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Fu T, Liu Y, Wang Z, Jing Y, Zhao Y, Shao C, Lv Z, Li G. The recombinant BMP-2 loaded silk fibroin microspheres improved the bone phenotype of mild osteogenesis imperfecta mice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16191. [PMID: 37927786 PMCID: PMC10621593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited congenital disorder, characterized primarily by decreased bone mass and increased bone fragility. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a potent cytokine capable of stimulating bone formation, however, its rapid degradation and unanticipated in vivo effects restrict its application. The sustained release characteristic of silk fibroin (SF) microspheres may potentially address the aforementioned challenges, nevertheless they have not previously been tested in OI treatment. In the current investigation, recombinant BMP-2 (rBMP-2) loaded SF (rBMP-2/SF) microspheres-based release carriers were prepared by physical adsorption. The SF microparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were investigated for their cytotoxicity behavior as well as the release profile of rBMP-2. The rBMP-2/SF microspheres were administered via femoral intramedullary injection to two genotypes of OI-modeled mice daily for two weeks. The femoral microstructure and histological performance of OI mice were evaluated 2 weeks later. The findings suggested that rBMP-2/SF spheres with a rough surface and excellent cytocompatibility demonstrated an initial rapid release within the first three days (22.15 ± 2.88% of the loaded factor), followed by a transition to a slower and more consistent release rate, that persisted until the 15th day in an in vitro setting. The factor released from rBMP-2/SF particles exhibited favorable osteoinductive activity. Infusion of rBMP-2/SF microspheres, as opposed to blank SF spheres or rBMP-2 monotherapy, resulted in a noteworthy enhancement of femoral microstructure and promoted bone formation in OI-modeled mice. This research may offer a new therapeutic approach and insight into the management of OI. However, further investigation is required to determine the systematic safety and efficacy of rBMP-2/SF microspheres therapy for OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqing Jing
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenyi Shao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Shao C, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Jing Y, Li J, Lv Z, Fu T, Wang Z, Li G. DNA methyltransferases inhibitor azacitidine improves the skeletal phenotype of mild osteogenesis imperfecta by reversing the impaired osteogenesis and excessive osteoclastogenesis. Bone 2023; 170:116706. [PMID: 36822490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), as a disease of congenital bone dysplasia, is often accompanied by the abnormal alteration of bone absorption and bone formation. DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) can regulate the gene expression involved in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Dnmts changes and their effects on bone cells under OI is poorly understood. METHODS The Dnmts expression in adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow derived pre-osteoclasts (pre-Ocs) and femurs of Col1a2oim/+ and Col1a1+/-365 mice, both modeling mild OI types, were determined. The effects of azacitidine (Aza) administration and Dnmt3a knockdown by ShRNA on the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs together with osteoclasts (Ocs) production of pre-Ocs were studied in vitro. The synthesis and secretion of collagen fibers of OI derived ADSCs were examined. The therapeutic outcomes of intraperitoneal (i.p.) infused Aza (1 mg/kg/2d) for 30 days were evaluated in OI mice. RESULTS Obviously elevated expression of Dnmts, especially Dnmt3a, existed in ADSCs, pre-Ocs, and femurs isolated from OI modeled mice. Much more collagen molecules of mutant ADSCs were secreted into the extracellular medium post Aza addition. Both Aza administration and Dnmt3a knockdown effectively enhanced the bone-forming capacity of affected ADSCs and reduced Ocs formation of OI mice in vitro. Aza treatment apparently improved the femora microstructure and biomechanical properties, increased bone formation and decreased the number of Ocs in mice with OI. CONCLUSION Highly expressed Dnmt3a contributed to the impaired osteogenesis and enhanced osteoclastogenesis of collagen defect-related OI. Aza medication effectively improved the femora phenotype of the two types of OI modeled mice partly by Dnmts inhibition and modulating cell stress response. These findings facilitated understanding the role of Dnmts alteration in skeletal pathological development of mild OI and preliminary confirmed the therapeutic potential of Dnmts depressants in mild OI treatment. Still, further researches are needed to explore the specific function of Dnmts in OI bones and clarify the benefits of Aza administration in OI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Shao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Jing
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaci Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Claeys L, Zhytnik L, Wisse LE, van Essen HW, Eekhoff EMW, Pals G, Bravenboer N, Micha D. Exploration of the skeletal phenotype of the Col1a1 +/Mov13 mouse model for haploinsufficient osteogenesis imperfecta type 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145125. [PMID: 36967771 PMCID: PMC10031054 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder, characterized by skeletal dysplasia and fragile bones. Currently only two mouse models have been reported for haploinsufficient (HI) mild Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI); the Col1a1 +/Mov13 (Mov13) and the Col1a1 +/-365 mouse model. The Mov13 mice were created by random insertion of the Mouse Moloney leukemia virus in the first intron of the Col1a1 gene, preventing the initiation of transcription. Since the development of the Mov13 mice almost four decades ago and its basic phenotypic characterization in the 90s, there have not been many further studies. We aimed to extensively characterize the Mov13 mouse model in order to critically evaluate its possible use for preclinical studies of HI OI. METHODS Bone tissue from ten heterozygous Mov13 and ten wild-type littermates (WT) C57BL/6J mice (50% males per group) was analyzed at eight weeks of age with bone histomorphometry, micro computed tomography (microCT), 3-point bending, gene expression of different collagens, as well as serum markers of bone turnover. RESULTS The Mov13 mouse presented a lower bone strength and impaired material properties based on our results of 3-point bending and microCT analysis respectively. In contrast, no significant differences were found for all histomorphometric parameters. In addition, no significant differences in Col1a1 bone expression were present, but there was a significant lower P1NP concentration, a bone formation marker, measured in serum. Furthermore, bone tissue of Mov13 mice presented significantly higher expression of collagens (Col1a2, Col5a1 and Col5a2), and bone metabolism markers (Bglap, Fgf23, Smad7, Edn1 and Eln) compared to WT. Finally, we measured a significantly lower Col1a1 expression in heart and skin tissue and also determined a higher expression of other collagens in the heart tissue. CONCLUSION Although we did not detect a significant reduction in Col1a1 expression in the bone tissue, a change in bone structure and reduction in bone strength was noted. Regrettably, the variability of the bone phenotype and the appearance of severe lymphoma in adult Mov13 mice, does not favor their use for the testing of new long-term drug studies. As such, a new HI OI type 1 mouse model is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauria Claeys
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lidiia Zhytnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopeadics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lisanne E. Wisse
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huib W. van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E. Marelise W. Eekhoff
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Rare Bone Disease Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Tissue Function & Regeneration and Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dimitra Micha,
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4
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Infante A, Macías I, Rodríguez CI. Murine Animal Models in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: The Quest for Improving the Quality of Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010184. [PMID: 36613624 PMCID: PMC9820162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility, due to alterations in the type I collagen molecule. It is a very heterogeneous disease, both genetically and phenotypically, with a high variability of clinical phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe forms, the most extreme cases being perinatal lethal. There is no curative treatment for OI, and so great efforts are being made in order to develop effective therapies. In these attempts, the in vivo preclinical studies are of paramount importance; therefore, serious analysis is required to choose the right murine OI model able to emulate as closely as possible the disease of the target OI population. In this review, we summarize the features of OI murine models that have been used for preclinical studies until today, together with recently developed new murine models. The bone parameters that are usually evaluated in order to determine the relevance of new developing therapies are exposed, and finally, current and innovative therapeutic strategies attempts considered in murine OI models, along with their mechanism of action, are reviewed. This review aims to summarize the in vivo studies developed in murine models available in the field of OI to date, in order to help the scientific community choose the most accurate OI murine model when developing new therapeutic strategies capable of improving the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Alcorta-Sevillano
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantza Infante
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Iratxe Macías
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Clara I. Rodríguez
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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5
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Nelson AL, Fontana G, Miclau E, Rongstad M, Murphy W, Huard J, Ehrhart N, Bahney C. Therapeutic approaches to activate the canonical Wnt pathway for bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:961-976. [PMID: 36112528 PMCID: PMC9826348 DOI: 10.1002/term.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the canonical Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathway has been shown to increase bone formation and therefore has therapeutic potential for use in orthopedic conditions. However, attempts at developing an effective strategy to achieve Wnt activation has been met with several challenges. The inherent hydrophobicity of Wnt ligands makes isolating and purifying the protein difficult. To circumvent these challenges, many have sought to target extracellular inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, such as Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1, or to use small molecules, ions and proteins to increase target Wnt genes. Here, we review systemic and localized bioactive approaches to enhance bone formation or improve bone repair through antibody-based therapeutics, synthetic Wnt surrogates and scaffold doping to target canonical Wnt. We conclude with a brief review of emerging technologies, such as mRNA therapy and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats technology, which serve as promising approaches for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Nelson
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - GianLuca Fontana
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elizabeth Miclau
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA
| | - Mallory Rongstad
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Nicole Ehrhart
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Chelsea Bahney
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized MedicineSteadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI)VailColoradoUSA,School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA,Orthopaedic Trauma InstituteUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Lv F, Cai X, Ji L. An Update on Animal Models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:345-366. [PMID: 35767009 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by bone fragility, multiple fractures, bone deformity, and short stature. In recent years, the application of next generation sequencing has triggered the discovery of many new genetic causes for OI. Until now, more than 25 genetic causes of OI and closely related disorders have been identified. However, the mechanisms of many genes on skeletal fragility in OI are not entirely clear. Animal models of OI could help to understand the cellular, signaling, and metabolic mechanisms contributing to the disease, and how targeting these pathways can provide therapeutic targets. To date, a lot of animal models, mainly mice and zebrafish, have been described with defects in 19 OI-associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known genetic causes and animal models that recapitulate OI with a main focus on engineered mouse and zebrafish models. Additionally, we briefly discuss domestic animals with naturally occurring OI phenotypes. Knowledge of the specific molecular basis of OI will advance clinical diagnosis and potentially stimulate targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street No.11, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street No.11, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street No.11, Beijing, 100044, China.
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7
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Shao C, Liu Y, Li J, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Jing Y, Lv Z, Fu T, Wang Z, Li G. Up-regulated IL-17 and Tnf signaling in bone marrow cells of young male osteogenesis imperfecta mice. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13963. [PMID: 36032950 PMCID: PMC9415356 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a congenital bone dysplasia mainly caused by either defective production or assembly of type I collagen. The skeletal phenotypes especially fractures are often seen in OI adolescents. Studies have found that an increased number of osteoclasts and excessive bone resorption existed in collagen-related OI, which has not been well understood. Emerging evidence has suggested that inflammation may be associated with OI. We speculated that the bone marrow (BM) niche had similar inflammatory changes and performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in BM cells derived from young male mice to analyze the related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. Data showed that there were 117 shared DEGs (Q ≤ 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1) in BM cells isolated from two types of OI murine models that respectively simulate different OI types. Gene Ontology (GO) (Q ≤ 0.05) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (Q ≤ 0.05) analysis and real-time PCR validation indicated the dysregulated biology process of cellular response to interferon (Ifn) together with upregulated IL-17 signaling, tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) signaling and osteoclast differentiation in OI BM niche. Either defective collagen production or abnormal collagen assembly shared similar alterations in gene profiles and pathways involving inflammation and osteoclast activation. Data presented here not only contributed to understanding of the mechanism of the enhanced bone absorption in the bones of OI, but also provided more evidence to develop potential anti-inflammation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaci Li
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children’s Hospital, Tianjin, Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyun Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhe Lv
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang Li
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Cao Z, Shi H, Hu L, Zhang K, Zhang X, Pan J. Yes-associated protein promotes bone healing after tooth extraction in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Schindeler A, Lee LR, O'Donohue AK, Ginn SL, Munns CF. Curative Cell and Gene Therapy for Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:826-836. [PMID: 35306687 PMCID: PMC9324990 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) describes a series of genetic bone fragility disorders that can have a substantive impact on patient quality of life. The multidisciplinary approach to management of children and adults with OI primarily involves the administration of antiresorptive medication, allied health (physiotherapy and occupational therapy), and orthopedic surgery. However, advances in gene editing technology and gene therapy vectors bring with them the promise of gene-targeted interventions to provide an enduring or perhaps permanent cure for OI. This review describes emergent technologies for cell- and gene-targeted therapies, major hurdles to their implementation, and the prospects of their future success with a focus on bone disorders. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schindeler
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Lucinda R Lee
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Alexandra K O'Donohue
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia.,Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Craig F Munns
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Fu Y, Yang K, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Li WD. Deciphering Risperidone-Induced Lipogenesis by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Validation. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:870742. [PMID: 35509887 PMCID: PMC9058120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that can cause substantial weight gain. The pharmacological targets and molecular mechanisms related to risperidone-induced lipogenesis (RIL) remain to be elucidated. Therefore, network pharmacology and further experimental validation were undertaken to explore the action mechanisms of RIL. METHODS RILs were systematically analyzed by integrating multiple databases through integrated network pharmacology, transcriptomics, molecular docking, and molecular experiment analysis. The potential signaling pathways for RIL were identified and experimentally validated using gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis. RESULTS Risperidone promotes adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation through Oil Red O staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After network pharmacology and GO analysis, risperidone was found to influence cellular metabolism. In addition, risperidone influences adipocyte metabolism, differentiation, and lipid accumulation-related functions through transcriptome analysis. Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis showed that risperidone influences the adipocytokine signaling pathway by targeting MAPK14 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Risperidone increases adipocyte lipid accumulation by plausibly inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation through targeting MAPK14 and MAPK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fu
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yepei Huang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Chen Y, Yang S, Lovisa S, Ambrose CG, McAndrews KM, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R. Type-I collagen produced by distinct fibroblast lineages reveals specific function during embryogenesis and Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7199. [PMID: 34893625 PMCID: PMC8664945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen (Col1) is the most abundant protein in mammals. Col1 contributes to 90% of the total organic component of bone matrix. However, the precise cellular origin and functional contribution of Col1 in embryogenesis and bone formation remain unknown. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identifies Fap+ cells and Fsp1+ cells as the major contributors of Col1 in the bone. We generate transgenic mouse models to genetically delete Col1 in various cell lineages. Complete, whole-body Col1 deletion leads to failed gastrulation and early embryonic lethality. Specific Col1 deletion in Fap+ cells causes severe skeletal defects, with hemorrhage, edema, and prenatal lethality. Specific Col1 deletion in Fsp1+ cells results in Osteogenesis Imperfecta-like phenotypes in adult mice, with spontaneous fractures and compromised bone healing. This study demonstrates specific contributions of mesenchymal cell lineages to Col1 production in organogenesis, skeletal development, and bone formation/repair, with potential insights into cell-based therapy for patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Sara Lovisa
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Catherine G. Ambrose
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Kohler R, Tastad CA, Creecy A, Wallace JM. Morphological and mechanical characterization of bone phenotypes in the Amish G610C murine model of osteogenesis imperfecta. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255315. [PMID: 34449800 PMCID: PMC8396767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary bone disease where gene mutations affect Type I collagen formation resulting in osteopenia and increased fracture risk. There are several established mouse models of OI, but some are severe and result in spontaneous fractures or early animal death. The Amish Col1a2G610C/+ (G610C) mouse model is a newer, moderate OI model that is currently being used in a variety of intervention studies, with differing background strains, sexes, ages, and bone endpoints. This study is a comprehensive mechanical and architectural characterization of bone in G610C mice bred on a C57BL/6 inbred strain and will provide a baseline for future treatment studies. Male and female wild-type (WT) and G610C mice were euthanized at 10 and 16 weeks (n = 13-16). Harvested tibiae, femora, and L4 vertebrae were scanned via micro-computed tomography and analyzed for cortical and trabecular architectural properties. Femora and tibiae were then mechanically tested to failure. G610C mice had less bone but more highly mineralized cortical and trabecular tissue than their sex- and age-matched WT counterparts, with cortical cross-sectional area, thickness, and mineral density, and trabecular bone volume, mineral density, spacing, and number all differing significantly as a function of genotype (2 Way ANOVA with main effects of sex and genotype at each age). In addition, mechanical yield force, ultimate force, displacement, strain, and toughness were all significantly lower in G610C vs. WT, highlighting a brittle phenotype. This characterization demonstrates that despite being a moderate OI model, the Amish G610C mouse model maintains a distinctly brittle phenotype and is well-suited for use in future intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kohler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Carli A. Tastad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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13
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Ju M, Zhao Y, Jing Y, Li J, Shao C, Fu T, Lv Z, Li G. Modification of COL1A1 in Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Progenitor Cells Rescues the Bone Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1521-1534. [PMID: 33950576 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a congenital genetic disorder mainly manifested as bone fragility and recurrent fracture. Mutation of COL1A1/COL1A2 genes encoding the type I collagen are most responsible for the clinical patients. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide the potential to treat OI through differentiation into osteoblasts. Autologous defective MSCs have not been utilized in OI treatment mainly because of their impaired osteogenesis, but the latent mechanism has not been well understood. Here, the relative signaling abnormality of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) isolated from OI type I mice (Col1a1+/-365 mice) was explored. Autologous ADSCs transfected by retrovirus carrying human COL1A1 gene was first utilized in OI therapy. The results showed that decreased activity of Yes-associated protein (YAP) due to hyperactive upstream Hippo kinases greatly contributed to the weakened bone-forming capacity of defective ADSCs. Recovered collagen synthesis of autologous ADSCs by COL1A1 gene modification normalized Hippo/YAP signaling and effectively rescued YAP-mediated osteogenesis. And the COL1A1 gene engineered autologous ADSCs efficaciously improved the microstructure, enhanced the mechanical properties and promoted bone formation of Col1a1+/-365 mice after femoral bone marrow cavity delivery and might serve as an alternative source of stem cells in OI treatment. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Ju
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Jing
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaci Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyi Shao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kegelman CD, Collins JM, Nijsure MP, Eastburn EA, Boerckel JD. Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:526-540. [PMID: 32712794 PMCID: PMC8040027 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthesize the available data toward a unified perspective. RECENT FINDINGS YAP and TAZ are regulated by diverse upstream signals and interact downstream with multiple transcription factors involved in skeletal development, positioning YAP and TAZ as important signal integration nodes in an hourglass-shaped signaling pathway. Here, we provide a survey of putative transcriptional co-effectors for YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells. Synthesizing the in vitro data, we conclude that TAZ is consistently pro-osteogenic in function, while YAP can exhibit either pro- or anti-osteogenic activity depending on cell type and context. Synthesizing the in vivo data, we conclude that YAP and TAZ combinatorially promote developmental bone formation, bone matrix homeostasis, and endochondral fracture repair by regulating a variety of transcriptional programs depending on developmental stage. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ in skeletal development, and provide recommendations for continued study of molecular mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and therapeutic implications for skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kegelman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura P Nijsure
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Eastburn
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Ju M, Wang Z, Li J, Shao C, Fu T, Jing Y, Zhao Y, Lv Z, Li G. The synergistic effect of NELL1 and adipose-derived stem cells on promoting bone formation in osteogenesis imperfecta treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110235. [PMID: 32454289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and deformity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infusion can improve bone performance mainly due to their differentiation into osteoblasts in OI therapy. The osteoinductive activity of NELL1 have benefited various bone defect and osteoporotic models by promoting bone formation. The present study investigated the efficacy of combined use of NELL1 and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in OI treatment. METHODS Lentiviral vector carrying mouse Nell1 gene was constructed and lentivirus were used to infect ADSCs. The osteogenic capacity of MC3T3-E1 and ADSCs stimulated by recombinant mouse NELL1 protein (rmNELL1) and Nell1 gene genetically modified ADSCs (lenti-Nell1-ADSCs) were estimated by real-time quantitative PCR. Thirty adult male OI type I mice with single Col1a1 gene knockout were randomly divided into five groups and received intravenously injected PBS, rmNELL1 (1.25 mg/Kg), ADSCs (2 × 105 cells per mice), rmNELL1 (1.25 mg/Kg) combined with ADSCs (2 × 105 cells per mice), or lenti-Nell1-ADSCs (2 × 105 cells per mice) respectively. Six wildtype (WT) mice served as positive control. Bone formation was examined after 4 weeks using micro-CT, histological and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Three osteoblast related genes of MC3T3-E1 and ADSCs were significantly up-regulated by rmNELL1 in vitro. Lenti-Nell1-ADSCs showed greatly enhanced osteogenic differentiation capacity. The infused lenti-Nell1-ADSCs could migrate to femur and differentiate into ALPL-positive cells. Systemic administration of rmNELL1 combined with ADSCs or lenti-Nell1-ADSCs markedly improved the femoral microstructure and promoted bone formation through increasing the ALPL and osteocalcin (OCN) expression, much better than mice that received single rmNELL1 or ADSCs. And Nell1 gene engineered ADSCs achieved slightly better outcomes than that of combinative use of rmNELL1 and ADSCs. CONCLUSIONS NELL1 and ADSCs exhibited synergistic effect on stimulating bone formation of OI mice, which might provide an alternative strategy in OI treatment. Compared with dose escalation or multiple administration of rmNELL1, lentivirus-mediated long term expression of NELL1 might be more feasible and convenient. However, further studies are needed to confirm the safety and optimize the therapeutic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Ju
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaci Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyi Shao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Jing
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Dong H, Zhou W, Wang P, Zuo E, Ying X, Chai S, Fei T, Jin L, Chen C, Ma G, Liu H. Comprehensive Analysis of the Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:194. [PMID: 32269995 PMCID: PMC7109267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by a systemic impairment of bone mineral density (BMD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of susceptibility loci for osteoporosis and BMD. However, the vast majority of susceptibility loci are located in non-coding regions of the genome and provide limited information about the genetic mechanisms of osteoporosis. Herein we performed a comprehensive functional analysis to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis and BMD. BMD and osteoporosis are found to share many common susceptibility loci, and the corresponding susceptibility genes are significantly enriched in bone-related biological pathways. The regulatory element enrichment analysis indicated that BMD and osteoporosis susceptibility loci are significantly enriched in 5′UTR and DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) of peripheral blood immune cells. By integrating GWAS and expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) data, we found that 15 protein-coding genes are regulated by the osteoporosis and BMD susceptibility loci. Our analysis provides new clues for a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and offers potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Enjun Zuo
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ying
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Songling Chai
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Fei
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Laidi Jin
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guowu Ma
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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