had clinical follow-up data available for at least 12 months or until tumor recurrence or tumor-related death, whichever occurred first. BAT volume by PET/CT was quantified by PET-CT Viewer shareware. Clinical information including tumor type, tumor recurrence, survival, and outside temperature at time of scan were recorded. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine longitudinal associations between BAT volume and tumor recurrence/mortality. RESULTS There were 55 tumor recurrences/tumor-related deaths over a median follow-up period of 71 (33; 110 interquartile range) months. Higher BAT volume was associated with an increased likelihood of tumor recurrence/tumor-associated mortality after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION BAT volume, assessed using routine PET/CT, is a predictor of tumor recurrence/mortality in patients with cancer, independent of other factors that can influence BAT activity, such as sex, age, BMI, or tumor type.
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10
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Analysis of Tks4 Knockout Mice Suggests a Role for Tks4 in Adipose Tissue Homeostasis in the Context of Beigeing. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080831. [PMID: 31387265 PMCID: PMC6721678 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and adipocyte malfunction are related to and arise as consequences of disturbances in signaling pathways. Tyrosine kinase substrate with four Src homology 3 domains (Tks4) is a scaffold protein that establishes a platform for signaling cascade molecules during podosome formation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Several lines of evidence have also suggested that Tks4 has a role in adipocyte biology; however, its roles in the various types of adipocytes at the cellular level and in transcriptional regulation have not been studied. Therefore, we hypothesized that Tks4 functions as an organizing molecule in signaling networks that regulate adipocyte homeostasis. Our aims were to study the white and brown adipose depots of Tks4 knockout (KO) mice using immunohistology and western blotting and to analyze gene expression changes regulated by the white, brown, and beige adipocyte-related transcription factors via a PCR array. Based on morphological differences in the Tks4-KO adipocytes and increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of Tks4-KO mice, we concluded that the beigeing process was more robust in the WAT of Tks4-KO mice compared to the wild-type animals. Furthermore, in the Tks4-KO WAT, the expression profile of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-regulated adipogenesis-related genes was shifted in favor of the appearance of beige-like cells. These results suggest that Tks4 and its downstream signaling partners are novel regulators of adipocyte functions and PPARγ-directed white to beige adipose tissue conversion.
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Andersson J, Roswall J, Kjellberg E, Ahlström H, Dahlgren J, Kullberg J. MRI estimates of brown adipose tissue in children – Associations to adiposity, osteocalcin, and thigh muscle volume. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 58:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dimitri P. The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Skeletal Health and Development. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019; 28:4-17. [PMID: 31089575 PMCID: PMC6484936 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of fracture identified in obese children has led to a focus on the relationship between fat, bone, and the impact of obesity during skeletal development. Early studies have suggested that despite increased fracture risk, obese children have a higher bone mass. However, body size corrections applied to account for wide variations in size between children led to the finding that obese children have a lower total body and regional bone mass relative to their body size. Advances in skeletal imaging have shifted the focus from quantity of bone in obese children to evaluating the changes in bone microarchitecture that result in a change in bone quality and strength. The findings suggest that bone strength in the appendicular skeleton does not appropriately adapt to an increase in body size which results in a mismatch between bone strength and force from falls. Recent evidence points to differing influences of fat compartments on skeletal development-visceral fat may have a negative impact on bone which may be related to the associated adverse metabolic environment, while marrow adipose tissue may have an independent effect on trabecular bone development in obese children. The role of brown fat has received recent attention, demonstrating differences in the influence on bone mass between white and brown adipose tissues. Obesity results in a shift in growth and pubertal hormones as well as influences bone development through the altered release of adipokines. The change in the hormonal milieu provides an important insight into the skeletal changes observed in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dimitri
- Academic Unit of Child Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Preliminary investigation of brown adipose tissue assessed by PET/CT and cancer activity. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48:413-419. [PMID: 30215105 PMCID: PMC6345160 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-018-3046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in cancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group comprised 142 patients (121 female, 21 male; mean age, 49 ± 16 years) who underwent F18-FDG PET/CT (PET/CT) for staging or surveillance of cancer and who were BAT-positive on PET/CT. BAT volume by PET/CT, abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat and paraspinous muscle cross-sectional areas (CSA) were assessed. Groups with and without active cancer on PET/CT were compared using a two-sided paired t test. Linear regression analyses between BAT and body composition parameters were performed. RESULTS There were 62 patients (54 female, eight male) who had active cancer on PET/CT and 80 patients (67 female, 13 male) without active cancer. Groups were similar in age and BMI (p ≥ 0.4), abdominal fat and muscle CSA, fasting glucose, and outside temperature at time of scan (p ≥ 0.2). Patients who had active cancer on PET/CT had higher BAT volume compared to patients without active cancer (p = 0.009). In patients without active cancer, BAT was positively associated with BMI and abdominal fat depots (r = 0.46 to r = 0.59, p < 0.0001) while there were no such associations in patients with active cancer (p ≥ 0.1). No associations between BAT and age or muscle CSA were found (p ≥ 0.1). CONCLUSIONS BAT activity is greater in patients with active cancer compared to age-, sex-, and BMI-matched BAT-positive patients without active cancer, suggesting a possible role of BAT in cancer activity.
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Association between brown adipose tissue and bone mineral density in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1516-1525. [PMID: 30518823 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) seems to play a role in bone morphogenesis. A negative association has been reported between BAT and bone mineral density (BMD) in women, but not in men. A panel of experts has recently published a set of recommendations for BAT assessment, and thus, to re-address previously reported associations is needed. This study aimed to investigate the association between cold-induced BAT 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake and BMD in young healthy adults. METHODS Ninety-eight healthy adults (68 women; 22 ± 2.2 years old; 24.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2) cold-induced BAT was assessed by means of an 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan preceded by a personalized cold stimulation. The cold exposure consisted in 2 h in a mild cold room at 19.5-20 °C wearing a water perfused cooling vest set 4 °C above the individual shivering threshold. Total body and lumbar spine BMD were assessed by a whole-body DXA scan. RESULTS We found no association between BMD and cold-induced BAT volume, mean, and maximal activity (all P > 0.1) in neither young and healthy men nor women. These results remained unchanged when adjusting by height, by body composition, and by objectively assessed physical activity. Sensitivity analyses using the criteria to quantify cold-induced BAT-related parameters applied in previous studies did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study shows that there is no association between cold-induced BAT and BMD in young healthy adults. Moreover, our data support the notion that previously shown associations between BAT and BMD in healthy non-calorically restricted individuals, could be driven by methodological issues related to BAT assessment and/or sample size limitations.
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Robbins A, Tom CATMB, Cosman MN, Moursi C, Shipp L, Spencer TM, Brash T, Devlin MJ. Low temperature decreases bone mass in mice: Implications for humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:557-568. [PMID: 30187469 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Humans exhibit significant ecogeographic variation in bone size and shape. However, it is unclear how significantly environmental temperature influences cortical and trabecular bone, making it difficult to recognize adaptation versus acclimatization in past populations. There is some evidence that cold-induced bone loss results from sympathetic nervous system activation and can be reduced by nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) via uncoupling protein (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here we test two hypotheses: (1) low temperature induces impaired cortical and trabecular bone acquisition and (2) UCP1, a marker of NST in BAT, increases in proportion to degree of low-temperature exposure. METHODS We housed wildtype C57BL/6J male mice in pairs at 26 °C (thermoneutrality), 22 °C (standard), and 20 °C (cool) from 3 weeks to 6 or 12 weeks of age with access to food and water ad libitum (N = 8/group). RESULTS Cool housed mice ate more but had lower body fat at 20 °C versus 26 °C. Mice at 20 °C had markedly lower distal femur trabecular bone volume fraction, thickness, and connectivity density and lower midshaft femur cortical bone area fraction versus mice at 26 °C (p < .05 for all). UCP1 expression in BAT was inversely related to temperature. DISCUSSION These results support the hypothesis that low temperature was detrimental to bone mass acquisition. Nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue increased in proportion to low-temperature exposure but was insufficient to prevent bone loss. These data show that chronic exposure to low temperature impairs bone architecture, suggesting climate may contribute to phenotypic variation in humans and other hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Robbins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Miranda N Cosman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cleo Moursi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lillian Shipp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Taylor M Spencer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy Brash
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen J Devlin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Gilsanz V, Wren TAL, Ponrartana S, Mora S, Rosen CJ. Sexual Dimorphism and the Origins of Human Spinal Health. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:221-239. [PMID: 29385433 PMCID: PMC5888211 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of vertebral bodies is on average 10% smaller in healthy newborn girls than in newborn boys, a striking difference that increases during infancy and puberty and is greatest by the time of sexual and skeletal maturity. The smaller CSA of female vertebrae is associated with greater spinal flexibility and could represent the human adaptation to fetal load in bipedal posture. Unfortunately, it also imparts a mechanical disadvantage that increases stress within the vertebrae for all physical activities. This review summarizes the potential endocrine, genetic, and environmental determinants of vertebral cross-sectional growth and current knowledge of the association between the small female vertebrae and greater risk for a broad array of spinal conditions across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Tishya A L Wren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Skorn Ponrartana
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Stefano Mora
- Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
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Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Villarroya J, Giralt M. The Lives and Times of Brown Adipokines. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:855-867. [PMID: 29113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, brown fat secretes regulatory factors, so-called brown adipokines, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Brown adipokines are either polypeptides or nonpeptidic molecules including lipid molecules and microRNAs. The secretory properties of brown fat are essential for tissue remodeling adaptations to thermogenic necessities. The endocrine properties of brown adipokines are thought to contribute to the association between BAT activity and a healthy metabolic profile in relation to glucose and lipid homeostasis. The identification and characterization of brown adipokines may allow the discovery of circulating biomarkers of BAT activity in humans, and will lead to the development of candidate tools for therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Bredella MA, Cypess AM, Torriani M. Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue: State of the Art. Radiology 2017; 280:4-19. [PMID: 27322970 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016150390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rates of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disease have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In recent years there has been renewed interest in combating these diseases not only by modifying energy intake and lifestyle factors, but also by inducing endogenous energy expenditure. This approach has largely been stimulated by the recent recognition that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-long known to promote heat production and energy expenditure in infants and hibernating mammals-also exists in adult humans. This landmark finding relied on the use of clinical fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and imaging techniques continue to play a crucial and increasingly central role in understanding BAT physiology and function. Herein, the authors review the origins of BAT imaging, discuss current preclinical and clinical strategies for imaging BAT, and discuss imaging methods that will provide crucial insight into metabolic disease and how it may be treated by modulating BAT activity. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Martin Torriani
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
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Shapses SA, Pop LC, Wang Y. Obesity is a concern for bone health with aging. Nutr Res 2017; 39:1-13. [PMID: 28385284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a complex relationship between adiposity and osteoporosis in overweight/obese individuals, with local interactions and endocrine regulation by adipose tissue on bone metabolism and fracture risk in elderly populations. This review was conducted to summarize existing evidence to test the hypothesis that obesity is a risk factor for bone health in aging individuals. Mechanisms by which obesity adversely affects bone health are believed to be multiple, such as an alteration of bone-regulating hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocannabinoid system, that affect bone cell metabolism are discussed. In addition, evidence on the effect of fat mass and distribution on bone mass and quality is reviewed together with findings relating energy and fat intake with bone health. In summary, studies indicate that the positive effects of body weight on bone mineral density cannot counteract the detrimental effects of obesity on bone quality. However, the exact mechanism underlying bone deterioration in the obese is not clear yet and further research is required to elucidate the effect of adipose depots on bone and fracture risk in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - L Claudia Pop
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Gordon CM, Zemel BS, Wren TAL, Leonard MB, Bachrach LK, Rauch F, Gilsanz V, Rosen CJ, Winer KK. The Determinants of Peak Bone Mass. J Pediatr 2017; 180:261-269. [PMID: 27816219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Gordon
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tishya A L Wren
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vicente Gilsanz
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Karen K Winer
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
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Martin E, Qureshi A, Dasa V, Freitas M, Gimble J, Davis T. MicroRNA regulation of stem cell differentiation and diseases of the bone and adipose tissue: Perspectives on miRNA biogenesis and cellular transcriptome. Biochimie 2016; 124:98-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Adipose tissue and muscle attenuation as novel biomarkers predicting mortality in patients with extremity sarcomas. Eur Radiol 2016; 26:4649-4655. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
New evidence has recently emerged defining a close relationship between fat and bone metabolism. Adipose tissue is one of the largest organs in the body but its functions vary by location and origin. Adipocytes can act in an autocrine manner to regulate energy balance by sequestering triglycerides and then, depending on demand, releasing fatty acids through lipolysis for energy utilization, and in some cases through uncoupling protein 1 for generating heat. Adipose tissue can also act in an endocrine or paracrine manner by releasing adipokines that modulate the function of other organs. Bone is one of those target tissues, although recent evidence has emerged that the skeleton reciprocates by releasing its own factors that modulate adipose tissue and beta cells in the pancreas. Therefore, it is not surprising that these energy-modulating tissues are controlled by a central regulatory mechanism, primarily the sympathetic nervous system. Disruption in this complex regulatory circuit and its downstream tissues is manifested in a wide range of metabolic disorders, for which the most prevalent is type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to summarize our knowledge of common determinants in the bone and adipose function and the translational implications of recent work in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lecka-Czernik
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, and Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States.
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Green tea supplementation benefits body composition and improves bone properties in obese female rats fed with high-fat diet and caloric restricted diet. Nutr Res 2015; 35:1095-105. [PMID: 26525915 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplementation on body composition, bone properties, and serum markers in obese rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a caloric restricted diet (CRD). Forty-eight female rats were fed an HFD ad libitum for 4 months, and then either continued on the HFD or the CRD with or without 0.5% GTP in water. Body composition, bone efficacy, and serum markers were measured. We hypothesized that GTP supplementation would improve body composition, mitigate bone loss, and restore bone microstructure in obese animals fed either HFD or CRD. CRD lowered percent fat mass; bone mass and trabecular number of tibia, femur and lumbar vertebrae; femoral strength; trabecular and cortical thickness of tibia; insulin-like growth factor-I and leptin. CRD also increased percent fat-free mass; trabecular separation of tibia and femur; eroded surface of tibia; bone formation rate and erosion rate at tibia shaft; and adiponectin. GTP supplementation increased femoral mass and strength (P = .026), trabecular thickness (P = .012) and number (P = .019), and cortical thickness of tibia (P < .001), and decreased trabecular separation (P = .021), formation rate (P < .001), and eroded surface (P < .001) at proximal tibia, and insulin-like growth factor-I and leptin. There were significant interactions (diet type × GTP) on osteoblast surface/bone surface, mineral apposition rate at periosteal and endocortical bones, periosteal bone formation rate, and trabecular thickness at femur and lumbar vertebrate (P < .05). This study demonstrates that GTP supplementation for 4 months benefited body composition and improved bone microstructure and strength in obese rats fed with HFD or HFD followed by CRD diet.
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is capable of transforming chemically stored energy, in the form of triglycerides, into heat. Recent studies have shown that metabolically active BAT is present in a large proportion of adult humans, where its activity correlates with a favorable metabolic status. Hence, the tissue is now regarded as an interesting target for therapies against obesity and associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes, the hypothesis being that an induction of BAT would be beneficial for these disease states. Apart from the association between BAT activity and a healthier metabolic status, later studies have also shown a positive correlation between BAT volume and both bone cross-sectional area and bone mineral density, suggesting that BAT might stimulate bone anabolism. The aim of this review is to give the reader a brief overview of the BAT research field and to summarize and discuss recent findings regarding BAT being a potential player in bone metabolism.
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Palermo A, Strollo R, Maddaloni E, Tuccinardi D, D'Onofrio L, Briganti SI, Defeudis G, De Pascalis M, Lazzaro MC, Colleluori G, Manfrini S, Pozzilli P, Napoli N. Irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures independently of bone mineral density, body composition or daily physical activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:615-9. [PMID: 25400208 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is an evidence of correlation between irisin and osteoporotic fractures, previous studies have not elucidated the relationship between irisin and either lean or fat mass. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between irisin and body composition in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and the impact of irisin levels on fragility vertebral fractures. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 36 overweight subjects affected by at least one vertebral osteoporotic fracture confirmed by an X-ray vertebral morphometry and 36 overweight nonosteoporotic subjects were enrolled. Serum irisin levels were measured using an irisin competitive ELISA. We evaluated lumbar spine and hip BMD and body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. To measure and monitor daily physical activity, each subject wore an armband for approximately 72 h. RESULTS No significant correlations were found between irisin and BMD at any site and between irisin with either lean or fat mass. Serum levels of irisin were not correlated with the daily physical activity. Serum irisin levels were lower in subjects with previous osteoporotic fractures than in controls (P = 0·032), and the difference in irisin levels remained significant after adjustment for creatinine (P = 0·037), vitamin D (P = 0·046), lean mass (P = 0·02), lumbar BMD (P = 0·023) and femoral BMD (P = 0·032). CONCLUSION Our data confirm an inverse correlation between irisin levels and vertebral fragility fractures, but no significant correlation was found with BMD or lean mass. Irisin may play a protective role on bone health independent of BMD but further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between irisin and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Wauquier F, Léotoing L, Philippe C, Spilmont M, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:121-45. [PMID: 25835096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in deciphering the causes and consequences of obesity-related disorders, the mechanisms linking fat intake to bone behaviour remain unclear. Since bone fractures are widely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, most notably in elderly and obese people, bone health has become a major social and economic issue. Consistently, public health system guidelines have encouraged low-fat diets in order to reduce associated complications. However, from a bone point of view, mechanisms linking fat intake to bone alteration remain quite controversial. Thus, after more than a decade of dedicated studies, this timely review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationships between bone and fatty acids. Using clinical evidences as a starting-point to more complex molecular elucidation, this work highlights the complexity of the system and reveals that bone alteration that cannot be solved simply by taking ω-3 pills. Fatty acid effects on bone metabolism can be both direct and indirect and require integrated investigations. Furthermore, even at the level of a single cell, one fatty acid is able to trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…) which may all have a say in the final cellular metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Mélanie Spilmont
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France.
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Tharp KM, Stahl A. Bioengineering Beige Adipose Tissue Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 26539163 PMCID: PMC4611961 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of brown/beige adipose tissue requires technological advancements that enable the controlled expansion of this uniquely thermogenic tissue. Transplantation of brown fat in small animal model systems has confirmed the expectation that brown fat expansion could possibly provide a novel therapeutic to combat obesity and related disorders. Expansion and/or stimulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1)-positive adipose tissues have repeatedly demonstrated physiologically beneficial reductions in circulating glucose and lipids. The recent discovery that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-derived secreted factors positively alter whole body metabolism further expands potential benefits of brown or beige/brite adipose expansion. Unfortunately, there are no sources of transplantable BATs for human therapeutic purposes at this time. Recent developments in bioengineering, including novel hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels, have enabled non-immunogenic, functional tissue allografts that can be used to generate large quantities of UCP1-positive adipose tissue. These sophisticated tissue-engineering systems have provided the methodology to develop metabolically active brown or beige/brite adipose tissue implants with the potential to be used as a metabolic therapy. Unlike the pharmacological browning of white adipose depots, implantation of bioengineered UCP1-positive adipose tissues offers a spatially controlled therapeutic. Moving forward, new insights into the mechanisms by which extracellular cues govern stem-cell differentiation and progenitor cell recruitment may enable cell-free matrix implant approaches, which generate a niche sufficient to recruit white adipose tissue-derived stem cells and support their differentiation into functional beige/brite adipose tissues. This review summarizes clinically relevant discoveries in tissue-engineering and biology leading toward the recent development of biomaterial supported beige adipose tissue implants and their potential for the metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Tharp
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stahl,
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Abstract
In this review, we will first discuss the concept of bone strength and introduce how fat at different locations, including the bone marrow, directly or indirectly regulates bone turnover. We will then review the current literature supporting the mechanistic relationship between marrow fat and bone and our understanding of the relationship between body fat, body weight, and bone with emphasis on its hormonal regulation. Finally, we will briefly discuss the importance and challenges of accurately measuring the fat compartments using non-invasive methods. This review highlights the complex relationship between fat and bone and how these new concepts will impact our diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the very near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kremer
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Richard Kremer,
| | - Vicente Gilsanz
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Devlin MJ. The “Skinny” on brown fat, obesity, and bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:98-115. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J. Devlin
- Department of Anthropology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48104
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31
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Datta NS. Muscle-bone and fat-bone interactions in regulating bone mass: do PTH and PTHrP play any role? Endocrine 2014; 47:389-400. [PMID: 24802058 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease occurs when there is a net loss in bone density. Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disease, is a devastating problem and an increasingly major public health issue. A substantial body of evidence in the elderly population indicates that a relationship exists between the components of body weight and various measures of bone/mass, density, and function. Both muscle and fat contribute to the body's total weight and the intimate associations of muscle, fat, and bone are known. But the close functional interactions between muscle and bone or fat and bone are largely unidentified and have drawn much attention in recent years. Each of these tissues not only responds to afferent signals from traditional hormone systems and the central nervous systems but also secretes factors with important endocrine functions. Studies suggest that during growth, development, and aging, the relationship of muscle and fat with the skeleton possibly governs bone homeostasis and turnover. A better understanding of the endocrine function and the cellular and molecular mechanisms and pathways linking muscle or adipose tissues with bone anabolism and catabolism is a new avenue for novel pathways for anabolic drug discovery. These in turn will likely lead to more rational therapy toward increasingly prevalent disorders like osteoporosis. In this review, some of the recent works on the interaction of bone with muscle and fat are highlighted, and in so doing the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita S Datta
- Department Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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32
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Torriani M, Gill CM, Daley S, Oliveira AL, Azevedo DC, Bredella MA. Compartmental neck fat accumulation and its relation to cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1244-51. [PMID: 25332322 PMCID: PMC6443294 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck circumference is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, detailed assessment of neck fat has not been explored, and the contribution from individual neck fat compartments to CVD risk is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to measure neck adipose tissue (NAT) compartments and examine relations with CVD risk markers, with the hypothesis that neck adipose tissue (NAT) accumulation preferentially involves specific compartments that contribute differently to metabolic risk. DESIGN We retrospectively studied 303 subjects with successfully treated malignancies or benign etiologies [151 women, 152 men; mean (± SD) age: 55 ± 17 y; mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 28 ± 6] who underwent whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography. NAT was measured at the level of the C5 vertebral body, subdivided into posterior (NATpost), subcutaneous (NATsc), and perivertebral (NATperivert) compartments. Data on CVD risk factors (BMI, abdominal circumference, visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, blood pressure, serum lipids, and fasting plasma glucose) were collected. We compared NAT compartments across lean, overweight, and obese groups and performed multivariate regression models correlating NAT with CVD risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve and prevalence ratio analyses were performed to examine the association of NAT compartments with metabolic syndrome. RESULTS NATpost and NATsc were more consistently associated with cardiometabolic risk, especially in women, correlating with visceral adipose tissue (P < 0.0001) and triglycerides (P < 0.001) and a nearly 1.5-fold increase in the prevalence ratio for metabolic syndrome after adjustment for age and BMI (P < 0.05). NATsc was most abundant in women, whereas intermuscular compartments (NATpost and NATperivert) were higher in men. In both sexes, NATpost and NATperivert showed the largest increment between lean and obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS Neck fat compartments expand differently with increasing adiposity, correlate with CVD risk factors, and are associated with metabolic syndrome, most notably NATpost and NATsc in women. Although neck circumference remains an important method to assess metabolic risk, cross-sectional NAT assessment provides further insight into fat accumulation in the neck. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02205021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Torriani
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Corey M Gill
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott Daley
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adriana L Oliveira
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Debora C Azevedo
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
As part of a current worldwide effort to understand the physiology of human BAT (hBAT) and whether its thermogenic activity can be manipulated to treat obesity, the workshop "Exploring the Roles of Brown Fat in Humans" was convened at the National Institutes of Health on February 25-26, 2014. Presentations and discussion indicated that hBAT and its physiological roles are highly complex, and research is needed to understand the health impact of hBAT beyond thermogenesis and body weight regulation, and to define its interactions with core physiological processes like glucose homeostasis, cachexia, physical activity, bone structure, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Cypess
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carol R Haft
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Maren R Laughlin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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34
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Lecka-Czernik B, Stechschulte LA. Bone and fat: a relationship of different shades. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:124-9. [PMID: 24956594 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and behavioral changes which occurred over the last century led simultaneously to a remarkable increase in human lifespan and to the development of health problems associated with functional impairment of organs either regulating or dependent on balanced energy metabolism. Diseases such as diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis are prevalent in our society and pose major challenges with respect to the overall health and economy. Therefore, better understanding of regulatory axes between bone and fat may provide the basis for development of strategies which will treat these diseases simultaneously and improve health and life quality of elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lecka-Czernik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - Lance A Stechschulte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
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