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Feng Y, Wang Y, Li X, Dai L, Zhang J. Differences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations of spontaneous brain activity between preterm and term infants. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1346632. [PMID: 38497040 PMCID: PMC10941683 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1346632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To date, the majority of research on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in the developing brain has primarily centered on adolescents and adults, leaving a gap in understanding variations in spontaneous brain activity at rest in preterm infants. This study aimed to uncover and comprehend the distinctions in spontaneous brain activity between preterm and term infants, with the goal of establishing a foundation for assessing the condition of preterm infants. Methods In this study, 14 term infants and 15 preterm infants with equivalent gestational age were carefully chosen from the neonatal unit of Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) intensity was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine brain activity in both groups. Subsequently, the differences between the term and preterm infants were statistically analyzed using a two-sample t-test. A p-value of <0.05, corrected for the REST Gaussian Random Fields, was deemed to be statistically significant. Results In comparison to the term infant group, the preterm infant group exhibited a significant increase in the ALFF value in the left precuneus, left frontal superior orbital gyrus, and left calcarine cortex. Conclusion Significant variances in spontaneous brain activity have been observed in various regions between term infants and preterm infants of equivalent gestational age. These variations could potentially impact the emotional and cognitive development of preterm infants in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanchong Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Imaging, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Liying Dai
- Neonate Follow-up Center, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Neonate Follow-up Center, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
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Viegas J, Holtby H, Runeckles K, Lang EV. The Impact of Scripted Self-Hypnotic Relaxation on the Periprocedural Experience and Anesthesiologist Sedation Use in the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Suite: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pain Res 2022; 15:3447-3458. [PMID: 36324867 PMCID: PMC9621219 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s373608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the impact on children of self-hypnotic relaxation scripts read by trained staff prior to the induction of anesthesia and/or extubation on the periprocedural experience. Patients and Methods A total of 160 children aged 7–18 years undergoing a cardiac catheterization intervention under general anesthesia were randomized into 4 groups: (1) a pre-procedure (PP-script) read prior to entering the procedural room, (2) a script read prior to extubation (PX-Script), (3) both PP- and PX-Scripts read and (4) no script read. Anxiety and pain were rated on self-reported 0–10 scales. The modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale was used for preoperative anxiety. The effect of script reading was associated with outcomes by linear regression for continuous variables, and logistic regression for binary variables in two-sided tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results are given in odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Data were available for 158 patients. Reading the PP-Script prior to anesthesia was associated with a significant reduction in the use of intraoperative sedatives from 30% to 14% (OR 0.40; CI 0.18–0.88; p = 0.02) by the anesthesiologists, who were blinded to group attribution until extubation. This was despite the children not self-reporting significantly lower levels of anxiety or pain. The PX-Script did not change outcomes. Among groups, there was no significant difference in room time, postoperative recovery time and pain. Conclusion Reading a PP-Script for guidance in self-hypnotic relaxation can result in less need for intravenous sedation in the judgment of the anesthesiologist, independent of the children’s self-reported anxiety and pain. This raises interesting questions about subconscious patient–physician interactions affecting pain management. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02347748.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Viegas
- Cardiac Diagnostic and Interventional Unit, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence: Jacqueline Viegas, Cardiac Diagnostic and Interventional Unit, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada, Tel +1 416 659 4443, Fax +1 416 813 6404, Email
| | - Helen Holtby
- Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Runeckles
- University Health Network Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Efune PN, Longanecker JM, Alex G, Saynhalath R, Khan U, Rivera K, Jerome AP, Boone W, Szmuk P. Use of dexmedetomidine and opioids as the primary anesthetic in infants and young children: A retrospective cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth 2020; 30:1013-1019. [PMID: 32510703 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic regimens using dexmedetomidine and short-acting opioids have been suggested as potential alternatives to sevoflurane-based anesthesia in children. The primary aim of this study is to compare demographics, intraoperative characteristics, and complications of general anesthetics in which dexmedetomidine and opioids were used without sevoflurane, or in combination with a low sevoflurane concentration, in children 36 months old and younger. The secondary aim is to evaluate intraoperative bispectral index (BIS) values when available in these patients. METHODS General anesthetics performed between January 1, 2017, and May 1, 2018, in children 2 years and younger who received dexmedetomidine and remifentanil, with or without sevoflurane, were identified. Additional anesthetics performed during this time in children 36 months and younger who received dexmedetomidine and opioids and had BIS monitoring were also identified. Charts were reviewed for demographic and intraoperative variables, including drug administration and hemodynamic data. RESULTS A total of 244 patients were identified. All but 22 patients received remifentanil. Ninety-two patients received sevoflurane with a mean end-tidal concentration of 0.84% (SD 0.43). Compared to the sevoflurane group, the nonsevoflurane group received more remifentanil (median dose 0.4 μg/kg/min vs 0.2 μg/kg/min, difference of 0.1 μg/kg/min, 95% CI 0.1-0.3, P < .001) and more dexmedetomidine (median dose 0.9 μg/kg/h vs 0.3 μg/kg/h, difference of 0.6 μg/kg/h, 95% CI 0.4-0.8, P < .001), and had a higher mean arterial pressure (median 53 mm Hg vs 42 mm Hg, difference of 11 mm Hg, 95% CI 8.1-14.8, P < .001). Complications between the two groups were comparable. The median percent intraoperative time with BIS reading <60 was 71.6% (95% CI: 63.3%-79.8%). CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine and opioids can effectively be used in young children as an alternative total intravenous anesthesia technique with or without <1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane. Bispectral index monitoring reveals a likely sufficient depth of hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proshad N Efune
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Gijo Alex
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rita Saynhalath
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Umar Khan
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Rivera
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aveline P Jerome
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Weiwei Boone
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Szmuk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Lang EV, Viegas J, Bleeker C, Bruhn J, Geert-Jan van G. Helping Children Cope with Medical Tests and Interventions. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY NURSING 2017; 36:44-50. [PMID: 28943814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jradnu.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Medical procedures and tests become a challenge when anxiety and pain make it difficult for the patient to cooperate or remain still when needed. Fortunately a short intervention with hypnoidal language at the onset of a procedure induces a positive and sustained change in the way pain and anxiety are processed. While anesthesia may appear to be a simple solution to eliminate pain, the adverse effects of pre-anesthesia anxiety on postoperative behavior and recovery are often not fully appreciated. This paper discusses options for self-hypnotic relaxation that are applicable to interactions with children. The high suggestibility of children makes it relatively easy to engage them in make-believe scenarios. Avoidance of negative suggestions is key in avoiding nocebo effects that may be difficult to overcome later. Once a child is immersed in his or her preferred scenario or hobby/activity of choice, environmental and procedural stimuli can be easily integrated in the imagery. Ego-strengthening metaphors that tie in features of strength, confidence, or resilience are particularly empowering. Even when children are fully under general anesthesia they may still have recall of what is said in the room and therefore caution in word choice should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Viegas
- Cardiac Diagnostic & Interventional Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Chris Bleeker
- Department of Anesthesia, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bruhn
- Department of Anesthesia, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geffen Geert-Jan van
- Department of Anesthesia, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Wu X, Wei L, Wang N, Hu Z, Wang L, Ma J, Feng S, Cai Y, Song X, Shi Y. Frequency of Spontaneous BOLD Signal Differences between Moderate and Late Preterm Newborns and Term Newborns. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:539-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perera T, Lewis PM, Davidson AJ, Junor P, Bottrell S. A pilot study to determine whether visually evoked hemodynamic responses are preserved in children during inhalational anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:317-26. [PMID: 25557014 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic depth is an important parameter to monitor during surgery, yet remains difficult to quantify, particularly in young children where developmental changes influence the electroencephalogram. A more fundamental physiological response to stimulation is the increase in cerebral blood flow secondary to increased metabolic demand, referred to as flow-metabolism coupling (FMC) and measurable using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Little is known about the effect of anesthesia on FMC; therefore, we studied visually evoked hemodynamic responses (VEHRs) using NIRS in children undergoing general anesthesia for minor surgical procedures. METHOD We recruited 23 children (aged 2-5 years), undergoing surgery requiring general anesthesia. VEHRs were measured for 30 min using NIRS, including 5 min of baseline recording after anesthetic induction. Parameters recorded using NIRS included the concentrations of oxygenated (oxy), deoxygenated (deoxy), and total hemoglobin (Hb), which were separated into epochs for evoked response analysis after filtration of motion artifact and baseline drift. Goodness-of-fit statistics and classification rules were used to determine the existence of evoked responses, and a modified Gaussian equation was used to model each evoked response. RESULTS Near-infrared spectroscopy data were recorded in 20/23 children, of whom nine showed a VEHR. No responses were seen in the baseline control data. When examining the relationship between VEHR and anesthetic agents, we noted that for 8/10 patients in whom preoperative or intraoperative fentanyl were administered and VEHRs were absent. CONCLUSION We have shown that VEHRs can be detected using NIRS in some anesthetized children. Administration of fentanyl was associated with an absence of VEHRs. The mechanism underlying this association is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Perera
- Department of Electronic Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Bruchas RR, Kent CD, Wilson HD, Domino KB. Anesthesia awareness: narrative review of psychological sequelae, treatment, and incidence. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2012; 18:257-67. [PMID: 21512752 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-011-9233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Awareness during general anesthesia occurs when patients recall events or sensations during their surgeries, although the patients should have been unconscious at the time. Anesthesiologists are cognizant of this phenomenon, but few discussions occur outside the discipline. This narrative review summarizes the patient recollections, psychological sequelae, treatment and follow-up of psychological consequences, as well as incidence and etiology of awareness during general anesthesia. Recalled memories include noises, conversations, images, mental processes, feelings of pain and/or paralysis. Psychological consequences include anxiety, flashbacks, and posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Limited discussion for therapeutic treatment after an anesthesia awareness experience exists. The incidence of anesthesia awareness ranges from 0.1 to 0.2% (e.g., 1-2/1000 patients). Increased recognition of awareness during general anesthesia within the psychological/counseling community, with additional research focusing on optimal therapeutic treatment, will improve the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Fortier MA, Weinberg M, Vitulano LA, Chorney JM, Martin SR, Kain ZN. Effects of therapeutic suggestion in children undergoing general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:90-9. [PMID: 20078802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND AIM The goal of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effect of intraoperative positive therapeutic suggestion on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children undergoing general anesthesia and otolaryngological surgery. BACKGROUND Because of the high incidence of PONV following otolaryngological surgery and its negative impact on recovery, researchers have examined various nonpharmacological interventions to target this phenomenon. To date, the effectiveness of therapeutic suggestion has not been studied in children. METHODS Participants were 67 children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and their mothers. Children received a standardized anesthetic procedure and were randomly assigned to one of three interventions administered under general anesthesia: therapeutic suggestion, story (prosody control), or standard operating room noise. Children, parents, and healthcare personnel were blinded to group assignment. Nausea and vomiting were recorded in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and for the first 3 days at home. RESULTS Results demonstrated a decrease in nausea severity across the first 3 days, F(2,49) = 10.37, P < 0.001, but no group differences in nausea severity in the PACU (F(2,49) = 0.87, P = 0.43) or at home (F(2,49) = 0.80, P = 0.46). There were also no group differences in vomiting episodes in the PACU (chi(2) (2) = 1.25, P > 0.05) or at home (F(2,49) = 1.59, P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS In this blinded controlled trial, therapeutic suggestion delivered intraoperatively did not impact children's PONV. However, because this is the first study of this kind, replication may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Fortier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Gao W, Zhu H, Giovanello KS, Smith JK, Shen D, Gilmore JH, Lin W. Evidence on the emergence of the brain's default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6790-5. [PMID: 19351894 PMCID: PMC2672537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811221106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have implicated the existence of the brain's default network during passive or undirected mental states. Nevertheless, results on the emergence of the default network in very young pediatric subjects are lacking. Using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy pediatric subjects between 2 weeks and 2 years of age, we describe the temporal evolution of the default network in a critical, previously unstudied, period of early human brain development. Our results demonstrate that a primitive and incomplete default network is present in 2-week-olds, followed by a marked increase in the number of brain regions exhibiting connectivity, and the percent of connection at 1 year of age. By 2 years of age, the default network becomes similar to that observed in adults, including medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial (PCC/Rsp), inferior parietal lobule, lateral temporal cortex, and hippocampus regions. While the anatomical representations of the default network highly depend on age, the PCC/Rsp is consistently observed at in both age groups and is central to the most and strongest connections of the default network, suggesting that PCC/Rsp may serve as the main "hub" of the default network as this region does in adults. In addition, although not as remarkable as the PCC/Rsp, the MPFC also emerges as a potential secondary hub starting from 1 year of age. These findings reveal the temporal development of the default network in the critical period of early brain development and offer new insights into the emergence of brain default network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Biostatistics
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kelly S. Giovanello
- Psychology
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Dinggang Shen
- Radiology, and
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Weili Lin
- Radiology, and
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Sanders RD, Ma D, Brooks P, Maze M. Balancing paediatric anaesthesia: preclinical insights into analgesia, hypnosis, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:597-609. [PMID: 18796440 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Logistical and ethical reasons make conducting clinical research in paediatric practice difficult, and therefore safe and efficacious advances are dependent on good preclinical research. For example, notable advances have been made in preclinical studies of pain processing that correlate well with patient data. Other areas of paediatric anaesthetic research remain in their infancy including mechanisms of anaesthesia and anaesthetic neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. Animal data have identified the potential 'double-edged' sword of administering anaesthetic agents in the young; although these agents can be neuroprotective in certain circumstances, they can be neurotoxic in others. The potential for this toxicity must be balanced against the importance of providing adequate anaesthesia for which there can be no compromise. We review the current state of preclinical research in paediatric anaesthesia and identify areas which require further exploration in order to provide the foundations for well-conducted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Sanders
- Department of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Messina AG, Ward MJ, Pace NL. Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Intraoperative awareness is an anesthesia complication and occurs when a patient becomes conscious during a procedure performed under general anesthesia and subsequently has recall of these events. Awareness is well described phenomenon in adults, with an incidence of 0.1-0.2 % for low-risk surgical procedures. Recent studies have shown that awareness in children is more common than in adults. However, causes and the long-term psychological impact of awareness in children are unknown. We report on two cases of intraoperative awareness in children in an attempt to throw further light on this complex problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen J Blussé Van Oud-Alblas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Leslie
- Department of Pahrmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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