1
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Schaart JM, Kea-Te Lindert M, Roverts R, Nijhuis WH, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A. Cell-induced collagen alignment in a 3D in vitro culture during extracellular matrix production. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108096. [PMID: 38697586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The bone extracellular matrix consists of a highly organized collagen matrix that is mineralized with carbonated hydroxyapatite. Even though the structure and composition of bone have been studied extensively, the mechanisms underlying collagen matrix organization remain elusive. In this study, we used a 3D cell culture system in which osteogenic cells deposit and orient the collagen matrix that is subsequently mineralized. Using live fluorescence imaging combined with volume electron microscopy, we visualize the organization of the cells and collagen in the cell culture. We show that the osteogenically induced cells are organizing the collagen matrix during development. Based on the observation of tunnel-like structures surrounded by aligned collagen in the center of the culture, we propose that osteoblasts organize the deposited collagen during migration through the culture. Overall, we show that cell-matrix interactions are involved in collagen alignment during early-stage osteogenic differentiation and that the matrix is organized by the osteoblasts in the absence of osteoclast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Schaart
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Kea-Te Lindert
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Noord 29, 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Noord 29, 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Nijhuis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3508GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Noord 29, 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Noord 29, 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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2
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de Beer M, Daviran D, Roverts R, Rutten L, Macías-Sánchez E, Metz JR, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A. Precise targeting for 3D cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy volume imaging of tissues using a FinderTOP. Commun Biol 2023; 6:510. [PMID: 37169904 PMCID: PMC10175257 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryoCLEM) is a powerful strategy to high resolution imaging in the unperturbed hydrated state. In this approach fluorescence microscopy aids localizing the area of interest, and cryogenic focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (cryoFIB/SEM) allows preparation of thin cryo-lamellae for cryoET. However, the current method cannot be accurately applied on bulky (3D) samples such as tissues and organoids. 3D cryo-correlative imaging of large volumes is needed to close the resolution gap between cryo-light microscopy and cryoET, placing sub-nanometer observations in a larger biological context. Currently technological hurdles render 3D cryoCLEM an unexplored approach. Here we demonstrate a cryoCLEM workflow for tissues, correlating cryo-Airyscan confocal microscopy with 3D cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging. Accurate correlation is achieved by imprinting a FinderTOP pattern in the sample surface during high pressure freezing, and allows precise targeting for cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit de Beer
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Daviran
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luco Rutten
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Macías-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juriaan R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anat Akiva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Konijnenberg LSF, Luiken TTJ, Veltien A, Uthman L, Kuster CTA, Rodwell L, de Waard GA, Kea-Te Lindert M, Akiva A, Thijssen DHJ, Nijveldt R, van Royen N. Imatinib attenuates reperfusion injury in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:2. [PMID: 36639597 PMCID: PMC9839396 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Following an acute myocardial infarction, reperfusion of an occluded coronary artery is often accompanied by microvascular injury, leading to worse long-term prognosis. Experimental studies have revealed the potential of tyrosine-kinase inhibitor imatinib to reduce vascular leakage in various organs. Here, we examined the potential of imatinib to attenuate microvascular injury in a rat model of myocardial reperfusion injury. Isolated male Wistar rat hearts (n = 20) in a Langendorff system and male Wistar rats (n = 37) in an in vivo model were randomly assigned to imatinib or placebo and subjected to ischaemia and reperfusion. Evans-blue/Thioflavin-S/TTC staining and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging were performed to assess the extent of reperfusion injury. Subsequently, in vivo hearts were perfused ex vivo with a vascular leakage tracer and fluorescence and electron microscopy were performed. In isolated rat hearts, imatinib reduced global infarct size, improved end-diastolic pressure, and improved rate pressure product recovery compared to placebo. In vivo, imatinib reduced no-reflow and infarct size with no difference between imatinib and placebo for global cardiac function. In addition, imatinib showed lower vascular resistance, higher coronary flow, and less microvascular leakage in the affected myocardium. At the ultrastructural level, imatinib showed higher preserved microvascular integrity compared to placebo. We provide evidence that low-dose imatinib can reduce microvascular injury and accompanying myocardial infarct size in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. These data warrant future work to examine the potential of imatinib to reduce reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S F Konijnenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom T J Luiken
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andor Veltien
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laween Uthman
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien T A Kuster
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Rodwell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A de Waard
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Kea-Te Lindert
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anat Akiva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Nijveldt
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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van der Valk DC, Fomina A, Uiterwijk M, Hooijmans CR, Akiva A, Kluin J, Bouten CV, Smits AI. Calcification in Pulmonary Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Kapteijn R, Shitut S, Aschmann D, Zhang L, de Beer M, Daviran D, Roverts R, Akiva A, van Wezel GP, Kros A, Claessen D. Endocytosis-like DNA uptake by cell wall-deficient bacteria. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5524. [PMID: 36138004 PMCID: PMC9500057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria is widely believed to occur via conjugation, transduction and transformation. These mechanisms facilitate the passage of DNA across the protective cell wall using sophisticated machinery. Here, we report that cell wall-deficient bacteria can engulf DNA and other extracellular material via an endocytosis-like process. Specifically, we show that L-forms of the filamentous actinomycete Kitasatospora viridifaciens can take up plasmid DNA, polysaccharides (dextran) and 150-nm lipid nanoparticles. The process involves invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to formation of intracellular vesicles that encapsulate extracellular material. DNA uptake is not affected by deletion of genes homologous to comEC and comEA, which are required for natural transformation in other species. However, uptake is inhibited by sodium azide or incubation at 4 °C, suggesting the process is energy-dependent. The encapsulated materials are released into the cytoplasm upon degradation of the vesicle membrane. Given that cell wall-deficient bacteria are considered a model for early life forms, our work reveals a possible mechanism for primordial cells to acquire food or genetic material before invention of the bacterial cell wall. Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria can occur through mechanisms such as conjugation, transduction and transformation, which facilitate the passage of DNA across the cell wall. Here, Kapteijn et al. show that cell wall-deficient bacteria can take up DNA and other extracellular materials via an endocytosis-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Kapteijn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shraddha Shitut
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Aschmann
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marit de Beer
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Daviran
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anat Akiva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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6
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Konijnenberg LS, Uthman L, Veltien A, Kuster CT, Luiken TT, De Waard GA, Lemmens-Hermans K, de Haas-Cremers K, Kea-te Lindert M, Daviran D, Thijssen DH, Akiva A, Nijveldt R, van Royen N. Abstract P1047: Imatinib Attenuates Reperfusion Injury In A Rat Model Of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/res.131.suppl_1.p1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Reperfusion of an occluded coronary artery is often accompanied by injury of the microvasculature (MVI), which portends a worse long term prognosis after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In previous experimental studies, the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor imatinib has shown to reduce vascular leakage and therefore could have a potential role to prevent MVI. This study aims to provide a potential therapeutic approach using imatinib to attenuate reperfusion injury.
Methods:
First, 16 isolated male Wistar rat hearts were randomly assigned to 10 μM imatinib or placebo and subjected to 40 min of global ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion ex vivo in a Langendorff setup. Global infarct size and mechanical function were assessed. Second, 25 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 30 mg/kg imatinib or placebo intravenously and subjected to 45 min of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation followed by 180 min of reperfusion in vivo. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess infarct size and cardiac function. Subsequently, hearts were perfused ex vivo with a fluorescent vascular leakage tracer and used for fluorescence- and electron microscopy.
Results:
In isolated hearts, imatinib reduced global infarct size (imatinib 36.2±7.9 vs placebo 50.0±8.0% infarcted area/total area, p<0.01), improved end diastolic pressure (imatinib 44.2±8.0 vs placebo 59.5±13.5 mmHg, p<0.05) and rate pressure product recovery (imatinib 39.0±6.8 vs placebo 26.2±7.6% of baseline, p<0.05). In vivo, imatinib reduced infarct size (imatinib 12.6±8.8 vs placebo 25.6±9.3% infarcted area/left ventricle, p<0.01), but did not improve global cardiac function. At the end of reperfusion, imatinib showed lower vascular resistance, higher coronary flow and less microvascular leakage (all p<0.05). At the ultrastructural level, imatinib showed better preserved microvascular integrity compared to placebo.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that imatinib attenuates reperfusion injury in an ex vivo and in vivo AMI rat model, mainly by protection of the coronary microcirculation. These data warrant future work to examine the potential of imatinib to reduce reperfusion injury in patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anat Akiva
- Radboud Univ Med Cntr, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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7
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Jansen J, van den Berge BT, van den Broek M, Maas RJ, Daviran D, Willemsen B, Roverts R, van der Kruit M, Kuppe C, Reimer KC, Di Giovanni G, Mooren F, Nlandu Q, Mudde H, Wetzels R, den Braanker D, Parr N, Nagai JS, Drenic V, Costa IG, Steenbergen E, Nijenhuis T, Dijkman H, Endlich N, van de Kar NCAJ, Schneider RK, Wetzels JFM, Akiva A, van der Vlag J, Kramann R, Schreuder MF, Smeets B. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids for personalized congenital and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome modeling. Development 2022; 149:275031. [PMID: 35417019 PMCID: PMC9148570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by severe proteinuria as a consequence of kidney glomerular injury due to podocyte damage. In vitro models mimicking in vivo podocyte characteristics are a prerequisite to resolve NS pathogenesis. The detailed characterization of organoid podocytes resulting from a hybrid culture protocol showed a podocyte population that resembles adult podocytes and was superior compared with 2D counterparts, based on single-cell RNA sequencing, super-resolution imaging and electron microscopy. In this study, these next-generation podocytes in kidney organoids enabled personalized idiopathic nephrotic syndrome modeling, as shown by activated slit diaphragm signaling and podocyte injury following protamine sulfate, puromycin aminonucleoside treatment and exposure to NS plasma containing pathogenic permeability factors. Organoids cultured from cells of a patient with heterozygous NPHS2 mutations showed poor NPHS2 expression and aberrant NPHS1 localization, which was reversible after genetic correction. Repaired organoids displayed increased VEGFA pathway activity and transcription factor activity known to be essential for podocyte physiology, as shown by RNA sequencing. This study shows that organoids are the preferred model of choice to study idiopathic and congenital podocytopathies. Summary: Kidney organoid podocytes generated from human pluripotent stem cells using a hybrid differentiation protocol allow podocyte pathophysiology modeling that leads to congenital as well as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitske Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bartholomeus T van den Berge
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van den Broek
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Maas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Daviran
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brigith Willemsen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marit van der Kruit
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Katharina C Reimer
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Gianluca Di Giovanni
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fieke Mooren
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Quincy Nlandu
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helmer Mudde
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Wetzels
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk den Braanker
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Parr
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James S Nagai
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Achen 52062, Germany.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | | | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Achen 52062, Germany.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Eric Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Dijkman
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Endlich
- NIPOKA, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F M Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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van der Valk DC, Hoes CM, Rasenberg YM, Szymczyk W, Akiva A, Smits AI, Bouten CV. Mechanisms of Calcification in Materials for Valvular and Vascular In Situ Tissue Engineering. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Jansen J, Reimer KC, Nagai JS, Varghese FS, Overheul GJ, de Beer M, Roverts R, Daviran D, Fermin LA, Willemsen B, Beukenboom M, Djudjaj S, von Stillfried S, van Eijk LE, Mastik M, Bulthuis M, Dunnen WD, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Triana SH, Alexandrov T, Timm MC, van den Berge BT, van den Broek M, Nlandu Q, Heijnert J, Bindels EM, Hoogenboezem RM, Mooren F, Kuppe C, Miesen P, Grünberg K, Ijzermans T, Steenbergen EJ, Czogalla J, Schreuder MF, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A, Boor P, Puelles VG, Floege J, Huber TB, van Rij RP, Costa IG, Schneider RK, Smeets B, Kramann R, Achdout H, Aimon A, Bar-David E, Barr H, Ben-Shmuel A, Bennett J, Boby ML, Borden B, Bowman GR, Brun J, BVNBS S, Calmiano M, Carbery A, Cattermole E, Chernychenko E, Choder JD, Clyde A, Coffland JE, Cohen G, Cole J, Contini A, Cox L, Cvitkovic M, Dias A, Donckers K, Dotson DL, Douangamath A, Duberstein S, Dudgeon T, Dunnett L, Eastman PK, Erez N, Eyermann CJ, Fairhead M, Fate G, Fearon D, Federov O, Ferla M, Fernandes RS, Ferrins L, Foster R, Foster H, Gabizon R, Garcia-Sastre A, Gawriljuk VO, Gehrtz P, Gileadi C, Giroud C, Glass WG, Glen R, Itai glinert, Godoy AS, Gorichko M, Gorrie-Stone T, Griffen EJ, Hart SH, Heer J, Henry M, Hill M, Horrell S, Hurley MF, Israely T, Jajack A, Jnoff E, Jochmans D, John T, De Jonghe S, Kantsadi AL, Kenny PW, Kiappes J, Koekemoer L, Kovar B, Krojer T, Lee AA, Lefker BA, Levy H, London N, Lukacik P, Macdonald HB, Maclean B, Malla TR, Matviiuk T, McCorkindale W, McGovern BL, Melamed S, Michurin O, Mikolajek H, Milne BF, Morris A, Morris GM, Morwitzer MJ, Moustakas D, Nakamura AM, Neto JB, Neyts J, Nguyen L, Noske GD, Oleinikovas V, Oliva G, Overheul GJ, Owen D, Psenak V, Pai R, Pan J, Paran N, Perry B, Pingle M, Pinjari J, Politi B, Powell A, Puni R, Rangel VL, Reddi RN, Reid SP, Resnick E, Ripka EG, Robinson MC, Robinson RP, Rodriguez-Guerra J, Rosales R, Rufa D, Schofield C, Shafeev M, Shaikh A, Shi J, Shurrush K, Sing S, Sittner A, Skyner R, Smalley A, Smilova MD, Solmesky LJ, Spencer J, Strain-Damarell C, Swamy V, Tamir H, Tennant R, Thompson W, Thompson A, Thompson W, Tomasia S, Tumber A, Vakonakis I, van Rij RP, van Geel L, Varghese FS, Vaschetto M, Vitner EB, Voelz V, Volkamer A, von Delft F, von Delft A, Walsh M, Ward W, Weatherall C, Weiss S, White KM, Wild CF, Wittmann M, Wright N, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Zaidmann D, Zidane H, Zitzmann N. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:217-231.e8. [PMID: 35032430 PMCID: PMC8709832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kidney failure is frequently observed during and after COVID-19, but it remains elusive whether this is a direct effect of the virus. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects kidney cells and is associated with increased tubule-interstitial kidney fibrosis in patient autopsy samples. To study direct effects of the virus on the kidney independent of systemic effects of COVID-19, we infected human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived kidney organoids with SARS-CoV-2. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicated injury and dedifferentiation of infected cells with activation of profibrotic signaling pathways. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection also led to increased collagen 1 protein expression in organoids. A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor was able to ameliorate the infection of kidney cells by SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney cells and induce cell injury with subsequent fibrosis. These data could explain both acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients and the development of chronic kidney disease in long COVID. COVID-19 patients present tubulo-interstitial kidney fibrosis compared with controls SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates profibrotic signaling in human kidney organoids SARS-CoV-2 infection can be inhibited by a protease blocker in human kidney organoids
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10
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Heiligenstein X, de Beer M, Heiligenstein J, Eyraud F, Manet L, Schmitt F, Lamers E, Lindenau J, Kea-Te Lindert M, Salamero J, Raposo G, Sommerdijk N, Belle M, Akiva A. HPM live μ for a full CLEM workflow. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:115-149. [PMID: 33707009 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the development of advanced imaging methods that took place in the last decade, the spatial correlation of microscopic and spectroscopic information-known as multimodal imaging or correlative microscopy (CM)-has become a broadly applied technique to explore biological and biomedical materials at different length scales. Among the many different combinations of techniques, Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM) has become the flagship of this revolution. Where light (mainly fluorescence) microscopy can be used directly for the live imaging of cells and tissues, for almost all applications, electron microscopy (EM) requires fixation of the biological materials. Although sample preparation for EM is traditionally done by chemical fixation and embedding in a resin, rapid cryogenic fixation (vitrification) has become a popular way to avoid the formation of artifacts related to the chemical fixation/embedding procedures. During vitrification, the water in the sample transforms into an amorphous ice, keeping the ultrastructure of the biological sample as close as possible to the native state. One immediate benefit of this cryo-arrest is the preservation of protein fluorescence, allowing multi-step multi-modal imaging techniques for CLEM. To minimize the delay separating live imaging from cryo-arrest, we developed a high-pressure freezing (HPF) system directly coupled to a light microscope. We address the optimization of sample preservation and the time needed to capture a biological event, going from live imaging to cryo-arrest using HPF. To further explore the potential of cryo-fixation related to the forthcoming transition from imaging 2D (cell monolayers) to imaging 3D samples (tissue) and the associated importance of homogeneous deep vitrification, the HPF core technology has been revisited to allow easy modification of the environmental parameters during vitrification. Lastly, we will discuss the potential of our HPM within CLEM protocols especially for correlating live imaging using the Zeiss LSM900 with electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit de Beer
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariska Kea-Te Lindert
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Salamero
- SERPICO Inria Team/UMR 144 CNRS & National Biology and Health Infrastructure "France Bioimaging", Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anat Akiva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Xu Y, Nudelman F, Eren ED, Wirix MJM, Cantaert B, Nijhuis WH, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G, Bomans PHH, Ottmann C, Friedrich H, Bras W, Akiva A, Orgel JPRO, Meldrum FC, Sommerdijk N. Intermolecular channels direct crystal orientation in mineralized collagen. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5068. [PMID: 33033251 PMCID: PMC7545172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and is commonly pictured as a parallel array of ultrathin carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) platelets distributed throughout the collagen. This orientation is often attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the HAp and collagen molecules inside 2D voids within the fibril. Although recent studies have questioned this model, the structural relationship between the collagen matrix and HAp, and the mechanisms by which collagen directs mineralization remain unclear. Here, we use XRD to reveal that the voids in the collagen are in fact cylindrical pores with diameters of ~2 nm, while electron microscopy shows that the HAp crystals in bone are only uniaxially oriented with respect to the collagen. From in vitro mineralization studies with HAp, CaCO3 and γ-FeOOH we conclude that confinement within these pores, together with the anisotropic growth of HAp, dictates the orientation of HAp crystals within the collagen fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiFei Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - E Deniz Eren
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J M Wirix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Cantaert
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Wouter H Nijhuis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Macromolecular Science and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijemborg 4, 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P R O Orgel
- Departments of Biology, Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Neder M, Laissue PP, Akiva A, Akkaynak D, Albéric M, Spaeker O, Politi Y, Pinkas I, Mass T. Mineral formation in the primary polyps of pocilloporoid corals. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:631-645. [PMID: 31302296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In reef-building corals, larval settlement and its rapid calcification provides a unique opportunity to study the bio-calcium carbonate formation mechanism involving skeleton morphological changes. Here we investigate the mineral formation of primary polyps, just after settlement, in two species of the pocilloporoid corals: Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797) and Pocillopora acuta (Lamarck, 1816). We show that the initial mineral phase is nascent Mg-Calcite, with rod-like morphology in P. acuta, and dumbbell morphology in S. pistillata. These structures constitute the first layer of the basal plate which is comparable to Rapid Accretion Deposits (Centers of Calcification, CoC) in adult coral skeleton. We found also that the rod-like/dumbbell Mg-Calcite structures in subsequent growth step will merge into larger aggregates by deposition of aragonite needles. Our results suggest that a biologically controlled mineralization of initial skeletal deposits occurs in three steps: first, vesicles filled with divalent ions are formed intracellularly. These vesicles are then transferred to the calcification site, forming nascent Mg-Calcite rod/pristine dumbbell structures. During the third step, aragonite crystals develop between these structures forming spherulite-like aggregates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coral settlement and recruitment periods are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Successful mineralization during these periods is vital and influences the coral's chances of survival. Therefore, understanding the exact mechanism underlying carbonate precipitation is highly important. Here, we used in vivo microscopy, spectroscopy and molecular methods to provide new insights into mineral development. We show that the primary polyp's mineral arsenal consists of two types of minerals: Mg-Calcite and aragonite. In addition, we provide new insights into the ion pathway by showing that divalent ions are concentrated in intracellular vesicles and are eventually deposited at the calcification site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Neder
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | | | - Anat Akiva
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Derya Akkaynak
- The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat 88103, Israel; Department of Marine Technologies, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Marie Albéric
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Yael Politi
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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13
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de Wildt BW, Ansari S, Sommerdijk NA, Ito K, Akiva A, Hofmann S. From bone regeneration to three-dimensional in vitro models: tissue engineering of organized bone extracellular matrix. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Xu Y, Tijssen KCH, Bomans PHH, Akiva A, Friedrich H, Kentgens APM, Sommerdijk NAJM. Microscopic structure of the polymer-induced liquid precursor for calcium carbonate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2582. [PMID: 29968713 PMCID: PMC6030133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biomineral crystals form complex non-equilibrium shapes, often via transient amorphous precursors. Also in vitro crystals can be grown with non-equilibrium morphologies, such as thin films or nanorods. In many cases this involves charged polymeric additives that form a polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP). Here, we investigate the CaCO3 based PILP process with a variety of techniques including cryoTEM and NMR. The initial products are 30-50 nm amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles with ~2 nm nanoparticulate texture. We show the polymers strongly interact with ACC in the early stages, and become excluded during crystallization, with no liquid-liquid phase separation detected during the process. Our results suggest that "PILP" is actually a polymer-driven assembly of ACC clusters, and that its liquid-like behavior at the macroscopic level is due to the small size and surface properties of the assemblies. We propose that a similar biopolymer-stabilized nanogranular phase may be active in biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen C H Tijssen
- Solid-state NMR Group, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Solid-state NMR Group, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Akiva A, Kerschnitzki M, Pinkas I, Wagermaier W, Yaniv K, Fratzl P, Addadi L, Weiner S. Mineral Formation in the Larval Zebrafish Tail Bone Occurs via an Acidic Disordered Calcium Phosphate Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14481-14487. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Akiva
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Kerschnitzki
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department
of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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16
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Vidavsky N, Akiva A, Kaplan-Ashiri I, Rechav K, Addadi L, Weiner S, Schertel A. Cryo-FIB-SEM serial milling and block face imaging: Large volume structural analysis of biological tissues preserved close to their native state. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:487-495. [PMID: 27693309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many important biological questions can be addressed by studying in 3D large volumes of intact, cryo fixed hydrated tissues (⩾10,000μm3) at high resolution (5-20nm). This can be achieved using serial FIB milling and block face surface imaging under cryo conditions. Here we demonstrate the unique potential of the cryo-FIB-SEM approach using two extensively studied model systems; sea urchin embryos and the tail fin of zebrafish larvae. We focus in particular on the environment of mineral deposition sites. The cellular organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, ER, nuclei and nuclear pores are made visible by the image contrast created by differences in surface potential of different biochemical components. Auto segmentation and/or volume rendering of the image stacks and 3D reconstruction of the skeleton and the cellular environment, provides a detailed view of the relative distribution in space of the tissue/cellular components, and thus of their interactions. Simultaneous acquisition of secondary and back-scattered electron images adds additional information. For example, a serial view of the zebrafish tail reveals the presence of electron dense mineral particles inside mitochondrial networks extending more than 20μm in depth in the block. Large volume imaging using cryo FIB SEM, as demonstrated here, can contribute significantly to the understanding of the structures and functions of diverse biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Global Applications Support, Oberkochen, Germany
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17
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Ben Shoham A, Rot C, Stern T, Krief S, Akiva A, Dadosh T, Sabany H, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Zelzer E. Deposition of collagen type I onto skeletal endothelium reveals a new role for blood vessels in regulating bone morphology. Development 2016; 143:3933-3943. [PMID: 27621060 PMCID: PMC5117144 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, blood vessels have been implicated in the morphogenesis of various organs. The vasculature is also known to be essential for endochondral bone development, yet the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. We show that a unique composition of blood vessels facilitates the role of the endothelium in bone mineralization and morphogenesis. Immunostaining and electron microscopy showed that the endothelium in developing bones lacks basement membrane, which normally isolates the blood vessel from its surroundings. Further analysis revealed the presence of collagen type I on the endothelial wall of these vessels. Because collagen type I is the main component of the osteoid, we hypothesized that the bone vasculature guides the formation of the collagenous template and consequently of the mature bone. Indeed, some of the bone vessels were found to undergo mineralization. Moreover, the vascular pattern at each embryonic stage prefigured the mineral distribution pattern observed one day later. Finally, perturbation of vascular patterning by overexpressing Vegf in osteoblasts resulted in abnormal bone morphology, supporting a role for blood vessels in bone morphogenesis. These data reveal the unique composition of the endothelium in developing bones and indicate that vascular patterning plays a role in determining bone shape by forming a template for deposition of bone matrix. Highlighted article: Collagen I is deposited by osteoblasts onto endothelial cells within bone and serves as a template for mineralisation, with ossification thus spatially and temporally following vascular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Ben Shoham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chagai Rot
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Stern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Irving and Cherna Moskowitz Center for Nano and Bio-Nano Imaging, Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Helena Sabany
- Irving and Cherna Moskowitz Center for Nano and Bio-Nano Imaging, Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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18
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Kerschnitzki M, Akiva A, Ben Shoham A, Asscher Y, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P, Addadi L, Weiner S. Bone mineralization pathways during the rapid growth of embryonic chicken long bones. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:82-92. [PMID: 27108185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and transport of ions from the environment to the site of bone formation is only partially understood and, for the most part, based on disparate observations in different animals. Here we study different aspects of the biomineralization pathways in one system, the rapidly forming long bones of the chicken embryo. We mainly used cryo-fixation and cryo-electron imaging to preserve the often unstable mineral phases in the tissues. We show the presence of surprisingly large amounts of mineral particles located inside membrane-delineated vesicles in the bone forming tissue between the blood vessels and the forming bone surface. Some of these particles are also located inside mitochondrial networks. The surfaces of the forming bones in the extracellular space contain abundant aggregates of amorphous calcium phosphate particles, but these are not enveloped by vesicle membranes. In the bone resorbing region, osteoclasts also contain many particles in both mitochondrial networks and within vesicles. Some of these particles are present also between cells. These observations, together with the previously reported observation that CaP mineral particles inside membranes are present in blood vessels, leads us to the conclusion that important components of the bone mineralization pathways in rapidly forming chicken bone are dense phase mineral particles bound within membranes. It remains to be determined whether these mineral particles are transported to the site of bone formation in the solid state, fluid state or dissolve and re-precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kerschnitzki
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Ben Shoham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yotam Asscher
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Kerschnitzki M, Akiva A, Shoham AB, Koifman N, Shimoni E, Rechav K, Arraf AA, Schultheiss TM, Talmon Y, Zelzer E, Weiner S, Addadi L. Transport of membrane-bound mineral particles in blood vessels during chicken embryonic bone development. Bone 2016; 83:65-72. [PMID: 26481471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During bone formation in embryos, large amounts of calcium and phosphate are taken up and transported to the site where solid mineral is first deposited. The initial mineral forms in vesicles inside osteoblasts and is deposited as a highly disordered calcium phosphate phase. The mineral is then translocated to the extracellular space where it penetrates the collagen matrix and crystallizes. To date little is known about the transport mechanisms of calcium and phosphate in the vascular system, especially when high transport rates are needed and the concentrations of these ions in the blood serum may exceed the solubility product of the mineral phase. Here we used a rapidly growing biological model, the chick embryo, to study the bone mineralization pathway taking advantage of the fact that large amounts of bone mineral constituents are transported. Cryo scanning electron microscopy together with cryo energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and focused-ion beam imaging in the serial surface view mode surprisingly reveal the presence of abundant vesicles containing small mineral particles in the lumen of the blood vessels. Morphologically similar vesicles are also found in the cells associated with bone formation. This observation directly implicates the vascular system in solid mineral distribution, as opposed to the transport of ions in solution. Mineral particle transport inside vesicles implies that far larger amounts of the bone mineral constituents can be transported through the vasculature, without the danger of ectopic precipitation. This introduces a new stage into the bone mineral formation pathway, with the first mineral being formed far from the bone itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kerschnitzki
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Ben Shoham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Koifman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alaa A Arraf
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Thomas M Schultheiss
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stephen Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Akiva A, Malkinson G, Masic A, Kerschnitzki M, Bennet M, Fratzl P, Addadi L, Weiner S, Yaniv K. On the pathway of mineral deposition in larval zebrafish caudal fin bone. Bone 2015; 75:192-200. [PMID: 25725266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A poorly understood aspect of bone biomineralization concerns the mechanisms whereby ions are sequestered from the environment, concentrated, and deposited in the extracellular matrix. In this study, we follow mineral deposition in the caudal fin of the zebrafish larva in vivo. Using fluorescence and cryo-SEM-microscopy, in combination with Raman and XRF spectroscopy, we detect the presence of intracellular mineral particles located between bones, and in close association with blood vessels. Calcium-rich particles are also located away from the mineralized bone, and these are also in close association with blood vessels. These observations challenge the view that mineral formation is restricted to osteoblast cells juxtaposed to bone, or to the extracellular matrix. Our results, derived from observations performed in living animals, contribute a new perspective to the comprehensive mechanism of bone formation in vertebrates, from the blood to the bone. More broadly, these findings may shed light on bone mineralization processes in other vertebrates, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guy Malkinson
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Admir Masic
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Kerschnitzki
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mathieu Bennet
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Bennet M, Akiva A, Faivre D, Malkinson G, Yaniv K, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Fratzl P, Masic A. Simultaneous Raman microspectroscopy and fluorescence imaging of bone mineralization in living zebrafish larvae. Biophys J 2014; 106:L17-9. [PMID: 24560001 PMCID: PMC3944822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal Raman microspectroscopy and fluorescence imaging are two well-established methods providing functional insight into the extracellular matrix and into living cells and tissues, respectively, down to single molecule detection. In living tissues, however, cells and extracellular matrix coexist and interact. To acquire information on this cell-matrix interaction, we developed a technique for colocalized, correlative multispectral tissue analysis by implementing high-sensitivity, wide-field fluorescence imaging on a confocal Raman microscope. As a proof of principle, we study early stages of bone formation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae because the zebrafish has emerged as a model organism to study vertebrate development. The newly formed bones were stained using a calcium fluorescent marker and the maturation process was imaged and chemically characterized in vivo. Results obtained from early stages of mineral deposition in the zebrafish fin bone unequivocally show the presence of hydrogen phosphate containing mineral phases in addition to the carbonated apatite mineral. The approach developed here opens significant opportunities in molecular imaging of metabolic activities, intracellular sensing, and trafficking as well as in vivo exploration of cell-tissue interfaces under (patho-)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bennet
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - G Malkinson
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - K Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Masic
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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