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Becker TJ, Enkhmandakh B, Bayarsaihan D. Single-cell RNA analysis of chromodomain-encoding genes in mesenchymal stromal cells of the mouse dental pulp. J Cell Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38779967 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) and chromobox (CBX) families of proteins play crucial roles in cell fate decisions, differentiation, and cell proliferation in a broad variety of tissues and cell types. CHD proteins are ATP-dependent epigenetic enzymes actively engaged in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair, whereas CBX proteins are transcriptional repressors mainly involved in the formation of heterochromatin. The pleiotropic effects of CHD and CBX proteins are largely dependent on their versatility to interact with other key components of the epigenetic and transcriptional machinery. Although the function and regulatory modes of CHD and CBX factors are well established in many cell types, little is known about their roles during osteogenic differentiation. A single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of the mouse incisor dental pulp revealed distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns of CHD- and CBX-encoding genes within different clusters of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) representing various stages of osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, genes encoding interaction partners of CHD and CBX proteins, such as subunits of the trithorax-COMPASS and polycomb chromatin remodeling complexes, exhibited differential co-expression behaviors within MSC subpopulations. Thus, CHD- and CBX-encoding genes show partially overlapping but distinct expression patterns in MSCs, suggesting their differential roles in osteogenic cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy James Becker
- Department of Computer Science, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut, USA
| | - Badam Enkhmandakh
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bayarsaihan
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Dashti P, Lewallen EA, Gordon JAR, Montecino MA, Davie JR, Stein GS, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic regulators controlling osteogenic lineage commitment and bone formation. Bone 2024; 181:117043. [PMID: 38341164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone formation and homeostasis are controlled by environmental factors and endocrine regulatory cues that initiate intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating gene expression in the nucleus. Bone-related gene expression is controlled by nucleosome-based chromatin architecture that limits the accessibility of lineage-specific gene regulatory DNA sequences and sequence-specific transcription factors. From a developmental perspective, bone-specific gene expression must be suppressed during the early stages of embryogenesis to prevent the premature mineralization of skeletal elements during fetal growth in utero. Hence, bone formation is initially inhibited by gene suppressive epigenetic regulators, while other epigenetic regulators actively support osteoblast differentiation. Prominent epigenetic regulators that stimulate or attenuate osteogenesis include lysine methyl transferases (e.g., EZH2, SMYD2, SUV420H2), lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, SIRT1, SIRT3), arginine methyl transferases (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT4/CARM1, PRMT5), dioxygenases (e.g., TET2), bromodomain proteins (e.g., BRD2, BRD4) and chromodomain proteins (e.g., CBX1, CBX2, CBX5). This narrative review provides a broad overview of the covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins that involve hundreds of enzymes that add, read, or delete these epigenetic modifications that are relevant for self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Martin A Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Dashti P, Thaler R, Hawse JR, Galvan ML, van der Eerden BJ, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. G-protein coupled receptor 5C (GPRC5C) is required for osteoblast differentiation and responds to EZH2 inhibition and multiple osteogenic signals. Bone 2023; 176:116866. [PMID: 37558192 PMCID: PMC10962865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is epigenetically suppressed by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and induced by the morphogen BMP2 and transcription factor RUNX2. These factors also regulate distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPRCs; e.g., PTH1R, GPR30/GPER1). Because GPRCs transduce many physiological stimuli, we examined whether BMP2 or EZH2 inhibition (i.e., GSK126) regulates other GPRC genes in osteoblasts. RNA-seq screening of >400 mouse GPRC-related genes showed that many GPRCs are downregulated during osteogenic differentiation. The orphan receptor GPRC5C, along with a small subset of other GPRCs, is induced by BMP2 or GSK126 during Vitamin C dependent osteoblast differentiation, but not by all-trans retinoic acid. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that GSK126 reduces H3K27me3 levels at the GPRC5C gene locus in differentiating MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, consistent with enhanced GPRC5C mRNA expression. Loss of function analyses revealed that shRNA-mediated depletion of GPRC5C decreases expression of bone markers (e.g., BGLAP and IBSP) and mineral deposition in response to BMP2 or GSK126. GPRC5C mRNA was found to be reduced in the osteopenic bones of KLF10 null mice which have compromised BMP2 signaling. GPRC5C mRNA is induced by the bone-anabolic activity of 17β-estradiol in trabecular but not cortical bone following ovariectomy. Collectively, these findings suggest that GPRC5C protein is a key node in a pro-osteogenic axis that is normally suppressed by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 marks and induced during osteoblast differentiation by GSK126, BMP2, and/or 17β-estradiol. Because GPRC5C protein is an understudied orphan receptor required for osteoblast differentiation, identification of ligands that induce GPRC5C signaling may support therapeutic strategies to mitigate bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bram J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Qiao R, Li X, Madsen O, Groenen MAM, Xu P, Wang K, Han X, Li G, Li X, Li K. Potential selection for lipid kinase activity and spermatogenesis in Henan native pig breeds and growth shaping by introgression of European genes. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:64. [PMID: 37723431 PMCID: PMC10506266 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has one third of the worldwide indigenous pig breeds. The Henan province is one of the earliest pig domestication centers of China (about 8000 years ago). However, the precise genetic characteristics of the Henan local pig breeds are still obscure. To understand the origin and the effects of selection on these breeds, we performed various analyses on lineage composition, genetic structure, and detection of selection sweeps and introgression in three of these breeds (Queshan, Nanyang and Huainan) using genotyping data on 125 Queshan, 75 Nanyang, 16 Huainan pigs and 878 individuals from 43 Eurasian pig breeds. RESULTS We found no clear evidence of ancestral domestic pig DNA lineage in the Henan local breeds, which have an extremely complicated genetic background. Not only do they share genes with some northern Chinese pig breeds, such as Erhualian, Hetaodaer, and Laiwu, but they also have a high admixture of genes from foreign pig breeds (33-40%). Two striking selection sweeps in small regions of chromosomes 2 and 14 common to the Queshan and Nanyang breeds were identified. The most significant enrichment was for lipid kinase activity (GO:0043550) with the genes FII, AMBRA1, and PIK3IP1. Another interesting 636.35-kb region on chromosome 14 contained a cluster of spermatogenesis genes (OSBP2, GAL3ST1, PLA2G3, LIMK2, and PATZ1), a bisexual sterility gene MORC2, and a fat deposition gene SELENOM. Reproduction and growth genes LRP4, FII, and ARHGAP1 were present in a 238.05-kb region on SSC2 under selection. We also identified five loci associated with body length (P = 0.004) on chromosomes 1 and 12 that were introgressed from foreign pig breeds into the Henan breeds. In addition, the Chinese indigenous pig breeds fell into four main types instead of the previously reported six, among which the Eastern type could be divided into two subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Admixture of North China, East China and foreign pigs contributed to high genetic diversity of Henan local pigs. Ontology terms associated with lipid kinase activity and spermatogenesis and growth shaping by introgression of European genes in Henan pigs were identified through selective sweep analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xinjian Li
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pan Xu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuelei Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Gaiying Li
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Kim JJ, Steinson ER, Lau MS, de Rooij DG, Page DC, Kingston RE. Cell type-specific role of CBX2 and its disordered region in spermatogenesis. Genes Dev 2023; 37:640-660. [PMID: 37553262 PMCID: PMC10499018 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350393.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain the repressed state of lineage-inappropriate genes and are therefore essential for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. One critical function of PcG complexes is modulating chromatin structure. Canonical Polycomb repressive complex 1 (cPRC1), particularly its component CBX2, can compact chromatin and phase-separate in vitro. These activities are hypothesized to be critical for forming a repressed physical environment in cells. While much has been learned by studying these PcG activities in cell culture models, it is largely unexplored how cPRC1 regulates adult stem cells and their subsequent differentiation in living animals. Here, we show in vivo evidence of a critical nonenzymatic repressive function of cPRC1 component CBX2 in the male germline. CBX2 is up-regulated as spermatogonial stem cells differentiate and is required to repress genes that were active in stem cells. CBX2 forms condensates (similar to previously described Polycomb bodies) that colocalize with target genes bound by CBX2 in differentiating spermatogonia. Single-cell analyses of mosaic Cbx2 mutant testes show that CBX2 is specifically required to produce differentiating A1 spermatogonia. Furthermore, the region of CBX2 responsible for compaction and phase separation is needed for the long-term maintenance of male germ cells in the animal. These results emphasize that the regulation of chromatin structure by CBX2 at a specific stage of spermatogenesis is critical, which distinguishes this from a mechanism that is reliant on histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin J Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, MGH Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Emma R Steinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, MGH Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mei Sheng Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, MGH Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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An intersectional analysis of LncRNAs and mRNAs reveals the potential therapeutic targets of Bi Zhong Xiao Decoction in collagen-induced arthritis rats. Chin Med 2022; 17:110. [PMID: 36109779 PMCID: PMC9479270 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bi Zhong Xiao decoction (BZXD), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been used clinically for many years to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Both clinical and experimental studies have revealed that BZXD is effective in treating RA, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of efficacy of BZXD through transcriptomic analysis of lncRNA and mRNA. Methods The combination method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry was used to assess the quality of BZXD. The efficacy of BZXD in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was evaluated by clinical assessment, weight changes, hematoxylin–eosin and safranin o-fast green staining, and Micro-CT. Arraystar rat lncRNA-mRNA chip technology was used to determine the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of the Control, CIA and BZXD groups, and to screen gene expression profiles related to the curative effect of BZXD. A lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed for the therapeutic efficacy genes. Through GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the biological functions and signaling pathways of therapeutic efficacy genes were determined. Based on fold change and functional annotation, key differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were selected for reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) validation. The functions of lncRNAs targeting mRNAs were verified in vitro. Results We demonstrated that BZXD could effectively reverse bone erosion. After BZXD treatment, up to 33 lncRNAs and 107 mRNAs differentially expressed genes were reversely regulated by BZXD. These differentially expressed lncRNAs are mainly involved in the biological process of the immune response and are closely related to the ECM-receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, Focal adhesion, Ras signaling pathway, Antigen processing and presentation, and Chemokine signaling pathway. We identified four lncRNAs (uc.361−, ENSRNOT00000092834, ENSRNOT00000089244, ENSRNOT00000084631) and three mRNAs (Acvr2a, Cbx2, Morc4) as potential therapeutic targets for BZXD and their microarray data consistent with the RT-qPCR. In vitro experiments confirmed that silencing the lncRNAs ENSRNOT00000092834 and ENSRNOT00000084631 reversed the expression of target mRNAs. Conclusions This study elucidates the possible mechanism of BZXD reversing bone erosion in CIA rats from the perspective of lncRNA and mRNA. To provide a basis and direction for further exploration of the mechanism of BZXD in treating RA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00670-z.
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Wang D, Tanaka-Yano M, Meader E, Kinney MA, Morris V, Lummertz da Rocha E, Liu N, Liu T, Zhu Q, Orkin SH, North TE, Daley GQ, Rowe RG. Developmental maturation of the hematopoietic system controlled by a Lin28b-let-7-Cbx2 axis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110587. [PMID: 35385744 PMCID: PMC9029260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis changes over life to meet the demands of maturation and aging. Here, we find that the definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment is remodeled from gestation into adulthood, a process regulated by the heterochronic Lin28b/let-7 axis. Native fetal and neonatal HSPCs distribute with a pro-lymphoid/erythroid bias with a shift toward myeloid output in adulthood. By mining transcriptomic data comparing juvenile and adult HSPCs and reconstructing coordinately activated gene regulatory networks, we uncover the Polycomb repressor complex 1 (PRC1) component Cbx2 as an effector of Lin28b/let-7's control of hematopoietic maturation. We find that juvenile Cbx2-/- hematopoietic tissues show impairment of B-lymphopoiesis, a precocious adult-like myeloid bias, and that Cbx2/PRC1 regulates developmental timing of expression of key hematopoietic transcription factors. These findings define a mechanism of regulation of HSPC output via chromatin modification as a function of age with potential impact on age-biased pediatric and adult blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Wang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mayuri Tanaka-Yano
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleanor Meader
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa A Kinney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vivian Morris
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz da Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tianxin Liu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Grant Rowe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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van Wijnen AJ, Bagheri L, Badreldin AA, Larson AN, Dudakovic A, Thaler R, Paradise CR, Wu Z. Biological functions of chromobox (CBX) proteins in stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment, cancer and development. Bone 2021; 143:115659. [PMID: 32979540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulatory proteins support mammalian development, cancer, aging and tissue repair by controlling many cellular processes including stem cell self-renewal, lineage-commitment and senescence in both skeletal and non-skeletal tissues. We review here our knowledge of epigenetic regulatory protein complexes that support the formation of inaccessible heterochromatin and suppress expression of cell and tissue-type specific biomarkers during development. Maintenance and formation of heterochromatin critically depends on epigenetic regulators that recognize histone 3 lysine trimethylation at residues K9 and K27 (respectively, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3), which represent transcriptionally suppressive epigenetic marks. Three chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX1, CBX3 or CBX5) associated with the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) complex are methyl readers that interpret H3K9me3 marks which are mediated by H3K9 methyltransferases (i.e., SUV39H1 or SUV39H2). Other chromobox proteins (i.e., CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7 and CBX8) recognize H3K27me3, which is deposited by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2; a complex containing SUZ12, EED, RBAP46/48 and the methyl transferases EZH1 or EZH2). This second set of CBX proteins resides in PRC1, which has many subunits including other polycomb group factors (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, PCGF6), human polyhomeotic homologs (HPH1, HPH2, HPH3) and E3-ubiquitin ligases (RING1 or RING2). The latter enzymes catalyze the subsequent mono-ubiquitination of lysine 119 in H2A (H2AK119ub). We discuss biological, cellular and molecular functions of CBX proteins and their physiological and pathological activities in non-skeletal cells and tissues in anticipation of new discoveries on novel roles for CBX proteins in bone formation and skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amr A Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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