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Rummukainen P, Tarkkonen K, Al Majidi R, Puolakkainen T, Nieminen-Pihala V, Valensisi C, Saastamoinen L, Hawkins D, Heino TJ, Ivaska KK, Kiviranta R. The complex role of Rcor2: Regulates mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation in vitro but is dispensable in vivo. Bone 2024; 187:117180. [PMID: 38944098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed several important pathways of epigenetic regulation leading to transcriptional changes in bone cells. Rest Corepressor 2 (Rcor2) is a coregulator of Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (Lsd1), a demethylase linked to osteoblast activity, hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and malignancy of different neoplasms. However, the role of Rcor2 in osteoblast differentiation has not yet been examined in detail. We have previously shown that Rcor2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and particularly in the osteoblastic lineage. The role of Rcor2 in osteoblastic differentiation in vitro was further characterized and we demonstrate here that lentiviral silencing of Rcor2 in MC3T3-E1 cells led to a decrease in osteoblast differentiation. This was indicated by decreased alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa stainings as well as by decreased expression of several osteoblast-related marker genes. RNA-sequencing of the Rcor2-downregulated MC3T3-E1 cells showed decreased repression of Rcor2 target genes, as well as significant upregulation of majority of the differentially expressed genes. While the heterozygous, global loss of Rcor2 in vivo did not lead to a detectable bone phenotype, conditional deletion of Rcor2 in limb-bud mesenchymal cells led to a moderate decrease in cortical bone volume. These findings were not accentuated by challenging bone formation by ovariectomy or tibial fracture. Furthermore, a global deletion of Rcor2 led to decreased white adipose tissue in vivo and decreased the capacity of primary cells to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro. The conditional deletion of Rcor2 led to decreased adiposity in fracture callus. Taken together, these results suggest that epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation is mediated by Rcor2, which could thus play an important role in defining the MSC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Rummukainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland.
| | - Kati Tarkkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Rana Al Majidi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tero Puolakkainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Vappu Nieminen-Pihala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Cristina Valensisi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America, Division of Medical Genetics Health Sciences Building, Rm K253 Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720
| | - Lauri Saastamoinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - David Hawkins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America, Division of Medical Genetics Health Sciences Building, Rm K253 Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720
| | - Terhi J Heino
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Faculty of Medicine, FI-20014, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52 20521, Turku, Finland
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Zhu S, Chen W, Masson A, Li YP. Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis. Cell Discov 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38956429 PMCID: PMC11219878 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone formation and homeostasis and is regulated by two intricate processes: cell signal transduction and transcriptional gene expression. Various essential cell signaling pathways, including Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PTH, FGF, Ephrin, Notch, Hippo, and Piezo1/2, play a critical role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and bone homeostasis. Key transcriptional factors in this differentiation process include Runx2, Cbfβ, Runx1, Osterix, ATF4, SATB2, and TAZ/YAP. Furthermore, a diverse array of epigenetic factors also plays critical roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis at the transcriptional level. This review provides an overview of the latest developments and current comprehension concerning the pathways of cell signaling, regulation of hormones, and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the commitment and differentiation of osteoblast lineage, as well as in bone formation and maintenance of homeostasis. The paper also reviews epigenetic regulation of osteoblast differentiation via mechanisms, such as histone and DNA modifications. Additionally, we summarize the latest developments in osteoblast biology spurred by recent advancements in various modern technologies and bioinformatics. By synthesizing these insights into a comprehensive understanding of osteoblast differentiation, this review provides further clarification of the mechanisms underlying osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, and bone formation, and highlights potential new therapeutic applications for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Alasdair Masson
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Kagoshima H, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto R, Yasumoto A, Tona Y, Nakagawa T, Omori K, Yamamoto N. EBF1 Limits the Numbers of Cochlear Hair and Supporting Cells and Forms the Scala Tympani and Spiral Limbus during Inner Ear Development. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1060232023. [PMID: 38176908 PMCID: PMC10869149 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1060-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor essential for the differentiation of various tissues. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data suggest that Ebf1 is expressed in the sensory epithelium of the mouse inner ear. Here, we found that the murine Ebf1 gene and its protein are expressed in the prosensory domain of the inner ear, medial region of the cochlear duct floor, otic mesenchyme, and cochleovestibular ganglion. Ebf1 deletion in mice results in incomplete formation of the spiral limbus and scala tympani, increased number of cells in the organ of Corti and Kölliker's organ, and aberrant course of the spiral ganglion axons. Ebf1 deletion in the mouse cochlear epithelia caused the proliferation of SOX2-positive cochlear cells at E13.5, indicating that EBF1 suppresses the proliferation of the prosensory domain and cells of Kölliker's organ to facilitate the development of appropriate numbers of hair and supporting cells. Furthermore, mice with deletion of cochlear epithelium-specific Ebf1 showed poor postnatal hearing function. Our results suggest that Ebf1 is essential for normal auditory function in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kagoshima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Akiyoshi Yasumoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tona
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Shen NN, Lin JH, Liu PP. EBF1 Promotes the Sensitivity of Cervical Cancer Cells to Cisplatin via Activating FBN1 Transcription. Mol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893323030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Nieminen-Pihala V, Rummukainen P, Wang F, Tarkkonen K, Ivaska KK, Kiviranta R. Age-Progressive and Gender-Dependent Bone Phenotype in Mice Lacking Both Ebf1 and Ebf2 in Prrx1-Expressing Mesenchymal Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:746-758. [PMID: 35137272 PMCID: PMC9108109 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ebfs are a family of transcription factors regulating the differentiation of multiple cell types of mesenchymal origin, including osteoblasts. Global deletion of Ebf1 results in increased bone formation and bone mass, while global loss of Ebf2 leads to enhanced bone resorption and decreased bone mass. Targeted deletion of Ebf1 in early committed osteoblasts leads to increased bone formation, whereas deletion in mature osteoblasts has no effect. To study the effects of Ebf2 specifically on long bone development, we created a limb bud mesenchyme targeted Ebf2 knockout mouse model by using paired related homeobox gene 1 (Prrx1) Cre. To investigate the possible interplay between Ebf1 and Ebf2, we deleted both Ebf1 and Ebf2 in the cells expressing Prrx1. Mice with Prrx1-targeted deletion of Ebf2 had a very mild bone phenotype. However, deletion of both Ebf1 and Ebf2 in mesenchymal lineage cells lead to significant, age progressive increase in bone volume. The phenotype was to some extent gender dependent, leading to an increase in both trabecular and cortical bone in females, while in males a mild cortical bone phenotype and a growth plate defect was observed. The phenotype was observed at both 6 and 12 weeks of age, but it was more pronounced in older female mice. Our data suggest that Ebfs modulate bone homeostasis and they are likely able to compensate for the lack of each other. The roles of Ebfs in bone formation appear to be complex and affected by multiple factors, such as age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Tarkkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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