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Mohamed FF, de Oliveira FA, Kinoshita Y, Yalamanchili RR, Eltilib LA, Andras NL, Narisawa S, Tani T, Chu EY, Millán JL, Foster BL. Dentoalveolar Alterations in an Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mouse Model. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1192-1207. [PMID: 37191192 PMCID: PMC10524958 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by kidney damage and loss of renal function. CKD mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) describes the dysregulation of mineral homeostasis, including hyperphosphatemia and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, skeletal abnormalities, and vascular calcification. CKD-MBD impacts the oral cavity, with effects including salivary gland dysfunction, enamel hypoplasia and damage, increased dentin formation, decreased pulp volume, pulp calcifications, and altered jaw bones, contributing to clinical manifestations of periodontal disease and tooth loss. Underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and CKD mouse models commonly require invasive procedures with high rates of infection and mortality. We aimed to characterize the dentoalveolar effects of an adenine diet (AD)-induced CKD (AD-CKD) mouse model. Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were provided either a normal phosphorus diet control (CTR) or adenine and high-phosphorus diet CKD to induce kidney failure. Mice were euthanized at 15 weeks old, and mandibles were collected for micro-computed tomography and histology. CKD mice exhibited kidney failure, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperparathyroidism in association with porous cortical bone in femurs. CKD mice showed a 30% decrease in molar enamel volume compared to CTR mice. Enamel wear was associated with reduced ductal components, ectopic calcifications, and altered osteopontin (OPN) deposition in submandibular salivary glands of CKD mice. Molar cusps in CKD mice were flattened, exposing dentin. Molar dentin/cementum volume increased 7% in CKD mice and pulp volume decreased. Histology revealed excessive reactionary dentin and altered pulp-dentin extracellular matrix proteins, including increased OPN. Mandibular bone volume fraction decreased 12% and bone mineral density decreased 9% in CKD versus CTR mice. Alveolar bone in CKD mice exhibited increased tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase localization, OPN deposition, and greater osteoclast numbers. AD-CKD recapitulated key aspects reported in CKD patients and revealed new insights into CKD-associated oral defects. This model has potential for studying mechanisms of dentoalveolar defects or therapeutic interventions. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma F. Mohamed
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuka Kinoshita
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Riti R. Yalamanchili
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leena A. Eltilib
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalie L. Andras
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Tani
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Department of General Dentistry, Operative Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Parsegian K. The inhibition of mineralisation by fibroblast growth factor 2 is associated with the altered expression of genes regulating phosphate balance. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:324-331. [PMID: 35801357 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine whether inhibitory effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on mineralisation in dental pulp (DP) cultures were associated with changes in the expression of genes regulating phosphate balance (Enpp1, Ank, Slc20a2, Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1). DP cultures growing under mineralisation-inducing conditions were exposed to FGF2 and inhibitors of the FGFR and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Mineralisation, culture cellularity, and gene expression were examined at various time points. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by the Holm-Šídák test. Control cultures exhibited transient increases in Enpp1 and Ank, continuous increases in Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1, and continuous decreases in Slc20a2. FGF2 increased Enpp1, Ank, and Slc20a2 and decreased Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1, whereas the FGF2 withdrawal and inhibition of FGFR and MEK/ERK1/2 exerted opposite effects. These changes suggest that FGF2-mediated decreases in mineralisation could be functionally coupled to the altered regulation of phosphate formation and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karo Parsegian
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Surgical Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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3
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Ohnishi T, Tran V, Sao K, Ramteke P, Querido W, Barve RA, van de Wetering K, Risbud MV. Loss of function mutation in Ank causes aberrant mineralization and acquisition of osteoblast-like-phenotype by the cells of the intervertebral disc. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:447. [PMID: 37468461 PMCID: PMC10356955 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathological mineralization of intervertebral disc is debilitating and painful and linked to disc degeneration in a subset of human patients. An adenosine triphosphate efflux transporter, progressive ankylosis (ANK) is a regulator of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels and plays an important role in tissue mineralization. However, the function of ANK in intervertebral disc has not been fully explored. Herein we analyzed the spinal phenotype of Ank mutant mice (ank/ank) with attenuated ANK function. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis showed that loss of ANK function results in the aberrant annulus fibrosus mineralization and peripheral disc fusions with cranial to caudal progression in the spine. Vertebrae in ank mice exhibit elevated cortical bone mass and increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase-positive endplate chondrocytes with decreased subchondral endplate porosity. The acellular dystrophic mineral inclusions in the annulus fibrosus were localized adjacent to apoptotic cells and cells that acquired osteoblast-like phenotype. Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging showed that the apatite mineral in the outer annulus fibrosus had similar chemical composition to that of vertebral bone. Transcriptomic analysis of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues showed changes in several biological themes with a prominent dysregulation of BMAL1/CLOCK circadian regulation. The present study provides new insights into the role of ANK in the disc tissue compartments and highlights the importance of local inorganic pyrophosphate metabolism in inhibiting the mineralization of this important connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Victoria Tran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Pranay Ramteke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ruteja A Barve
- Department of Genetics, Genome Technology Access Centre at the McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Sone ED, McCulloch CA. Periodontal regeneration: Lessons from the periodontal ligament-cementum junction in diverse animal models. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1124968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of the roots of mammalian teeth of limited eruption to the jawbone is reliant in part on the mineralization of collagen fibrils of the periodontal ligament (PDL) at their entry into bone and cementum as Sharpey's fibers. In periodontitis, a high prevalence infection of periodontal tissues, the attachment apparatus of PDL to the tooth root is progressively destroyed. Despite the pervasiveness of periodontitis and its attendant health care costs, and regardless of decades of research into various possible treatments, reliable restoration of periodontal attachment after surgery is not achievable. Notably, treatment outcomes in animal studies have often demonstrated more positive regenerative outcomes than human clinical studies. Conceivably, defining how species diversity affects cementogenesis and cementum/PDL regeneration could be instructive for informing novel and more efficacious treatment strategies. Here we briefly review differences in cementum and PDL attachment in commonly used animal models to consider how species differences may lead to enhanced regenerative outcomes.
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Dual peptide-functionalized hydrogels differentially control periodontal cell function and promote tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 141:213093. [PMID: 36067642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Restoring the tooth-supporting tissues lost during periodontitis is a significant clinical challenge, despite advances in both biomaterial and cell-based approaches. This study investigated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels functionalized with integrin-binding peptides RGD and GFOGER for controlling periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) activity and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration. Dual presentation of RGD and GFOGER within PEG hydrogels potentiated two key PDLC functions, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization, over either peptide alone and could be tuned to differentially promote each function. Hydrogel matrix mineralization, fostered by high concentrations of GFOGER together with RGD, identified a PDLC phenotype with accelerated matrix adhesion formation and expression of cementoblast and osteoblast genes. In contrast, maximizing ALP activity through high RGD and low GFOGER levels resulted in minimal hydrogel mineralization, in part, through altered PDLC pyrophosphate regulation. Transplantation of PDLCs in hydrogels optimized for either outcome promoted cementum formation in rat periodontal defects; however, only hydrogels optimized for in vitro mineralization improved new bone formation. Overall, these results highlight the utility of engineered hydrogel systems for controlling PDLC functions and their promise for promoting periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Zimmerman K, Li X, von Kroge S, Stabach P, Lester ER, Chu EY, Srivastava S, Somerman MJ, Tommasini SM, Busse B, Schinke T, Carpenter TO, Oheim R, Braddock DT. Catalysis-Independent ENPP1 Protein Signaling Regulates Mammalian Bone Mass. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1733-1749. [PMID: 35773783 PMCID: PMC9709593 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) deficiency induces vascular/soft tissue calcifications in generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), and low bone mass with phosphate-wasting rickets in GACI survivors (autosomal hypophosphatemic rickets type-2). ENPP1 haploinsufficiency induces early-onset osteoporosis and mild phosphate wasting in adults. Both conditions demonstrate the unusual combination of reduced accrual of skeletal mineral, yet excess and progressive heterotopic mineralization. ENPP1 is the only enzyme that generates extracellular pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of both bone and heterotopic mineralization. Life-threatening vascular calcification in ENPP1 deficiency is due to decreased plasma PPi; however, the mechanism by which osteopenia results is not apparent from an understanding of the enzyme's catalytic activity. To probe for catalysis-independent ENPP1 pathways regulating bone, we developed a murine model uncoupling ENPP1 protein signaling from ENPP1 catalysis, Enpp1T238A mice. In contrast to Enpp1asj mice, which lack ENPP1, Enpp1T238A mice have normal trabecular bone microarchitecture and favorable biomechanical properties. However, both models demonstrate low plasma Pi and PPi, increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and by 23 weeks, osteomalacia demonstrating equivalent phosphate wasting in both models. Reflecting findings in whole bone, calvarial cell cultures from Enpp1asj mice demonstrated markedly decreased calcification, elevated transcription of Sfrp1, and decreased nuclear β-catenin signaling compared to wild-type (WT) and Enpp1T238A cultures. Finally, the decreased calcification and nuclear β-catenin signaling observed in Enpp1asj cultures was restored to WT levels by knockout of Sfrp1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that catalysis-independent ENPP1 signaling pathways regulate bone mass via the expression of soluble Wnt inhibitors such as secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), whereas catalysis dependent pathways regulate phosphate homeostasis through the regulation of plasma FGF23. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Ethan R. Lester
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of General Dentistry, Operative Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Martha J. Somerman
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven M. Tommasini
- Department of Orthopædics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas O. Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
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7
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Andras NL, Mohamed FF, Chu EY, Foster BL. Between a rock and a hard place: Regulation of mineralization in the periodontium. Genesis 2022; 60:e23474. [PMID: 35460154 PMCID: PMC9492628 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The periodontium supports and attaches teeth via mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. It consists of two, unique mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone. In between these tissues, lies an unmineralized, fibrous periodontal ligament (PDL), which distributes occlusal forces, nourishes and invests teeth, and harbors progenitor cells for dentoalveolar repair. Many unanswered questions remain regarding periodontal biology. This review will focus on recent research providing insights into one enduring mystery: the precise regulation of the hard-soft tissue borders in the periodontium which define the interfaces of the cementum-PDL-alveolar bone structure. We will focus on advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that maintain the unmineralized PDL "between a rock and a hard place" by regulating the mineralization of cementum and alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Andras
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Fatma F. Mohamed
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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8
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Kinoshita Y, Mohamed FF, Amadeu de Oliveira F, Narisawa S, Miyake K, Foster BL, Millán JL. Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 Encoding TNAP-D 10 Improves the Skeletal and Dentoalveolar Phenotypes in Alpl -/- Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1835-1849. [PMID: 34076297 PMCID: PMC8446309 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene that encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), whose deficiency results in the accumulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ), a potent mineralization inhibitor. Skeletal and dental hypomineralization characterizes HPP, with disease severity varying from life-threatening perinatal or infantile forms to milder forms that manifest in adulthood or only affect the dentition. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using mineral-targeted recombinant TNAP (Strensiq/asfotase alfa) markedly improves the life span, skeletal phenotype, motor function, and quality of life of patients with HPP, though limitations of ERT include frequent injections due to a short elimination half-life of 2.28 days and injection site reactions. We tested the efficacy of a single intramuscular administration of adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) encoding TNAP-D10 to increase the life span and improve the skeletal and dentoalveolar phenotypes in TNAP knockout (Alpl-/- ) mice, a murine model for severe infantile HPP. Alpl-/- mice received 3 × 1011 vector genomes/body of AAV8-TNAP-D10 within 5 days postnatal (dpn). AAV8-TNAP-D10 elevated serum ALP activity and suppressed plasma PPi . Treatment extended life span of Alpl-/- mice, and no ectopic calcifications were observed in the kidneys, aorta, coronary arteries, or brain in the 70 dpn observational window. Treated Alpl-/- mice did not show signs of rickets, including bowing of long bones, enlargement of epiphyses, or fractures. Bone microstructure of treated Alpl-/- mice was similar to wild type, with a few persistent small cortical and trabecular defects. Histology showed no measurable osteoid accumulation but reduced bone volume fraction in treated Alpl-/- mice versus controls. Treated Alpl-/- mice featured normal molar and incisor dentoalveolar tissues, with the exceptions of slightly reduced molar enamel and alveolar bone density. Histology showed the presence of cementum and normal periodontal ligament attachment. These results support gene therapy as a promising alternative to ERT for the treatment of HPP. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kinoshita
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fatma F Mohamed
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Koichi Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Thumbigere-Math V, Millán JL, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Delivery of Alkaline Phosphatase Promotes Periodontal Regeneration in Mice. J Dent Res 2021; 100:993-1001. [PMID: 33840251 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors regulating the ratio of pyrophosphate (PPi) to phosphate (Pi) modulate biomineralization. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key promineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes the potent mineralization inhibitor PPi. The goal of this study was to determine whether TNAP could promote periodontal regeneration in bone sialoprotein knockout mice (Ibsp-/- mice), which are known to have a periodontal disease phenotype. Delivery of TNAP was accomplished either systemically (through a lentiviral construct expressing a mineral-targeted TNAP-D10 protein) or locally (through addition of recombinant human TNAP to a fenestration defect model). Systemic TNAP-D10 delivered by intramuscular injection at 5 d postnatal (dpn) increased circulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in Ibsp-/- mice by 5-fold at 30 dpn, with levels returning to normal by 60 dpn when tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology. Local delivery of recombinant human TNAP to fenestration defects in 5-wk-old wild type (WT) and Ibsp-/- mice did not alter long-term circulating ALP levels, and tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology at postoperative day 45. Systemic and local delivery of TNAP significantly increased alveolar bone volume (20% and 37%, respectively) and cementum thickness (3- and 42-fold) in Ibsp-/- mice, with evidence for periodontal ligament attachment and bone/cementum marker localization. Local delivery significantly increased regenerated cementum and bone in WT mice. Addition of 100-μg/mL bovine intestinal ALP to culture media to increase ALP in vitro increased media Pi concentration, mineralization, and Spp1 and Dmp1 marker gene expression in WT and Ibsp-/- OCCM.30 cementoblasts. Use of phosphonoformic acid, a nonspecific inhibitor of sodium Pi cotransport, indicated that effects of bovine intestinal ALP on mineralization and marker gene expression were in part through Pi transport. These findings show for the first time through multiple in vivo and in vitro approaches that pharmacologic modulation of Pi/PPi metabolism can overcome periodontal breakdown and accomplish regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Chavez MB, Chu EY, Kram V, de Castro LF, Somerman MJ, Foster BL. Guidelines for Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Rodent Dentoalveolar Tissues. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10474. [PMID: 33778330 PMCID: PMC7990153 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro–computed tomography (μCT) has become essential for analysis of mineralized as well as nonmineralized tissues and is therefore widely applicable in the life sciences. However, lack of standardized approaches and protocols for scanning, analyzing, and reporting data often makes it difficult to understand exactly how analyses were performed, how to interpret results, and if findings can be broadly compared with other models and studies. This problem is compounded in analysis of the dentoalveolar complex by the presence of four distinct mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. Furthermore, these hard tissues interface with adjacent soft tissues, the dental pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL), making for a complex organ. Drawing on others' and our own experience analyzing rodent dentoalveolar tissues by μCT, we introduce techniques to successfully analyze dentoalveolar tissues with similar or disparate compositions, densities, and morphological characteristics. Our goal is to provide practical guidelines for μCT analysis of rodent dentoalveolar tissues, including approaches to optimize scan parameters (filters, voltage, voxel size, and integration time), reproducibly orient samples, define regions and volumes of interest, segment and subdivide tissues, interpret findings, and report methods and results. We include illustrative examples of analyses performed on genetically engineered mouse models with phenotypes in enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. The recommendations are designed to increase transparency and reproducibility, promote best practices, and provide a basic framework to apply μCT analysis to the dentoalveolar complex that can also be extrapolated to a variety of other tissues of the body. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Luis F de Castro
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Martha J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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11
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Chu EY, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Ferebee SE, Li L, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Ablation of Pyrophosphate Regulators Promotes Periodontal Regeneration. J Dent Res 2020; 100:639-647. [PMID: 33356859 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520981854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent physiological inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) act to increase local extracellular levels of PPi, inhibiting mineralization. The periodontal complex includes 2 mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone (AB), both essential for tooth attachment. Previous studies demonstrated that loss of function of ANK or ENPP1 (reducing PPi) resulted in increased cementum formation, suggesting PPi metabolism may be a target for periodontal regenerative therapies. To compare the effects of genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, and both factors concurrently on cementum and AB regeneration, mandibular fenestration defects were created in Ank knockout (Ank KO), Enpp1 mutant (Enpp1asj/asj), and double KO (dKO) mice. Genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, or both factors increased cementum regeneration compared to controls at postoperative days (PODs) 15 and 30 (Ank KO: 8-fold, 3-fold; Enpp1asj/asj: 7-fold, 3-fold; dKO: 11-fold, 4-fold, respectively) associated with increased fluorochrome labeling and expression of mineralized tissue markers, dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1/DMP1), osteopontin (Spp1/OPN), and bone sialoprotein (Ibsp/BSP). Furthermore, dKO mice featured increased cementum thickness compared to single KOs at POD15 and Ank KO at POD30. No differences were noted in AB volume between genotypes, but osteoblast/osteocyte markers were increased in all KOs, partially mineralized osteoid volume was increased in dKO versus controls at POD15 (3-fold), and mineral density was decreased in Enpp1asj/asj and dKOs at POD30 (6% and 9%, respectively). Increased numbers of osteoclasts were present in regenerated AB of all KOs versus controls. These preclinical studies suggest PPi modulation as a potential and novel approach for cementum regeneration, particularly targeting ENPP1 and/or ANK. Differences in cementum and AB regeneration in response to reduced PPi conditions highlight the need to consider tissue-specific responses in strategies targeting regeneration of the entire periodontal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S E Ferebee
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase-A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121648. [PMID: 33302551 PMCID: PMC7763311 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that is best known for its role during mineralization processes in bones and skeleton. The enzyme metabolizes phosphate compounds like inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to provide, among others, inorganic phosphate for the mineralization and transportable vitamin B6 molecules. Patients with inherited loss of function mutations in the ALPL gene and consequently altered TNAP activity are suffering from the rare metabolic disease hypophosphatasia (HPP). This systemic disease is mainly characterized by impaired bone and dental mineralization but may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms, like anxiety disorders, seizures, and depression. HPP characteristically affects all ages and shows a wide range of clinical symptoms and disease severity, which results in the classification into different clinical subtypes. This review describes the molecular function of TNAP during the mineralization of bones and teeth, further discusses the current knowledge on the enzyme’s role in the nervous system and in sensory perception. An additional focus is set on the molecular role of TNAP in health and on functional observations reported in common laboratory vertebrate disease models, like rodents and zebrafish.
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Insights into dental mineralization from three heritable mineralization disorders. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107597. [PMID: 32758526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are comprised of three unique mineralized tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, that are susceptible to developmental defects similar to those affecting bone. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by PHEX mutations, leads to increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-driven hypophosphatemia and local extracellular matrix disturbances. Hypophosphatasia (HPP), caused by ALPL mutations, results in increased levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Generalized arterial calcification in infancy (GACI), caused by ENPP1 mutations, results in vascular calcification due to decreased PPi, later compounded by FGF23-driven hypophosphatemia. In this perspective, we compare and contrast dental defects in primary teeth associated with XLH, HPP, and GACI, briefly reviewing genetic and biochemical features of these disorders and findings of clinical and preclinical studies to date, including some of our own recent observations. The distinct dental defects associated with the three heritable mineralization disorders reflect unique processes of the respective dental hard tissues, revealing insights into their development and clues about pathological mechanisms underlying such disorders.
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