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Micheletti C, Shah FA. Bone hierarchical organization through the lens of materials science: Present opportunities and future challenges. Bone Rep 2024; 22:101783. [PMID: 39100913 PMCID: PMC11295937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiscale characterization is essential to better understand the hierarchical architecture of bone and an array of analytical methods contributes to exploring the various structural and compositional aspects. Incorporating X-ray tomography, X-ray scattering, vibrational spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography alongside electron microscopy provides a comprehensive approach, offering insights into the diverse levels of organization within bone. X-ray scattering techniques reveal information about collagen-mineral spatial relationships, while X-ray tomography captures 3D structural details, especially at the microscale. Electron microscopy, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, extends resolution to the nanoscale, showcasing intricate features such as collagen fibril organization. Additionally, atom probe tomography achieves sub-nanoscale resolution and high chemical sensitivity, enabling detailed examination of bone composition. Despite various technical challenges, a correlative approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of bone material properties. Real-time investigations through in situ and in operando approaches shed light on the dynamic processes in bone. Recently developed techniques such as liquid, in situ transmission electron microscopy provide insights into calcium phosphate formation and collagen mineralization. Mechanical models developed in the effort to link structure, composition, and function currently remain oversimplified but can be improved. In conclusion, correlative analytical platforms provide a holistic perspective of bone extracellular matrix and are essential for unraveling the intricate interplay between structure and composition within bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Schwarcz HP, Nassif N, Kis VK. Curved mineral platelets in bone. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:201-209. [PMID: 38838906 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material principally made up of a mineral phase (apatite) and collagen fibrils. The mineral component of bone occurs in the form of polycrystalline platelets 2-6 nm in thickness. These platelets are packed and probably glued together in stacks of two or more, ranging up to >30 platelets. Here we show that most of these stacks are curved flat sheets whose cylindrical axes are oriented parallel to the long axes of collagen fibrils. Consequently, the curvature of the platelets is not detectable in TEM sections cut parallel to the collagen fibril axes. The radius of curvature around these axes ranges from about 25 nm (the average radius of the collagen fibrils) to 100's of nm. The shapes of these curved forms contribute to the compressive strength of bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone, the material of which bones are made, is mainly composed of a protein, collagen, and the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate). The crystals have long been known to be flat plates about 5 nanometers (nm) thick. Here we show that the crystals are bound together in curved platelets with a radius of curvature between 25 and several hundred nm, which weave between fibrils of collagen. Some platelets wrap tightly around fibrils. The platelets form stacks of from two to up to 30. The crystals in the platelets are all oriented parallel to the cylindrical fibrils even though most crystals are not in contact with collagen. These curved structures provide greater strength to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nadine Nassif
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Viktoria Kovacs Kis
- HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós u. 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Mineralogy, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1119 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Schwarcz H, Micheletti C, Grandfield K. Effect of plate orientation on apparent thickness of mineral plates by transmission electron microscopy. J Bone Miner Metab 2024; 42:344-351. [PMID: 38733377 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-024-01507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is widely used to study the ultrastructure of bone. The mineral of bone occurs as polycrystalline mineral plates about 3 to 6 nm in thickness. A problem in using TEM to make quantitative analyses of bone is that the orientation of the plates with respect to the plane of the section being imaged is expected to affect their apparent thickness. The purpose of this study was to test if this was true, if the apparent thickness of plates changed substantially as a result of tilt of the section. METHODS We prepared TEM sections of samples of cortical human bone by ion beam milling, orienting one section parallel to the collagen fibril axes and one perpendicular to them. We obtained TEM bright field and HAADF images of these sections, tilting the sections up to ± 20° at 2° intervals and measuring the apparent thickness of individual mineral platelets at each angle of tilt. RESULTS Thickness appears to double as section is tilted ± 20°. True thickness of plates is determined by tilting the section along an axis parallel to the plate orientation and determining the minimum apparent thickness. However, as plates are tilted away from minimum-thickness orientation, they become less well-resolved, disappearing when tilted more than 20°. We therefore also measured apparent thickness of only the darkest (most electron scattering) plate images in an untilted section and obtained the same average thickness as that obtained by tilting. CONCLUSION We conclude that tilting of the section is not necessary to obtain an accurate measurement of the thickness of mineral plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Schwarcz
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
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4
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Sheng X, Liu H, Xu Y, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li C, Wang J. Functionalized biomimetic mineralized collagen promotes osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium alloy microporous interface. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100896. [PMID: 38162280 PMCID: PMC10755784 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineralized collagen (MC) is the fundamental unit of natural bone tissue and can induce bone regeneration. Unmodified MC has poor mechanical properties and a single component, making it unable to cope with complex physiological environment. In this study, we introduced sodium alginate (SA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into the MC material to construct functionalized mineralized collagen (FMC) with good mechanical strength and the ability to continuously release growth factors. The FMC is filled into the pores of 3D printed titanium alloy scaffold to form a new organic-inorganic bioactive interface. With the continuous degradation of FMC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in the surrounding environment are recruited to the surface of the scaffold to promote bone and vascular regeneration. After implanting the scaffold into the distal femoral defect of rabbits, Micro CT, histological, push-out, as well as immunohistochemical analysis showed that the composite interface can significantly promote osseointegration. These findings provide a new strategy for the development and application of mineralized collagen materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmologic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130041, China
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5
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Micheletti C, Shah FA, Palmquist A, Grandfield K. Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity of Human Bone Shown with Correlative On-Axis Electron and Spectroscopic Tomographies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24710-24724. [PMID: 37846873 PMCID: PMC10753897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized collagen fibrils are the building block units of bone at the nanoscale. While it is known that collagen fibrils are mineralized both inside their gap zones (intra-fibrillar mineralization) and on their outer surfaces (extra-fibrillar mineralization), a clear visualization of this architecture in three dimensions (3D), combining structural and compositional information over large volumes, but without compromising the resolution, remains challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the use of on-axis Z-contrast electron tomography (ET) with correlative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) tomography to examine rod-shaped samples with diameters up to 700 nm prepared from individual osteonal lamellae in the human femur. Our work mainly focuses on two aspects: (i) low-contrast nanosized circular spaces ("holes") observed in sections of bone oriented perpendicular to the long axis of a long bone, and (ii) extra-fibrillar mineral, especially in terms of morphology and spatial relationship with respect to intra-fibrillar mineral and collagen fibrils. From our analyses, it emerges quite clearly that most "holes" are cross-sectional views of collagen fibrils. While this had been postulated before, our 3D reconstructions and reslicing along meaningful two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections provide a direct visual confirmation. Extra-fibrillar mineral appears to be composed of thin plates that are interconnected and span over several collagen fibrils, confirming that mineralization is cross-fibrillar, at least for the extra-fibrillar phase. EDX tomography shows mineral signatures (Ca and P) within the gap zones, but the signal appears weaker than that associated with the extra-fibrillar mineral, pointing toward the existence of dissimilarities between the two types of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Zhou S, Liu S, Wang Y, Li W, Wang J, Wang X, Wang S, Chen W, Lv H. Advances in the Study of Bionic Mineralized Collagen, PLGA, Magnesium Ionomer Materials, and Their Composite Scaffolds for Bone Defect Treatment. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:406. [PMID: 37623651 PMCID: PMC10455784 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of bone defects after a fracture remains a key issue to be addressed. Globally, more than 20 million patients experience bone defects annually. Among all artificial bone repair materials that can aid healing, implantable scaffolds made from a mineralized collagen (MC) base have the strongest bionic properties. The MC/PLGA scaffold, created by adding Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) and magnesium metal to the MC substrate, plays a powerful role in promoting fracture healing because, on the one hand, it has good biocompatibility similar to that of MC; on the other hand, the addition of PLGA provides the scaffold with an interconnected porous structure, and the addition of magnesium allows the scaffold to perform anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, and angiogenic activities. Using the latest 3D printing technology for scaffold fabrication, it is possible to model the scaffold in advance according to the requirement and produce a therapeutic scaffold suitable for various bone-defect shapes with less time and effort, which can promote bone tissue healing and regeneration to the maximum extent. This study reviews the material selection and technical preparation of MC/PLGA scaffolds, and the progress of their research on bone defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Shihang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Hongzhi Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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7
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Zhu X, Wang C, Bai H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhao X, Wang J, Liu H. Functionalization of biomimetic mineralized collagen for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100660. [PMID: 37214545 PMCID: PMC10199226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralized collagen (MC) is the basic unit of bone structure and function and is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue. In the biomimetic method, MC with different nanostructures of neo-bone have been constructed. Among these, extra-fibrous MC has been approved by regulatory agencies and applied in clinical practice to play an active role in bone defect repair. However, in the complex microenvironment of bone defects, such as in blood supply disorders and infections, MC is unable to effectively perform its pro-osteogenic activities and needs to be functionalized to include osteogenesis and the enhancement of angiogenesis, anti-infection, and immunomodulation. This article aimed to discuss the preparation and biological performance of MC with different nanostructures in detail, and summarize its functionalization strategy. Then we describe the recent advances in the osteo-inductive properties and multifunctional coordination of MC. Finally, the latest research progress of functionalized biomimetic MC, along with the development challenges and future trends, are discussed. This paper provides a theoretical basis and advanced design philosophy for bone tissue engineering in different bone microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruct Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
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8
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Al-Qudsy L, Hu YW, Xu H, Yang PF. Mineralized Collagen Fibrils: An Essential Component in Determining the Mechanical Behavior of Cortical Bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2203-2219. [PMID: 37075172 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Bone comprises mechanically different materials in a specific hierarchical structure. Mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs), represented by tropocollagen molecules and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, are the fundamental unit of bone. The mechanical characterization of MCFs provides the unique adaptive mechanical competence to bone to withstand mechanical load. The structural and mechanical role of MCFs is critical in the deformation mechanisms of bone and the marvelous strength and toughness possessed by bone. However, the role of MCFs in the mechanical behavior of bone across multiple length scales is not fully understood. In the present study, we shed light upon the latest progress regarding bone deformation at multiple hierarchical levels and emphasize the role of MCFs during bone deformation. We propose the concept of hierarchical deformation of bone to describe the interconnected deformation process across multiple length scales of bone under mechanical loading. Furthermore, how the deterioration of bone caused by aging and diseases impairs the hierarchical deformation process of the cortical bone is discussed. The present work expects to provide insights on the characterization of MCFs in the mechanical properties of bone and lays the framework for the understanding of the multiscale deformation mechanics of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luban Al-Qudsy
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, 8998+QHJ Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yi-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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9
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de Alcântara ACS, Felix LC, Galvão DS, Sollero P, Skaf MS. The Role of the Extrafibrillar Volume on the Mechanical Properties of Molecular Models of Mineralized Bone Microfibrils. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:230-245. [PMID: 36484626 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bones are responsible for body support, structure, motion, and several other functions that enable and facilitate life for many different animal species. They exhibit a complex network of distinct physical structures and mechanical properties, which ultimately depend on the fraction of their primary constituents at the molecular scale. However, the relationship between structure and mechanical properties in bones are still not fully understood. Here, we investigate structural and mechanical properties of all-atom bone molecular models composed of type-I collagen, hydroxyapatite (HA), and water by means of fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Our models encompass an extrafibrillar volume (EFV) and consider mineral content in both the EFV and intrafibrillar volume (IFV), consistent with experimental observations. We investigate solvation structures and elastic properties of bone microfibril models with different degrees of mineralization, ranging from highly mineralized to weakly mineralized and nonmineralized models. We find that the local tetrahedral order of water is lost in similar ways in the EFV and IFV regions for all HA containing models, as calcium and phosphate ions are strongly coordinated with water molecules. We also subject our models to tensile loads and analyze the spatial stress distribution over the nanostructure of the material. Our results show that both mineral and water contents accumulate significantly higher stress levels, most notably in the EFV, thus revealing that this region, which has been only recently incorporated in all-atom molecular models, is fundamental for studying the mechanical properties of bones at the nanoscale. Furthermore, our results corroborate the well-established finding that high mineral content makes bone stiffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus C S de Alcântara
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-860, SPBrazil.,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil
| | - Levi C Felix
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Department of Applied Physics, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-859, SPBrazil
| | - Douglas S Galvão
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Department of Applied Physics, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-859, SPBrazil
| | - Paulo Sollero
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-860, SPBrazil.,Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, CCES, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-861, SPBrazil.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas13083-970, SPBrazil
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10
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Zhu W, Li C, Yao M, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang W, Chen W, Lv H. Advances in osseointegration of biomimetic mineralized collagen and inorganic metal elements of natural bone for bone repair. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad030. [PMID: 37181680 PMCID: PMC10172150 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
At this stage, bone defects caused by trauma, infection, tumor, or congenital diseases are generally filled with autologous bone or allogeneic bone transplantation, but this treatment method has limited sources, potential disease transmission and other problems. Ideal bone-graft materials remain continuously explored, and bone defect reconstruction remains a significant challenge. Mineralized collagen prepared by bionic mineralization combining organic polymer collagen with inorganic mineral calcium phosphate can effectively imitate the composition and hierarchical structure of natural bone and has good application value in bone repair materials. Magnesium, strontium, zinc and other inorganic components not only can activate relevant signaling pathways to induce differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells but also stimulate other core biological processes of bone tissue growth and play an important role in natural bone growth, and bone repair and reconstruction. This study reviewed the advances in hydroxyapatite/collagen composite scaffolds and osseointegration with natural bone inorganic components, such as magnesium, strontium and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengxuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (W.Z.); (W.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (W.Z.); (W.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongzhi Lv
- Correspondence address. E-mail: (W.Z.); (W.C.); (H.L.)
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11
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Thotakura A, Quenneville C, Schwarcz HP. Ashing of bone: errors due to loss of CO 2 and their correction. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:594-601. [PMID: 35637396 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ashing is widely used to determine weight fraction of water-free bone that is mineral, but no standard procedure exists and the range of techniques used spans a range of temperatures and times over which the amount of weight loss is variable. We show that variability is largely due to progressive loss of CO2 from CO3 2- ions in the apatite crystal lattice, beginning at 600 ℃, typically used for ashing. We test the effect of varying temperature, time, and weight of sample and develop a reliable method, using small samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Replicate samples of bovine cortical bone were tested at 500 ℃, 600 ℃, and 700 ℃ for times ranging up to 24 h. We also tested samples of multiple humans at what we concluded to be the optimal conditions. RESULTS Varying conditions of ashing resulted in variations in apparent ash weight % by up to 7%. Samples between 5 and 20 mg heated to 600 ℃ for 1 h gave results agreeing with generally accepted values, but with much smaller variability. Ash wt% values for multiple human bone samples differed by up to 4.8%, but replicate data for individuals agree to ± 1 wt%. DISCUSSION In conclusion, a satisfactory method is given for ash weight determination using small samples, and yielding highly reproducible data. If accepted widely, ash weight values between laboratories could be used to study variations due to diet, age, drug treatment, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Quenneville
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Henry P Schwarcz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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12
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Micheletti C, Hurley A, Gourrier A, Palmquist A, Tang T, Shah FA, Grandfield K. Bone mineral organization at the mesoscale: A review of mineral ellipsoids in bone and at bone interfaces. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:1-13. [PMID: 35202855 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Much debate still revolves around bone architecture, especially at the nano- and microscale. Bone is a remarkable material where high strength and toughness coexist thanks to an optimized composition of mineral and protein and their hierarchical organization across several distinct length scales. At the nanoscale, mineralized collagen fibrils act as building block units. Despite their key role in biological and mechanical functions, the mechanisms of collagen mineralization and the precise arrangement of the organic and inorganic constituents in the fibrils remains not fully elucidated. Advances in three-dimensional (3D) characterization of mineralized bone tissue by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) revealed mineral-rich regions geometrically approximated as prolate ellipsoids, much larger than single collagen fibrils. These structures have yet to become prominently recognized, studied, or adopted into biomechanical models of bone. However, they closely resemble the circular to elliptical features previously identified by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in two-dimensions (2D). Herein, we review the presence of mineral ellipsoids in bone as observed with electron-based imaging techniques in both 2D and 3D with particular focus on different species, anatomical locations, and in proximity to natural and synthetic biomaterial interfaces. This review reveals that mineral ellipsoids are a ubiquitous structure in all the bones and bone-implant interfaces analyzed. This largely overlooked hierarchical level is expected to bring different perspectives to our understanding of bone mineralization and mechanical properties, in turn shedding light on structure-function relationships in bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In bone, the hierarchical organization of organic (mainly collagen type I) and inorganic (calcium-phosphate mineral) components across several length scales contributes to a unique combination of strength and toughness. However, aspects related to the collagen-mineral organization and to mineralization mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we review the presence of mineral prolate ellipsoids across a variety of species, anatomical locations, and interfaces, both natural and with synthetic biomaterials. These mineral ellipsoids represent a largely unstudied feature in the organization of bone at the mesoscale, i.e., at a level connecting nano- and microscale. Thorough understanding of their origin, development, and structure can provide valuable insights into bone architecture and mineralization, assisting the treatment of bone diseases and the design of bio-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada; Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-413 46, Sweden
| | - Ariana Hurley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada; Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-413 46, Sweden
| | - Tengteng Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-413 46, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada.
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13
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Muñoz A, Docaj A, Ugarteburu M, Carriero A. Poor bone matrix quality: What can be done about it? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:510-531. [PMID: 34414561 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Bone's ability to withstand load resisting fracture and adapting to it highly depends on the quality of its matrix and its regulators. This review focuses on the contribution of bone quality to fracture resistance and possible therapeutic targets for skeletal fragility in aging and disease. RECENT FINDINGS The highly organized, hierarchical composite structure of bone extracellular matrix together with its (re)modeling mechanisms and microdamage dynamics determines its stiffness, strength, and toughness. Aging and disease affect the biological processes regulating bone quality, thus resulting in defective extracellular matrix and bone fragility. Targeted therapies are being developed to restore bone's mechanical integrity. However, their current limitations include low tissue selectivity and adverse side effects. Biological and mechanical insights into the mechanisms controlling bone quality, together with advances in drug delivery and studies in animal models, will accelerate the development and translation to clinical application of effective targeted-therapeutics for bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Bldg. Room 403C, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Anxhela Docaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Bldg. Room 403C, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Maialen Ugarteburu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Bldg. Room 403C, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Bldg. Room 403C, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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14
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Idkaidek A, Schwarcz H, Jasiuk I. Modeling of bending and torsional stiffnesses of bone at sub-microscale: Effect of curved mineral lamellae. J Biomech 2021; 123:110531. [PMID: 34051614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent transmission electron microscopy images of transverse sections of human cortical bone showed that mineral lamellae (polycrystalline sheets of apatite crystals) form arcuate multi-radius patterns around collagen fibrils. The 3-6 nm thick mineral lamellae are arranged in stacks of 3-20 layers and curve around individual fibrils, few fibrils, and higher numbers of collagen fibrils. We evaluate the effect of these stacked mineral lamellae with various radius of curvature patterns on the elastic bending and torsional responses of bone at the sub-microscale using a finite element method. We find that the curved multi-radius stack patterns increased the bending and torsional stiffnesses by 7% and 23%, respectively, compared to when the stacks of mineral lamellae only encircle individual fibrils for the idealized geometric models considered. This study provides new insights into the structure-property relations for the bone ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Idkaidek
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Henry Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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15
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Li Z, Du T, Ruan C, Niu X. Bioinspired mineralized collagen scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1491-1511. [PMID: 33294729 PMCID: PMC7680706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful regeneration of large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in clinical orthopedics, thus it is of important significance to fabricate a suitable alternative material to stimulate bone regeneration. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, sufficient mechanical strength, and similar structure and composition of natural bone, the mineralized collagen scaffolds (MCSs) have been increasingly used as bone substitutes via tissue engineering approaches. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the state of the art of MCSs as tissue-engineered scaffolds for acceleration of bone repair, including their fabrication methods, critical factors for osteogenesis regulation, current opportunities and challenges in the future. First, the current fabrication methods for MCSs, mainly including direct mineral composite, in-situ mineralization and 3D printing techniques, have been proposed to improve their biomimetic physical structures in this review. Meanwhile, three aspects of physical (mechanics and morphology), biological (cells and growth factors) and chemical (composition and cross-linking) cues are described as the critical factors for regulating the osteogenic feature of MCSs. Finally, the opportunities and challenges associated with MCSs as bone tissue-engineered scaffolds are also discussed to point out the future directions for building the next generation of MCSs that should be endowed with satisfactorily mimetic structures and appropriately biological characters for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Tianming Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
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16
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Forien JB, Uzuhashi J, Ohkubo T, Hono K, Luo L, Schwarcz HP, Deymier AC, Krywka C, Fleck C, Zaslansky P. X-ray diffraction and in situ pressurization of dentine apatite reveals nanocrystal modulus stiffening upon carbonate removal. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:91-103. [PMID: 32927090 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone-like materials comprise carbonated-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (c-Ap) embedding a fibrillar collagen matrix. The mineral particles stiffen the nanocomposite by tight attachment to the protein fibrils creating a high strength and toughness material. The nanometer dimensions of c-Ap crystals make it very challenging to measure their mechanical properties. Mineral in bony tissues such as dentine contains 2~6 wt.% carbonate with possibly different elastic properties as compared with crystalline hydroxyapatite. Here we determine strain in biogenic apatite nanocrystals by directly measuring atomic deformation in pig dentine before and after removing carbonate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the platy 3D morphology while atom probe tomography revealed carbon inside the calcium rich domains. High-energy X-ray diffraction in combination with in situ hydrostatic pressurization quantified reversible c-Ap deformations. Crystal strains differed between annealed and ashed (decarbonated) samples, following 1 or 10 h heating at 250 °C or 550 °C respectively. Measured bulk moduli (K) and a-/c-lattice deformation ratios (η) were used to generate synthetic Ksyn and ηsyn identifying the most likely elastic constants C33 and C13 for c-Ap. These were then used to calculate the nanoparticle elastic moduli. For ashed samples, we find an average E11=107 GPa and E33 =128 GPa corresponding to ~5% and ~17% stiffening of the a-/c-axes of the nanocrystals as compared with the biogenic nanocrystals in annealed samples. Ashed samples exhibit ~10% lower Poisson's ratios as compared with the 0.25~0.36 range of carbonated apatite. Carbonate in c-Ap may therefore serve for tuning local deformability within bony tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Carbonated apatite nanoparticles, typical for bony tissues, stiffen the network of collagen fibrils. However, it is not known if the biogenic apatite mechanical (elastic) properties differ from those of geologic mineral counterparts. Indeed the tiny dimensions and variable carbonate composition may have strong effects on deformation resistance. The present study provides experimental measurements of the elastic constants which we use to estimate Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio values. Comparison between ashed and annealed dentine samples quantifies the properties of both carbonated and decarbonated apatite nanocrystals. The results reveal fundamental attributes of bony mineral and showcase the additive advantages of combining X-ray diffraction with in situ hydrostatic compression, backed by atom probe and transmission electron microscopy tomography.
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17
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Xu Y, Nudelman F, Eren ED, Wirix MJM, Cantaert B, Nijhuis WH, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G, Bomans PHH, Ottmann C, Friedrich H, Bras W, Akiva A, Orgel JPRO, Meldrum FC, Sommerdijk N. Intermolecular channels direct crystal orientation in mineralized collagen. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5068. [PMID: 33033251 PMCID: PMC7545172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and is commonly pictured as a parallel array of ultrathin carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) platelets distributed throughout the collagen. This orientation is often attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the HAp and collagen molecules inside 2D voids within the fibril. Although recent studies have questioned this model, the structural relationship between the collagen matrix and HAp, and the mechanisms by which collagen directs mineralization remain unclear. Here, we use XRD to reveal that the voids in the collagen are in fact cylindrical pores with diameters of ~2 nm, while electron microscopy shows that the HAp crystals in bone are only uniaxially oriented with respect to the collagen. From in vitro mineralization studies with HAp, CaCO3 and γ-FeOOH we conclude that confinement within these pores, together with the anisotropic growth of HAp, dictates the orientation of HAp crystals within the collagen fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiFei Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - E Deniz Eren
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J M Wirix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Cantaert
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Wouter H Nijhuis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Macromolecular Science and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijemborg 4, 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P R O Orgel
- Departments of Biology, Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Pang S, Schwarcz HP, Jasiuk I. Interfacial bonding between mineral platelets in bone and its effect on mechanical properties of bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104132. [PMID: 33049620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material consisting principally of apatite mineral, collagen fibrils, non-collagenous proteins, and other organic species. Recent electron microscopy studies have shown that the mineral in bone occurs as stacks of thin polycrystalline sheets ("mineral lamellae," MLs) which surround and lie between the collagen fibrils. We focus on the effect of the interface between these mineral lamellae on the mechanical properties of bone. Previous studies on bone treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to remove all organic material showed a greatly weakened mineral framework. Here, we treated femoral cortical bone with ethylenediamine (EDA), which only removes collagen, to study the effect of its removal on bone properties. We tested the degree of completion of the treatment by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. When only collagen is removed, a continuous mineral structure remains and is less weakened than by NaClO treatment. Transmission electron microscopy study of finely ground particles of the EDA treated bone shows that stacks of MLs remain joined, whereas in NaClO treated bone, only isolated crystals are present. Thus, we infer that the MLs in bone are held together in stacks by an organic glue, which is destroyed by NaClO, but which survives the EDA treatment. We show that this glue may contribute to the stiffness, strength, and energy absorption of bone. Further studies are needed to discover the chemical nature of this glue. This study provides a starting point for such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Pang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Henry P Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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