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Jiang W, Zhou Z, Li G, Yin W, Wu Z, Wang L, Ghanbari M, Li G, Yap PT, Howell BR, Styner MA, Yacoub E, Hazlett H, Gilmore JH, Keith Smith J, Ugurbil K, Elison JT, Zhang H, Shen D, Lin W. Mapping the evolution of regional brain network efficiency and its association with cognitive abilities during the first twenty-eight months of life. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 63:101284. [PMID: 37517139 PMCID: PMC10400876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain undergoes rapid growth during the first few years of life. While previous research has employed graph theory to study early brain development, it has mostly focused on the topological attributes of the whole brain. However, examining regional graph-theory features may provide unique insights into the development of cognitive abilities. Utilizing a large and longitudinal rsfMRI dataset from the UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project, we investigated the developmental trajectories of regional efficiency and evaluated the relationships between these changes and cognitive abilities using Mullen Scales of Early Learning during the first twenty-eight months of life. Our results revealed a complex and spatiotemporally heterogeneous development pattern of regional global and local efficiency during this age period. Furthermore, we found that the trajectories of the regional global efficiency at the left temporal occipital fusiform and bilateral occipital fusiform gyri were positively associated with cognitive abilities, including visual reception, expressive language, receptive language, and early learning composite scores (P < 0.05, FDR corrected). However, these associations were weakened with age. These findings offered new insights into the regional developmental features of brain topologies and their associations with cognition and provided evidence of ongoing optimization of brain networks at both whole-brain and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guoshi Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weiyan Yin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhengwang Wu
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maryam Ghanbari
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pew-Thian Yap
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Chen L, Wu Z, Hu D, Wang F, Smith JK, Lin W, Wang L, Shen D, Li G, Consortium FUBCP. ABCnet: Adversarial bias correction network for infant brain MR images. Med Image Anal 2021; 72:102133. [PMID: 34225011 PMCID: PMC8316417 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity (also termed as the bias correction) is an essential step in brain MR image analysis. Existing methods are typically developed for adult brain MR images based on the assumption that the image intensities within the same brain tissue are relatively uniform. However, this assumption is not valid in infant brain MR images, due to the dynamic and regionally-heterogeneous image contrast and appearance changes, which are caused by the underlying spatiotemporally-nonuniform myelination process. Therefore, it is not appropriate to directly use existing methods to correct the infant brain MR images. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end 3D adversarial bias correction network (ABCnet), tailored for direct prediction of bias fields from the input infant brain MR images for bias correction. The "ground-truth" bias fields for training our network are carefully defined by an improved N4 method, which integrates manually-corrected tissue segmentation maps as anatomical prior knowledge. The whole network is trained alternatively by minimizing generative and adversarial losses. To handle the heterogeneous intensity changes, our generative loss includes a tissue-aware local intensity uniformity term to reduce the local intensity variation in the corrected image. Besides, it also integrates two additional terms to enhance the smoothness of the estimated bias field and to improve the robustness of the proposed method, respectively. Comprehensive experiments with different sizes of training datasets have been carried out on a total of 1492 T1w and T2w MR images from neonates, infants, and adults, respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations on simulated and real datasets consistently demonstrate the superior performance of our ABCnet in both accuracy and efficiency, compared with popularly available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjun Chen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhengwang Wu
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Armao D, Hartman TS, Katz L, Shea CM, Koschnitzky J, Yang R, Smith JK, Quinsey C. Radiation safety education and diagnostic imaging in pediatric patients with surgically treated hydrocephalus: the patient and family perspective. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:491-497. [PMID: 32710252 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgically treated hydrocephalus patients are frequently imaged with head computed tomography (CT), and risk/benefit communication with families is inconsistent and unknown. We aimed to educate patients and caregivers about radiation safety in CT and explore their communication preferences. METHODS We conducted a pediatric CT radiation safety and diagnostic imaging educational workshop for patients and caregivers at a national conference on hydrocephalus to characterize current practice and desired communication about CT imaging. Our workshop consisted of an interactive educational intervention with pre-/post-session surveys followed by feedback from participants. RESULTS Our session included 34 participants (100% response rate for surveys) with 28 being parents of individuals with hydrocephalus. A total of 76% (n = 26) participants showed an increase in knowledge after the session (p < 0.01). All participants (N = 34) uniformly desired risk/benefit discussions before CT scans. However, 71% stated that they were not informed of risks/benefits of CT scans by a medical professional. Following the session, the number of participants indicating that informed consent should be obtained before CT scans increased from 30 to 33. Respondents also revealed that 14% of children and young adults had received > 100 CT scans for shunt evaluation with the median being 25 scans (IQR 20). CONCLUSIONS Caregivers desire and deserve to be empowered through education and social support, and continuously engaged through sharing decisions and co-designing care plans. The neurosurgical community is in an ideal position to collaborate with radiologists, primary care providers, and parents in the development and testing of credible, high-quality online and social media resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7510, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7510, USA.
| | - Terry S Hartman
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7510, USA.,Department of Health Informatics, School of Health Professionals, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Laurence Katz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Shea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Richard Yang
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7510, USA
| | - Carolyn Quinsey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Zamora C, Sams C, Cornea EA, Yuan Z, Smith JK, Gilmore JH. Subdural Hemorrhage in Asymptomatic Neonates: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and MRI Findings at 2 Years. Radiology 2021; 298:173-179. [PMID: 33107801 PMCID: PMC7842194 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020201857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is thought to have a benign course in asymptomatic neonates. However, effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes have not been established. Purpose To evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes, gray matter volumes, and MRI findings in asymptomatic neonates with SDH compared with control neonates. Materials and Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted between 2003 and 2016 and was based on data from the University of North Carolina Early Brain Development Study. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated at 2 years of age by using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). All infants were imaged with 3.0-T MRI machines and were evaluated for SDH at baseline (neonates) and at ages 1 and 2 years. Volumetric MRI for brain segmentation was performed at ages 1 and 2 years. A secondary analysis was performed in neonates matched 1:1 with control neonates. Differences in categorical variables were measured by using the Fisher exact test, and the t test was used for continuous variables. Results A total of 311 neonates (mean gestational age ± standard deviation, 39.3 weeks ± 1.5), including 57 with SDH (mean gestational age, 39.5 weeks ± 1.2), were evaluated. The subgroup included 55 neonates with SDH (mean gestational age, 39.6 weeks ± 1.2) and 55 matched control neonates (mean gestational age, 39.7 weeks ± 1.2). Fifty-five of 57 neonates with SDH (97%; 95% CI: 92, 100) were delivered vaginally compared with 157 of 254 control neonates (62%, 95% CI: 56, 68; P < .001). Otherwise, there were no differences in perinatal, maternal, or obstetric parameters. There were no differences in composite MSEL scores (115 ± 15 and 109 ± 16 at 2 years, respectively; P = .05) or gray matter volumes between the neonatal SDH group and control neonates (730 cm3 ± 85 and 742 cm3 ± 76 at 2 years, respectively; P = .70). There was no evidence of rebleeding at follow-up MRI. Conclusion Neurodevelopmental scores and gray matter volumes at age 2 years did not differ between asymptomatic neonates with subdural hemorrhage and control neonates. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zamora
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
| | - Cassandra Sams
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
| | - Emil A. Cornea
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
| | - Zhenhua Yuan
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
| | - J. Keith Smith
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
| | - John H. Gilmore
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (C.Z., J.K.S.); and Department of Psychiatry (E.A.C., Z.Y., J.H.G.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 2006 Old Clinic Building, CB# 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510; and Division of Pediatric Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Medical Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (C.S.)
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Hu D, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang F, Wang L, Smith JK, Lin W, Li G, Shen D. Disentangled-Multimodal Adversarial Autoencoder: Application to Infant Age Prediction With Incomplete Multimodal Neuroimages. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2020; 39:4137-4149. [PMID: 32746154 PMCID: PMC7773223 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3013825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective fusion of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data has the potential to boost the accuracy of infant age prediction thanks to the complementary information provided by different imaging modalities. However, functional connectivity measured by fMRI during infancy is largely immature and noisy compared to the morphological features from sMRI, thus making the sMRI and fMRI fusion for infant brain analysis extremely challenging. With the conventional multimodal fusion strategies, adding fMRI data for age prediction has a high risk of introducing more noises than useful features, which would lead to reduced accuracy than that merely using sMRI data. To address this issue, we develop a novel model termed as disentangled-multimodal adversarial autoencoder (DMM-AAE) for infant age prediction based on multimodal brain MRI. Specifically, we disentangle the latent variables of autoencoder into common and specific codes to represent the shared and complementary information among modalities, respectively. Then, cross-reconstruction requirement and common-specific distance ratio loss are designed as regularizations to ensure the effectiveness and thoroughness of the disentanglement. By arranging relatively independent autoencoders to separate the modalities and employing disentanglement under cross-reconstruction requirement to integrate them, our DMM-AAE method effectively restrains the possible interference cross modalities, while realizing effective information fusion. Taking advantage of the latent variable disentanglement, a new strategy is further proposed and embedded into DMM-AAE to address the issue of incompleteness of the multimodal neuroimages, which can also be used as an independent algorithm for missing modality imputation. By taking six types of cortical morphometric features from sMRI and brain functional connectivity from fMRI as predictors, the superiority of the proposed DMM-AAE is validated on infant age (35 to 848 days after birth) prediction using incomplete multimodal neuroimages. The mean absolute error of the prediction based on DMM-AAE reaches 37.6 days, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Generally, our proposed DMM-AAE can serve as a promising model for prediction with multimodal data.
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Rodriguez J, Nyante SJ, Henderson L, Smith JK, Beck Dallaghan GL, Jordan SG. Radiology Resident Journal Club: Enhancements Add Educational Value. Acad Radiol 2020; 27:591-595. [PMID: 31281084 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Resident journal clubs are essential to develop skills to critically appraise existing literature. However, most reports of journal clubs focus on logistics of the activity and less on established roles of those involved. Our objective is to report on an innovative journal club from the perspective of key participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Journal club schedule, assignments, evaluations, and analysis are proffered from our institution. The journal club goals were formulated as: (1) improving resident understanding of research (biostatistical and epidemiologic) methods and statistical concepts, (2) teaching critical appraisal skills, and (3) promoting the use of evidence-based medicine. Each session's format is interactive, consisting of a 10 minute lecture with radiology examples of a research or statistical concept, followed by a journal club style discussion. Crucial to the success of this curriculum has been input and engagement of multiple parties: radiology residents, epidemiologist directors, and subspecialist clinician educator faculty members. CONCLUSION A well-thought out and well-run resident journal club offers numerous solutions to radiology residencies. To residency program leadership and to each individual resident annually, resident journal club offers cutting edge medical knowledge, interactive conferences in the formal didactic curriculum, resident training in critical thinking skills and research design, resident training in interpersonal and communication skills, opportunity for residents to be teachers, and expanded resident interprofessional education. It meets Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education common program, Residency Review Committee diagnostic radiology program, and American Board of Radiology Milestones requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rodriguez
- UNC Health Care PGY4 Resident Physician, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah J Nyante
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Louise Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Gary L Beck Dallaghan
- Office of Medical Education, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sheryl G Jordan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
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Abstract
SummaryA therapeutic concentrate of factor XIII containing both A and B sub-units has been prepared from 300 kg pools of human plasma. The process starts from a cold-ethanol fraction from cryoprecipitate supernatant and therefore does not interfere with the recovery of other clinically valuable plasma proteins. Factor XIII is purified approximately 600-fold from plasma by precipitation with sodium citrate and by the removal of fibrinogen by brief heating. The product has been pasteurised in sorbitol solution to inactivate blood-borne viruses, ultrafiltered to remove sorbitol, adsorbed with bentonite and freeze-dried in a formulation meeting requirements for intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Winkelman
- The Plasma Fractionation Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England (Headquarters Laboratory: Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, UK)
| | - G E Sims
- The Plasma Fractionation Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England (Headquarters Laboratory: Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, UK)
| | - M E Haddon
- The Plasma Fractionation Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England (Headquarters Laboratory: Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, UK)
| | - D R Evans
- The Plasma Fractionation Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England (Headquarters Laboratory: Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, UK)
| | - J K Smith
- The Plasma Fractionation Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England (Headquarters Laboratory: Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, UK)
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Abstract
SummaryThe method of factor VIII purification by chromatography on aminohexyl Sepharose has been extended so that up to 100 ml of intermediate purity concentrate can be processed on an 8.6 ml column. The product has a specific activity of 1.8 International Units of factor VIII per mg of protein. Most of the fibrinogen is removed and antibodies to blood group substances A and B are not detectable by haemagglutination techniques. Hepatitis B antigen has been reduced to one sixteenth of that in the starting material, in preliminary experiments. The process has the added advantage that it concentrates the factor VIII relative to the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E G Austen
- The Oxford Haemophilia Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, and Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, U. K
| | - J K Smith
- The Oxford Haemophilia Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, and Blood Products Laboratory, Elstree, Herts, U. K
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Pitiot A, Smith JK, Humes DJ, Garratt J, Francis ST, Gowland PA, Spiller RC, Marciani L. Cortical differences in diverticular disease and correlation with symptom reports. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13303. [PMID: 29392838 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the brain of patients with gastrointestinal disease differ both structurally and functionally from that of controls. Highly somatizing diverticular disease (HSDD) patients were also shown to differ from low somatizing (LSDD) patients functionally. This study aimed to investigate how they differed structurally. METHODS Four diseases subgroups were studied in a cross-sectional design: 20 patients with asymptomatic diverticular disease (ADD), 18 LSDD, 16 HSDD, and 18 with irritable bowel syndrome. We divided DD patients into LSDD and HSDD using a cutoff of 6 on the Patient Health Questionnaire 12 Somatic Symptom (PHQ12-SS) scale. All patients underwent a 1-mm isotropic structural brain MRI scan and were assessed for somatization, hospital anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing. Whole brain volumetry, cortical thickness analysis and voxel-based morphometry were carried out using Freesurfer and SPM. KEY RESULTS We observed decreases in gray matter density in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and in the mid-cingulate and motor cortex, and increases in the left (19, 20) and right (19, 38) Brodmann Areas. The average cortical thickness differed overall across groups (P = .002) and regionally: HSDD > ADD in the posterior cingulate cortex (P = .03), HSDD > LSDD in the dlPFC (P = .03) and in the ventrolateral PFC (P < .001). The thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex and of the mid-prefrontal cortex were also found to correlate with Pain Catastrophizing (Spearman's ρ = 0.24, P = .043 uncorrected and Spearman's ρ = 0.25, P = .03 uncorrected). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES This is the first study of structural gray matter abnormalities in diverticular disease patients. The data show brain differences in the pain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pitiot
- Laboratory of Image & Data Analysis, Ilixa Ltd., Nottingham, UK
| | - J K Smith
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D J Humes
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Garratt
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R C Spiller
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - L Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Howell BR, Styner MA, Gao W, Yap PT, Wang L, Baluyot K, Yacoub E, Chen G, Potts T, Salzwedel A, Li G, Gilmore JH, Piven J, Smith JK, Shen D, Ugurbil K, Zhu H, Lin W, Elison JT. The UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP): An overview of the study design and protocol development. Neuroimage 2018; 185:891-905. [PMID: 29578031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain undergoes extensive and dynamic growth during the first years of life. The UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP), one of the Lifespan Connectome Projects funded by NIH, is an ongoing study jointly conducted by investigators at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Minnesota. The primary objective of the BCP is to characterize brain and behavioral development in typically developing infants across the first 5 years of life. The ultimate goals are to chart emerging patterns of structural and functional connectivity during this period, map brain-behavior associations, and establish a foundation from which to further explore trajectories of health and disease. To accomplish these goals, we are combining state of the art MRI acquisition and analysis techniques, including high-resolution structural MRI (T1-and T2-weighted images), diffusion imaging (dMRI), and resting state functional connectivity MRI (rfMRI). While the overall design of the BCP largely is built on the protocol developed by the Lifespan Human Connectome Project (HCP), given the unique age range of the BCP cohort, additional optimization of imaging parameters and consideration of an age appropriate battery of behavioral assessments were needed. Here we provide the overall study protocol, including approaches for subject recruitment, strategies for imaging typically developing children 0-5 years of age without sedation, imaging protocol and optimization, a description of the battery of behavioral assessments, and QA/QC procedures. Combining HCP inspired neuroimaging data with well-established behavioral assessments during this time period will yield an invaluable resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pew-Thian Yap
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristine Baluyot
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Geng Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Taylor Potts
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, USA.
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11
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Clark MD, Varangis EML, Champagne AA, Giovanello KS, Shi F, Kerr ZY, Smith JK, Guskiewicz KM. Effects of Career Duration, Concussion History, and Playing Position on White Matter Microstructure and Functional Neural Recruitment in Former College and Professional Football Athletes. Radiology 2018; 286:967-977. [PMID: 29087238 PMCID: PMC5834225 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To better understand the relationship between exposure to concussive and subconcussive head impacts, white matter integrity, and functional task-related neural activity in former U.S. football athletes. Materials and Methods Between 2011 and 2013, 61 cognitively unimpaired former collegiate and professional football players (age range, 52-65 years) provided informed consent to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants were stratified across three crossed factors: career duration, concussion history, and primary playing position. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) percent signal change (PSC) were measured with diffusion-weighted and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Analyses of variance of FA and BOLD PSC were used to determine main or interaction effects of the three factors. Results A significant interaction between career duration and concussion history was observed; former college players with more than three concussions had lower FA in a broadly distributed area of white matter compared with those with zero to one concussion (t29 = 2.774; adjusted P = .037), and the opposite was observed for former professional players (t29 = 3.883; adjusted P = .001). A separate interaction between concussion history and position was observed: Nonspeed players with more than three concussions had lower FA in frontal white matter compared with those with zero to one concussion (t25 = 3.861; adjusted P = .002). Analysis of working memory-task BOLD PSC revealed a similar interaction between concussion history and position (all adjusted P < .004). Overall, former players with lower FA tended to have lower BOLD PSC across three levels of a working memory task. Conclusion Career duration and primary playing position seem to modify the effects of concussion history on white matter structure and neural recruitment. The differences in brain structure and function were observed in the absence of clinical impairment, which suggested that multimodal imaging may provide early markers of onset of traumatic neurodegenerative disease. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Clark
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Eleanna M. L. Varangis
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Allen A. Champagne
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Kelly S. Giovanello
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Feng Shi
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - J. Keith Smith
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
| | - Kevin M. Guskiewicz
- From the Departments of Exercise and Sport Science (M.D.C., Z.Y.K.,
K.M.G.), Psychology and Neuroscience (E.M.L.V., K.S.G.), and Radiology (J.K.S.),
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB 8700, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont,
Canada (A.A.C.); and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, Calif (F.S.)
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12
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Armao D, Hartman TS, Shea CM, Katz L, Thurnes T, Smith JK. Maximizing Benefit and Minimizing Risk in Medical Imaging Use: An Educational Primer for Health Care Professions Students. J Med Educ Curric Dev 2018; 5:2382120518798812. [PMID: 30211315 PMCID: PMC6131289 DOI: 10.1177/2382120518798812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"I am not young enough to know everything."Oscar Wilde. BACKGROUND There is insufficient knowledge among providers and patients/caregivers of ionizing radiation exposure from medical imaging examinations. This study used a brief, interactive educational intervention targeting the topics of best imaging practices and radiation safety early in health professions students' training. The authors hypothesized that public health, medical, and physician assistant students who receive early education for imaging appropriateness and radiation safety will undergo a change in attitude and have increased awareness and knowledge of these topics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors conducted a 1.5-hour interactive educational intervention focusing on medical imaging utilization and radiation safety. Students were presented with a pre/postquestionnaire and data were analyzed using t tests and multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 301 students were enrolled in the study. There was 58% (P < .01) and 85% (P < .01) improvement in attitude and knowledge regarding appropriateness of imaging, respectively. The authors also found an 8% increase (P < .01) in students who thought informed consent should be obtained prior to pediatric computed tomographic imaging. Physical assistant students were more likely than medical students to prefer obtaining informed consent at baseline (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS A brief educational session provided to health professions students early in their education showed an increased awareness and knowledge of the utility, limitations, and risks associated with medical imaging. Incorporation of a best imagining practice educational session early during medical education may promote more thoughtful imaging decisions for future medical providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology, School of
Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant
Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Terry S Hartman
- Department of Radiology, School of
Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
| | - Christopher M Shea
- Department of Health Policy and
Management, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laurence Katz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School
of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
| | - Tracey Thurnes
- Department of Physician Assistant
Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, School of
Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
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13
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Anders CK, Deal AM, Van Swearingen AED, Siegel M, Hayes DN, Jo H, Little P, Dees EC, Muss HB, Jolly TA, Zagar T, Smith JK, Fisher JG, Shah NC, Nabell L, Nanda R, Dillon PM, Puhalla S, Abramson VG, Carey LA. LCCC 1025: Phase II study of everolimus, trastuzumab, and vinorelbine for HER2+ breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM). J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1011 Background: HER2+ BC is an aggressive subset of BC with high rates of BM and poor survival. Two-thirds of BCBM demonstrate activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway driving resistance to anti-HER2 therapy (Rx). This phase II study evaluated everolimus (E), a brain permeable mTOR inhibitor, added to trastuzumab (T) and vinorelbine (V) in patients (pts) with HER2+ BCBM. Methods: Eligible pts had progressing HER2+ BCBM. Pts received E (5mg PO QD), T (2mg/kg IV weekly) and V (25mg/m2 IV d1, 8 of 21d cycle). The primary endpoint was intracranial response rate (RR [CR+PR], modified RECIST); secondary objectives (CNS clinical benefit rate [CBR, CR+PR+SD], extracranial RR, time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and correlative studies). Targeted DNA sequencing of 20 tissues from 18 pts was performed. We used a two-stage design to distinguish ORR of 5% vs 20%. Results: 32 pts were evaluable for toxicity; 26 for efficacy. Median age was 53 (28–70 yrs). 31/32 pts had prior radiation: 13 (42%) WBRT, 8 (26%) radiosurgery, 9 (29%) both. Median prior lines of metastatic Rx was 2 (0–7). 30 (94%) received anti-HER2 Rx: 91% T, 69% lapatinib, 38% pertuzumab, 25% TDM1. Intracranial RR was 4% (1 PR, 6 SD > 6 mos, 10 SD > 3 mos, 9 PD). CNS CBR (6 mos) was 27%; CNS CBR (3 mos) was 65%. Extracranial RR was 46%. Median TTP was 4 mos (95% CI, 2.2 –5). OS was 12.2 mos (95% CI, 0.6 – 20.2). Grade 3-4 toxicities included neutropenia (41%), anemia (16%), and stomatitis (16%). DNA sequencing showed heterogeneous HER2 copy number amplification (CN amp): only 11/20 show HER2 CN amp (median 40X v 0.7X; 5/11 BC, 4/4 BCBM, 1/2 liver mets, 1/3 LN). BCBM exhibited high-level HER2 CN amp (median 49X) vs other sites (16X). While 11/20 show both HER2 CN amp and PI3K pathway mutation, this was not associated TTP; RAD21 CN amp was associated with TTP < 3 mos. Lack of HER2 CN amp plus a HER2 Tyr-kinase domain mutation was seen in a pt with nonresponse and short OS. Conclusions: While intracranial RR to ETV was low in pts with HER2+ BCBM, a substantial proportion had CNS CBR; OS was 1 year for this pt population. No new toxicity signals were observed. Further evaluation of DNA heterogeneity, including degree of HER2 CN amp in HER2+ BCBM, and association with outcome is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT01305941.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Mary Deal
- Biostatistics Core Facility, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Marni Siegel
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David N. Hayes
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Heejoon Jo
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Paul Little
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Hyman B. Muss
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Timothy Zagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - J Keith Smith
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Nikita C. Shah
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center–Orlando Health, Orlando, FL
| | - Lisle Nabell
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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14
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Armao D, Hartman T, Shea CM, Sams C, Fordham LA, Smith JK. Working Face-to-Face for Pediatric CT Dose Reduction: A Community Toolkit. Diagn Imaging Eur 2016; 32:10-13. [PMID: 27942250 PMCID: PMC5146988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although children are especially vulnerable to the health risks of ionizing radiation, approximately 8 million CTs are performed on children in the USA. Widespread dose variation is common, particularly in non-pediatric focused facilities. In this article we present our rationale and hands-on approach in developing and refining a toolkit aimed at helping a community hospital with pediatric CT dose reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Terry Hartman
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M. Shea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cassandra Sams
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - J. Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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de Geus SWL, Evans DB, Bliss LA, Eskander MF, Smith JK, Wolff RA, Miksad RA, Weinstein MC, Tseng JF. Neoadjuvant therapy versus upfront surgical strategies in resectable pancreatic cancer: A Markov decision analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42:1552-60. [PMID: 27570116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant therapy is gaining acceptance as a valid treatment option for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer; however, its value for clearly resectable pancreatic cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to use a Markov decision analysis model, in the absence of adequately powered randomized trials, to compare the life expectancy (LE) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) of neoadjuvant therapy to conventional upfront surgical strategies in resectable pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS A Markov decision model was created to compare two strategies: attempted pancreatic resection followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by restaging with, if appropriate, attempted pancreatic resection. Data obtained through a comprehensive systematic search in PUBMED of the literature from 2000 to 2015 were used to estimate the probabilities used in the model. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 786 potentially eligible studies identified, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria and were used to extract the probabilities used in the model. Base case analyses of the model showed a higher LE (32.2 vs. 26.7 months) and QALE (25.5 vs. 20.8 quality-adjusted life months) for patients in the neoadjuvant therapy arm compared to upfront surgery. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses for LE and QALE revealed that neoadjuvant therapy is favorable in 59% and 60% of the cases respectively. CONCLUSION(S) Although conceptual, these data suggest that neoadjuvant therapy offers substantial benefit in LE and QALE for resectable pancreatic cancer patients. These findings highlight the value of further prospective randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant therapy to conventional upfront surgical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W L de Geus
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - D B Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - L A Bliss
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - M F Eskander
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - J K Smith
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - R A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - R A Miksad
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - M C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - J F Tseng
- Surgical Outcomes Analysis & Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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16
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Armao D, Hartman T, Shea CM, Sams C, Ivanovic M, Fordham LA, Smith JK. A Toolkit for Pediatric CT Dose Reduction in Community Hospitals. J Am Coll Radiol 2016; 13:1337-1342.e11. [PMID: 27289341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric CT radiation dose optimization is a challenging process for pediatric-focused facilities and community hospitals alike. Ongoing experience and trial-and-error approaches to dose reduction in the large academic hospital setting may position these centers to help community hospitals that strive for CT quality improvement. We describe our hands-on approach in a pilot project to create a partnership between an academic medical center and a community hospital to develop a toolkit for implementing CT dose reduction. Our aims were to (1) assess the acceptability of an interactive educational program and electronic toolkit booklet, (2) conduct a limited test of the efficacy of the toolkit in promoting knowledge and readiness to change, and (3) assess the acceptability and practicality of a collaborative approach to implementing dose reduction protocols in community hospitals. In partnering with the community hospital, we found that they had size-specific radiation doses two to three times higher than those at our center. Survey results after a site visit with interactive educational presentations revealed an increase in knowledge, stronger opinions about the health risks of radiation from CT scans, and willingness and perceived ability to reduce pediatric CT doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina.
| | - Terry Hartman
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher M Shea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cassandra Sams
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marija Ivanovic
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lynn Ansley Fordham
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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17
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Armao DM, Smith JK, Semelka RC. Debriefing the Brief: It is Time for the Provision of Informed Consent before Pediatric CT. Radiology 2015; 275:326-30. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Alcauter S, Lin W, Smith JK, Goldman BD, Reznick JS, Gilmore JH, Gao W. Frequency of spontaneous BOLD signal shifts during infancy and correlates with cognitive performance. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 12:40-50. [PMID: 25459875 PMCID: PMC4830279 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peak-frequency of spontaneous BOLD signal increases during infancy. Increments of power at the peak-frequency showed spatially dependent patterns. Power at the peak-frequency in 1-year olds correlates with cognitive performance.
Numerous studies have been conducted to delineate the early development of different functional networks, based on measuring the temporal synchronization of spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals acquired using resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI). However, little attention has been paid to the change of the frequency properties of these signals during early brain development. Such frequency properties may reflect important physiological changes and potentially have significant cognitive consequences. In this study, leveraging a large (N = 86 subjects), longitudinal sample of human infants scanned during the first two years of life, we aimed to specifically delineate the developmental changes of the frequency characteristics of spontaneous BOLD signals. Both whole-brain and network-level examinations were carried out and the frequency–behavior relationship was explored. Our results revealed a clear right-ward shift of BOLD signal frequency during the first year of life. Moreover, the power at the peak-frequency for sensorimotor and lateral visual networks correlates with domain-specific Mullen Scales in 1-year-olds, suggesting the behavioral significance of the BOLD signal frequency during infancy. Findings from this study shed light into early functional brain development and provide a new perspective for future searches for functional developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarael Alcauter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - Barbara D Goldman
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute and Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - J Steven Reznick
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute and Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C., USA.
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19
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Knickmeyer RC, Meltzer-Brody S, Woolson S, Hamer RM, Smith JK, Lury K, Gilmore JH. Rate of Chiari I malformation in children of mothers with depression with and without prenatal SSRI exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2611-21. [PMID: 24837031 PMCID: PMC4207341 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently prescribed to pregnant women. Therefore, research on in utero exposure to SSRIs can be helpful in informing patients and clinicians. The aim of this retrospective two-cohort study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant increase in Chiari I malformations (CIM) in children exposed to SSRIs during pregnancy. A total of 33 children whose mothers received a diagnosis of depression and took SSRIs during pregnancy (SSRI-exposed cohort) were matched to 66 children with no history of maternal depression and no SSRI exposure. In addition, 30 children whose mothers received a diagnosis of depression, but did not receive antidepressants during pregnancy (history of maternal depression cohort), were matched to 60 children with no history of maternal depression and no SSRI exposure. Main outcome was presence/absence of CIM on MRI scans at 1 and/or 2 years of age. Scans were reviewed by two independent neuroradiologists who were blind to exposure status. The SSRI-exposed children were significantly more likely to be classified as CIM than comparison children with no history of maternal depression and no SSRI exposure (18% vs 2%, p=0.003, OR estimate 10.32, 95% Wald confidence limits 2.04-102.46). Duration of SSRI exposure, SSRI exposure at conception, and family history of depression increased the risk. The history of maternal depression cohort did not differ from comparison children with no history of maternal depression and no SSRI exposure in occurrence of CIM (7% vs 5%, p=0.75, OR estimate 1.44, 95% Wald confidence limits 0.23-7.85). Replication is needed, as is additional research to clarify whether SSRIs directly impact risk for CIM or whether this relationship is mediated by severity of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. We would discourage clinicians from altering their prescribing practices until such research is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Meltzer-Brody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Woolson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Hamer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Lury
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Anders C, Deal AM, Abramson V, Liu MC, Storniolo AM, Carpenter JT, Puhalla S, Nanda R, Melhem-Bertrandt A, Lin NU, Kelly Marcom P, Van Poznak C, Stearns V, Melisko M, Smith JK, Karginova O, Parker J, Berg J, Winer EP, Peterman A, Prat A, Perou CM, Wolff AC, Carey LA. TBCRC 018: phase II study of iniparib in combination with irinotecan to treat progressive triple negative breast cancer brain metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 146:557-66. [PMID: 25001612 PMCID: PMC4112043 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nearly half of patients with advanced triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) develop brain metastases (BM) and most will also have uncontrolled extracranial disease. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of iniparib, a small molecule anti-cancer agent that alters reactive oxygen species tumor metabolism and penetrates the blood brain barrier, with the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan in patients with TNBC-BM. Eligible patients had TNBC with new or progressive BM and received irinotecan and iniparib every 3 weeks. Time to progression (TTP) was the primary end point; secondary endpoints were response rate (RR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and health-related quality of life. Correlative endpoints included molecular subtyping and gene expression studies on pre-treatment archival tissues, and determination of germline BRCA1/2 status. Thirty-seven patients began treatment; 34 were evaluable for efficacy. Five of 24 patients were known to carry a BRCA germline mutation (4 BRCA1, 1 BRCA2). Median TTP was 2.14 months and median OS was 7.8 months. Intracranial RR was 12 %, while intracranial CBR was 27 %. Treatment was well-tolerated; the most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia and fatigue. Grade 3/4 diarrhea was rare (3 %). Intrinsic subtyping revealed 19 of 21 tumors (79 %) were basal-like, and intracranial response was associated with high expression of proliferation-related genes. This study suggests a modest benefit of irinotecan plus iniparib in progressive TNBC-BM. More importantly, this trial design is feasible and lays the foundation for additional studies for this treatment-refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Anders
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 450 West Drive, Campus Box 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,
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21
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Gao W, Alcauter S, Elton A, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Smith JK, Ramirez J, Lin W. Functional Network Development During the First Year: Relative Sequence and Socioeconomic Correlations. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2919-28. [PMID: 24812084 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The first postnatal year is characterized by the most dramatic functional network development of the human lifespan. Yet, the relative sequence of the maturation of different networks and the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on their development during this critical period remains poorly characterized. Leveraging a large, normally developing infant sample with multiple longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans during the first year (N = 65, scanned every 3 months), we aimed to delineate the relative maturation sequence of 9 key brain functional networks and examine their SES correlations. Our results revealed a maturation sequence from primary sensorimotor/auditory to visual to attention/default-mode, and finally to executive control networks. Network-specific critical growth periods were also identified. Finally, marginally significant positive SES-brain correlations were observed at 6 months of age for both the sensorimotor and default-mode networks, indicating interesting SES effects on functional brain maturation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study delineating detailed longitudinal growth trajectories of all major functional networks during the first year of life and their SES correlations. Insights from this study not only improve our understanding of early brain development, but may also inform the critical periods for SES expression during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Elton
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carlos R Hernandez-Castillo
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universipaternal Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - J Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juanita Ramirez
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Health Care System, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA.
| | - J Keith Smith
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Abstract
Concerns have increased about the potential health risks of ionizing radiation from computed tomography (CT) scans. This paper discusses the biological effects of radiation, describes research findings related to CT use, cites strategies for radiation dose reduction, and emphasizes the need to be judicious in ordering CT scans for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Health Care System, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA.
| | - J Keith Smith
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Gao W, Alcauter S, Smith JK, Gilmore JH, Lin W. Development of human brain cortical network architecture during infancy. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1173-86. [PMID: 24469153 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain's mature functional network architecture has been extensively studied but the early emergence of the brain's network organization remains largely unknown. In this study, leveraging a large sample (143 subjects) with longitudinal rsfMRI scans (333 datasets), we aimed to characterize the important developmental process of the brain's functional network architecture during the first 2 years of life. Based on spatial independent component analysis and longitudinal linear mixed effect modeling, our results unveiled the detailed topology and growth trajectories of nine cortical functional networks. Within networks, our findings clearly separated the brains networks into two categories: primary networks were topologically adult-like in neonates while higher-order networks were topologically incomplete and isolated in neonates but demonstrated consistent synchronization during the first 2 years of life (connectivity increases 0.13-0.35). Between networks, our results demonstrated both network-level connectivity decreases (-0.02 to -0.64) and increases (0.05-0.18) but decreasing connections (n = 14) dominated increasing ones (n = 5). Finally, significant sex differences were observed with boys demonstrating faster network-level connectivity increases among the two frontoparietal networks (growth rate was 1.63e-4 per day for girls and 2.69e-4 per day for boys, p < 1e-4). Overall, our study delineated the development of the whole brain functional architecture during the first 2 years of life featuring significant changes of both within- and between-network interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Rm 3105, Bioinformatics Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,
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Alcauter S, Lin W, Keith Smith J, Gilmore JH, Gao W. Consistent anterior-posterior segregation of the insula during the first 2 years of life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:1176-87. [PMID: 24248433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human insula is a complex region characterized by heterogeneous cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and function. Subregional parcellation of the insula in adults has revealed an interesting anterior-posterior subdivision pattern that is highly consistent with its functional differentiation. However, the development of the insula's subregional segregation during the first 2 years of life remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that similar segregation of the insula exists during this critical time period based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a large cohort of infants (n = 143) with longitudinal scans. Our results confirmed a consistent anterior-posterior subdivision of the insula during the first 2 years of life with dissociable connectivity patterns associated with each cluster. Specifically, the anterior insula coupled more with frontal association areas, whereas the posterior insula integrated more with sensorimotor-related regions. More importantly, dramatic development of each subregion's functional network was observed, providing important neuronal correlates for the rapid advancement of its related functions during this time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarael Alcauter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
| | | | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
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26
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Anders CK, Deal AM, Abramson VG, Liu MC, Storniolo AM, Carpenter JT, Puhalla S, Nanda R, Melhem-Bertrandt A, Lin NU, Marcom PK, Van Poznak CH, Stearns V, Melisko ME, Smith JK, Karginova O, Winer EP, Perou CM, Wolff AC, Carey LA. TBCRC 018: Phase II study of iniparib plus chemotherapy to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) central nervous system (CNS) metastases (mets). J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
515 Background: Nearly half of women with advanced TNBC develop CNS mets. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of iniparib, a small molecule anti-cancer agent that penetrates the blood brain barrier (BBB), and the topoisomerase I inhibitor, irinotecan, in patients (pts) with TNBC CNS mets. Methods: Eligible pts had TNBC with new or progressive CNS mets with at least 1 measurable (> 5mm) lesion. Pts received irinotecan 125mg/m2 IV days (d) 1, 8 and iniparib (initial dose 5.6mg/kg, later changed to 8mg/kg) IV d 1, 4, 8, 11 every 21d. Tumor response rate (RR) was assessed by brain MRI and body CT every 9 weeks. The Kaplan Meier method estimated the primary endpoint of time to progression (TTP, intracranial [modified RECIST] or extracranial [RECIST 1.1]). Secondary endpoints were RR, PFS, OS, quality of life (QOL) and correlative endpoints. Results: Of 37 pts who began treatment, 34 were evaluable for efficacy. Mean age was 48 yrs (34 – 80 yrs). BRCA status was known for 16 patients of whom 5 had a mutation (4 BRCA1, 1 BRCA2). 88% received prior (neo)adjuvant and 68% prior metastatic chemotherapy (median 2 [1–14] lines). While 15% were CNS radiation (RT) naïve, 32% had received whole brain RT, 21% stereotactic RT, and 32% both. The most common grade (gr) 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (14%), fatigue (5%), leukopenia (5%), hypokalemia (5%). Diarrhea was common (54%), but gr 3/4 was rare (3%). Median TTP (CNS and non-CNS) was 2.1 months (mos) (95% CI 1.7–4.3) and OS was 7.6 mos (95% CI 5.1-10.2). First progression site was CNS in 39%, non-CNS in 29% or both in 32%. CNS best RR was (12%; 0 CRs, 4 PRs); CNS clinical benefit rate (CBR, CR + PR + SD ≥ 6 mos) was 30%. Non-CNS RR was 5% (0 CRs, 1 PR) and CBR was 11%. Conclusions: Iniparib and irinotecan was well-tolerated among pts with TNBC CNS mets. While TTP was shorter than expected and contribution of iniparib to irinotecan remains uncertain, 30% of pts demonstrated CNS clinical benefit raising the question of whether predictive biomarkers could be identified. QOL, volumetric analysis of CNS lesions and translational studies evaluating molecular subtype, germline BRCA1/2, and DNA repair gene expression/methylation are ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT01173497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey K. Anders
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Minetta C. Liu
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Shannon Puhalla
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Cancer Program, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vered Stearns
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - J. Keith Smith
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Olga Karginova
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Charles M. Perou
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Antonio C. Wolff
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lisa A. Carey
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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27
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Kohley Z, Baumann T, Bazin D, Christian G, DeYoung PA, Finck JE, Frank N, Jones M, Lunderberg E, Luther B, Mosby S, Nagi T, Smith JK, Snyder J, Spyrou A, Thoennessen M. Study of two-neutron radioactivity in the decay of 26O. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:152501. [PMID: 25167255 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.152501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new technique was developed to measure the lifetimes of neutron unbound nuclei in the picosecond range. The decay of 26O→24O+n+n was examined as it had been predicted to have an appreciable lifetime due to the unique structure of the neutron-rich oxygen isotopes. The half-life of 26O was extracted as 4.5(-1.5)(+1.1)(stat)±3(syst) ps. This corresponds to 26O having a finite lifetime at an 82% confidence level and, thus, suggests the possibility of two-neutron radioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kohley
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Baumann
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Bazin
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G Christian
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P A DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, USA
| | - J E Finck
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
| | - N Frank
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois 61201, USA
| | - M Jones
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - E Lunderberg
- Department of Physics, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, USA
| | - B Luther
- Department of Physics, Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota 56562, USA
| | - S Mosby
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Nagi
- Department of Physics, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, USA
| | - J K Smith
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J Snyder
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Spyrou
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Thoennessen
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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28
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Kohley Z, Snyder J, Baumann T, Christian G, DeYoung PA, Finck JE, Haring-Kaye RA, Jones M, Lunderberg E, Luther B, Mosby S, Simon A, Smith JK, Spyrou A, Stephenson SL, Thoennessen M. Unresolved question of the 10He ground state resonance. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:232501. [PMID: 23368186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.232501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ground state of (10)He was populated using a 2p2n-removal reaction from a 59 MeV/u (14)Be beam. The decay energy of the three-body system, (8)He+n+n, was measured and a resonance was observed at E=1.60(25) MeV with a 1.8(4) MeV width. This result is in agreement with previous invariant mass spectroscopy measurements, using the (11)Li(-p) reaction, but is inconsistent with recent transfer reaction results. The proposed explanation that the difference, about 500 keV, is due to the effect of the extended halo nature of (11)Li in the one-proton knockout reaction is no longer valid as the present work demonstrates that the discrepancy between the transfer reaction results persists despite using a very different reaction mechanism, (14)Be(-2p2n).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kohley
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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29
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Stewart J, Lloyd GM, Smith JK, Acheson AG, Williams JP, Maxwell-Armstrong CA. Could Telephone Reviews Reduce Read Mission Rates After Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1308/147363512x13311314195295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made recently in the management of patients undergoing colorectal surgery. demonstration of the advantages of laparoscopic colorectal surgery over the open approach in terms of faster patient recovery, shorter length of hospital stay, less pain and fewer wound problems with identical oncological outcome has led to the widespread adoption of the technique. Simultaneously, based on the original work of Kehlet, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes that capitalise on the reduced physiological insult stimulated by laparoscopic surgery have gained in popularity. Coupled, laparoscopic surgery and ERAS allow many patients undergoing major colorectal resections to be discharged from hospital on the first to third post-operative day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart
- Nurse practitioner, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - GM Lloyd
- Consultant Surgeon, Lister Hospital, Stevenage
| | - JK Smith
- Clinical Research Fellow, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - AG Acheson
- Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - JP Williams
- Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
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30
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Spyrou A, Kohley Z, Baumann T, Bazin D, Brown BA, Christian G, DeYoung PA, Finck JE, Frank N, Lunderberg E, Mosby S, Peters WA, Schiller A, Smith JK, Snyder J, Strongman MJ, Thoennessen M, Volya A. First observation of ground state dineutron decay: 16Be. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:102501. [PMID: 22463404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first observation of dineutron emission in the decay of 16Be. A single-proton knockout reaction from a 53 MeV/u 17B beam was used to populate the ground state of 16Be. 16Be is bound with respect to the emission of one neutron and unbound to two-neutron emission. The dineutron character of the decay is evidenced by a small emission angle between the two neutrons. The two-neutron separation energy of 16Be was measured to be 1.35(10) MeV, in good agreement with shell model calculations, using standard interactions for this mass region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spyrou
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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31
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Knickmeyer RC, Kang C, Woolson S, Smith JK, Hamer RM, Lin W, Gerig G, Styner M, Gilmore JH. Twin-singleton differences in neonatal brain structure. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 14:268-76. [PMID: 21623657 DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies suggest that global and regional brain volumes are highly heritable. However, estimates of heritability vary across development. Given that all twin studies are open to the potential criticism of non-generalizability due to differences in intrauterine environment between twins and singletons, these age effects may reflect the influence of perinatal environmental factors, which are unique to twins and which may be especially evident early in life. To address this question, we compared brain volumes and the relationship of brain volumes to gestational age in 136 singletons (67 male, 69 female) and 154 twins (75 male, 79 female; 82 DZ, 72 MZ) who had received high resolution MRI scans of the brain in the first month of life. Intracranial volume, total white matter, and ventricle volumes did not differ between twins and singletons. However, cerebrospinal fluid and frontal white matter volume was greater in twins compared to singletons. While gray matter volumes at MRI did not differ between groups, the slope of the relationship between total and cortical gray matter and gestational age at the MRI scan was steeper in MZ twins compared to DZ twins. Post-hoc analyses suggested that gray matter development is delayed in MZ twins in utero and that they experience 'catch-up' growth in the first month of life. These differences should be taken into account when interpreting and designing studies in the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, United States of America.
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32
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Christian G, Frank N, Ash S, Baumann T, Bazin D, Brown J, DeYoung PA, Finck JE, Gade A, Grinyer GF, Grovom A, Hinnefeld JD, Lunderberg EM, Luther B, Mosby M, Mosby S, Nagi T, Peaslee GF, Rogers WF, Smith JK, Snyder J, Spyrou A, Strongman MJ, Thoennessen M, Warren M, Weisshaar D, Wersal A. Exploring the low-Z shore of the island of inversion at n=19. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:032501. [PMID: 22400733 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.032501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The technique of invariant mass spectroscopy has been used to measure, for the first time, the ground state energy of neutron-unbound (28)F, determined to be a resonance in the (27)F+n continuum at 220(50) keV. States in (28)F were populated by the reactions of a 62 MeV/u (29)Ne beam impinging on a 288 mg/cm(2) beryllium target. The measured (28)F ground state energy is in good agreement with USDA/USDB shell model predictions, indicating that pf shell intruder configurations play only a small role in the ground state structure of (28)F and establishing a low-Z boundary of the island of inversion for N=19 isotones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Christian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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33
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Salazar M, Yun NE, Poussard AL, Smith JN, Smith JK, Kolokoltsova OA, Patterson MJ, Linde J, Paessler S. Effect of ribavirin on junin virus infection in guinea pigs. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:278-85. [PMID: 22212688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is the aetiological agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever. The pathogenesis of the infection is not well understood, no licensed vaccines exist and no specific antiviral therapy is available. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of ribavirin to delay and reduce JUNV disease and virus burden in guinea pigs without preventing death. Based on available data, we performed three different studies to determine the efficacy of ribavirin against JUNV in the guinea pig model with a focus on survival. Different doses and treatment schedules of ribavirin were tested in a lethal model of JUNV infection. Our results show that prolonged treatment with high doses of ribavirin significantly reduces the mortality in guinea pigs infected with JUNV. These results may be useful in future experimental studies or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salazar
- Galveston National Laboratory and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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34
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Notter DR, Smith JK, Akers RM. Patterns of estrous cycles, estrous behavior, and circulating prolactin in spring and summer in ewes selected for autumn lambing and exposed to ambient or long-day photoperiods. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:30-6. [PMID: 22079332 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrous behavior in response to ambient and long-day photoperiods was evaluated in ewes developed by 10 years of selection for ability to lamb in autumn. Following October lambing, 67 ewes were moved indoors and exposed to long-day (16L:8D) or ambient photoperiods from February 2 until July 6. Two vasectomized rams with marking harnesses were housed with each group. Estrous behavior was monitored twice weekly. Ewes from the selection line were unresponsive to long days, with no effects on estrous behavior, frequency of ovulation, or circulating prolactin. Adult ewes were anestrus for only 34±3 d, but 2- and 3-years-old ewes were anestrus for 72±7 and 57±10 d, respectively. Frequencies of ovulation based on circulating progesterone concentrations in March, May, and June were 97%, 95% and 52%, respectively, indicating that many ewes that did not exhibit estrus still ovulated. Prolactin concentrations increased from 10 ng/ml in February to 27 ng/ml in March and 173 ng/ml in June but were not affected by light treatment. Ten ewes that failed to exhibit estrus behavior for at most 24 d during the main study were then monitored for 74 additional long days. Nine of 10 ewes did not exhibit estrus for periods similar to 1 or 2 estrus cycles during this period, but eight ewes re-initiated cycles by the end of the study on September 18. Selection for ability to lamb in autumn thus resulted in ewes with an abbreviated seasonal anestrus and reduced sensitivity to long days.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Notter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Smith JK, Humes DJ, Head KE, Bush D, White TP, Stevenson CM, Brookes MJ, Marciani L, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, Francis ST. fMRI and MEG analysis of visceral pain in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:648-e260. [PMID: 21507149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies of painful rectal stimulation have found activation in the insula, cingulate, somatosensory, prefrontal cortices and thalamus, there is considerable variability when comparing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results. Multiple factors may be responsible, including the model used in fMRI data analysis. Here, we assess the temporal response of activity to rectal barostat distension using novel fMRI and magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis. METHODS Liminal and painful rectal barostat balloon inflation thresholds were assessed in 14 female healthy volunteers. Subliminal, liminal and painful 40s periods of distension were applied in a pseudo-randomized paradigm during fMRI and MEG neuroimaging. Functional MRI data analysis was performed comparing standard box-car models of the full 40s of stimulus (Block) with models of the inflation (Ramp-On) and deflation (Ramp-Off) of the barostat. Similar models were used in MEG analysis of oscillatory activity. KEY RESULTS Modeling the data using a standard Block analysis failed to detect areas of interest found to be active using Ramp-On and Ramp-Off models. Ramp-On generated activity in anterior insula and cingulate regions and other pain-matrix associated areas. Ramp-Off demonstrated activity of a network of posterior insula, SII and posterior cingulate. Active areas were consistent with those identified from MEG data. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In studies of visceral pain, fMRI model design strongly influences the detected activity and must be accounted for to effectively explore the fMRI data in healthy subjects and within patient groups. In particular a strong cortical response is detected to inflation and deflation of the barostat, rather than to its absolute volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Marks BL, Katz LM, Styner M, Robertson K, Smith JK. Smaller Brain Volumes and Subtle Cognitive Decline in Overweight Healthy Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000403053.94797.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang BY, Kwock L, Castillo M, Smith JK. Association of choline levels and tumor perfusion in brain metastases assessed with proton MR spectroscopy and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion weighted MRI. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:327-37. [PMID: 20626199 DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While malignant brain tumors typically show high choline concentrations and neovascularity, we have anecdotally noted that a substantial number of brain metastases from lung cancer demonstrate only mildly elevated choline resonances on proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). The goals of this study were to determine whether lung cancer metastases are more likely to demonstrate low choline than other metastases and, in addition, to assess the relationship between choline and tissue perfusion in brain metastases. We performed a retrospective analysis of 66 patients with untreated brain metastases (40 NSCLC; 17 breast cancer; 9 melanoma) who underwent multivoxel 2D-CSI (1)H-MRS. Cho/Cr was compared between histologies using Mann-Whitney U tests. Lesions were dichotomized into low and high Cho/Cr groups, and differences in relative Cho/Cr between groups were assessed with Fisher's exact tests. 21 patients also underwent dynamic susceptibility MR perfusion weighted imaging (PWI). Normalized relative cerebral blood volume ratios (rCBV(norm)) were calculated, and strength of correlation between Cho/Cr and rCBV(norm) was assessed. Cho/Cr was significantly lower in lung cancer metastases compared to breast cancer metastases. Cho/Cr < 2.0 was observed in 37.5% of lung cancer metastases, 23.5% of breast cancer metastases, and 0% of melanoma metastases. Lung cancer metastases were significantly more likely to demonstrate low Cho/Cr than melanoma metastases (p = 0.04). There was a strong correlation between Cho/Cr and rCBV(norm) (p = 0.847, p < 0.001), and metastases in the high Cho/Cr group showed significantly higher rCBV(norm). These findings suggest that choline metabolism and tumor perfusion in brain metastases are interrelated, and we posit that this relationship may be due to the influence of the transcription factor HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Huang
- Department of Radiolog, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, CB#7510 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, USA.
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Gilmore JH, Kang C, Evans DD, Wolfe HM, Smith JK, Lieberman JA, Lin W, Hamer RM, Styner M, Gerig G. Prenatal and neonatal brain structure and white matter maturation in children at high risk for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:1083-91. [PMID: 20516153 PMCID: PMC3105376 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with abnormalities of brain structure and white matter, although little is known about when these abnormalities arise. This study was conducted to identify structural brain abnormalities in the prenatal and neonatal periods associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia. METHOD Prenatal ultrasound scans and neonatal structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging were prospectively obtained in the offspring of mothers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=26) and matched comparison mothers without psychiatric illness (N=26). Comparisons were made for prenatal lateral ventricle width and head circumference, for neonatal intracranial, CSF, gray matter, white matter, and lateral ventricle volumes, and for neonatal diffusion properties of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts. RESULTS Relative to the matched comparison subjects, the offspring of mothers with schizophrenia did not differ in prenatal lateral ventricle width or head circumference. Overall, the high-risk neonates had nonsignificantly larger intracranial, CSF, and lateral ventricle volumes. Subgroup analysis revealed that male high-risk infants had significantly larger intracranial, CSF, total gray matter, and lateral ventricle volumes; the female high-risk neonates were similar to the female comparison subjects. There were no group differences in white matter diffusion tensor properties. CONCLUSIONS Male neonates at genetic risk for schizophrenia had several larger than normal brain volumes, while females did not. To the authors' knowledge, this study provides the first evidence, in the context of its limitations, that early neonatal brain development may be abnormal in males at genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Abstract
Acetolactate synthase (ALS; EC 4.1.3.18) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways leading to leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It is the target enzyme for three classes of structurally unrelated herbicides, the sulfonylureas, the imidazolinones, and the triazolopyrimidines. A cloned ALS gene from the small cruciferous plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been fused to bacterial transcription/translation signals and the resulting plasmid has been used to transform Escherichia coli. The cloned plant gene, which includes sequences encoding the chloroplast transit peptide, is functionally expressed in the bacteria. It is able to complement genetically a strain of E. coli that lacks endogenous ALS activity. An ALS gene cloned from a line of Arabidopsis previously shown to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides has been similarly expressed in E. coli. The herbicide-resistance phenotype is expressed in the bacteria, as assayed by both enzyme activity and the ability to grow in the presence of herbicides. This system has been useful for purifying substantial amounts of the plant enzyme, for studying the sequence parameters involved in subcellular protein localization, and for characterizing the interactions that occur between ALS and its various inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Smith
- Agricultural Products Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Experimental Station E402, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402
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Marks BL, Katz LM, Styner M, Smith JK. Aerobic fitness and obesity: relationship to cerebral white matter integrity in the brain of active and sedentary older adults. Br J Sports Med 2010; 45:1208-15. [PMID: 20558529 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.068114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aerobic fitness (VO(2) peak) and obesity risk (OR) may impact brain health. This study examined hemispheric and segment specific relationships between VO(2) peak, OR and cerebral white-matter (CWM) integrity in the cingulum brain region in healthy older adults. METHODS Fifteen subjects (66±6 years) completed VO(2) peak testing and MRI of the brain. OR was determined via body mass index (BMI) and abdominal girth. MRI analysis was performed with a structural 3D T1 MP-Rage and diffusion tensor imaging technique (DTI, 21 directions, repeated four times) on a 3.0 T MR imaging unit. CWM integrity indices, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), were computed from the tensors. The anterior, middle and posterior cingulum segments were analysed on both sides of the brain. Partial correlations (age and gender controlled) and standard multiple regressions were used to determine significant associations and unique contributions to CWM integrity. RESULTS VO(2) peak was moderately related to FA in the left middle cingulum segment (r partial=0.573, p=0.041) and explained 28.5% of FA's total variance (p=0.10). Abdominal girth (r partial=-0.764, p=0.002) and BMI (r partial=-0.690, p=0.009) were inversely related to FA in the right posterior cingulum (RPC) segment. Abdominal girth and BMI uniquely explained 53.9% of FA's total variance (p=0.012) and 43.9% (p=0.040), respectively, in the RPC. CONCLUSION Higher aerobic fitness and lower obesity risk are related to greater CWM integrity but not in the same cingulum segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Marks
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Fetzer Gym, Campus Box #8700, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.
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Bullitt E, Rahman FN, Smith JK, Kim E, Zeng D, Katz LM, Marks BL. The effect of exercise on the cerebral vasculature of healthy aged subjects as visualized by MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:1857-63. [PMID: 19589885 PMCID: PMC7051270 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prior studies suggest that aerobic exercise may reduce both the brain atrophy and the decline in fractional anisotropy observed with advancing age. It is reasonable to hypothesize that exercise-induced changes to the vasculature may underlie these anatomic differences. The purpose of this blinded study was to compare high-activity and low-activity healthy elderly volunteers for differences in the cerebrovasculature as calculated from vessels extracted from noninvasive MR angiograms (MRAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen healthy elderly subjects underwent MRA. Seven subjects reported a high level of aerobic activity (64 +/- 5 years of age; 5 men, 2 women) and 7, a low activity level (68 +/- 6 years of age; 5 women, 2 men). Following vessel segmentation from MRA by an individual blinded to subject activity level, quantitative measures of vessel number, radius, and tortuosity were calculated and histogram analysis of vessel number and radius was performed. RESULTS Aerobically active subjects exhibited statistically significant reductions in vessel tortuosity and an increased number of small vessels compared with less active subjects. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic activity in elderly subjects is associated with lower vessel tortuosity values and an increase in the number of small-caliber vessels. It is possible that an aerobic exercise program may contribute to healthy brain aging. MRA offers a noninvasive approach to visualizing the cerebral vasculature and may prove useful in future longitudinal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bullitt
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Escolar ML, Poe MD, Smith JK, Gilmore JH, Kurtzberg J, Lin W, Styner M. Diffusion tensor imaging detects abnormalities in the corticospinal tracts of neonates with infantile Krabbe disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:1017-21. [PMID: 19386732 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is not possible to determine if neonates diagnosed with Krabbe disease through statewide neonate screening programs will develop the disease as infants, juveniles, or adults. The only available treatment for this fatal neurodegenerative condition is unrelated umbilical cord transplantation, but this treatment is only effective before clinical symptoms appear. Therefore, a marker of disease progression is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with fiber tracking in identifying early changes in major motor tracts of asymptomatic neonates with infantile Krabbe disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six neonates with infantile Krabbe disease identified because of family history underwent brain MR imaging within the first 4 weeks of life. Six-direction DTI and quantitative tractography of the corticospinal tracts were performed. Hypothesis tests, 1 for each hemisphere, were used to determine whether the fractional anisotropy (FA) ratio of the neonates with infantile Krabbe disease was significantly different from that of 45 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS The average FA ratio for patients with Krabbe disease was 0.89 and 0.87 for left and right tracts, respectively (P = .002 and < .001). After adjusting for gestational age, gestational age at birth, birth weight, sex, and race, the 6 patients with Krabbe disease had significantly lower FA values than the controls (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS DTI with quantitative tractography detected significant differences in the corticospinal tracts of asymptomatic neonates who had the early-onset form of Krabbe disease. Once standardized and validated, this tool has the potential to be used as a marker of disease progression in neonates diagnosed through statewide neonate screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Escolar
- Program for Neurodevelopmental Function in Rare Disorders at the Center for the Study of Development and Learning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
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Chen Y, An H, Zhu H, Stone T, Smith JK, Hall C, Bullitt E, Shen D, Lin W. White matter abnormalities revealed by diffusion tensor imaging in non-demented and demented HIV+ patients. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1154-62. [PMID: 19376246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated dementia (HAD) is the most advanced stage of central nervous system disease caused by HIV infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with HAD exhibit greater cerebral and basal ganglia atrophy than non-demented HIV+ (HND) patients. However, the extent to which white matter is affected in HAD patients compared to HND patients remains elusive. This study is designed to address the potential white matter abnormalities through the utilization of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in both HND and HAD patients. DTI and T1-weighted images were acquired from 18 healthy controls, 21 HND and 8 HAD patients. T1 image-based registration was performed to 1) parcellate the whole brain white matter into major white matter regions, including frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital white matter, corpus callosum and internal capsule for statistical comparisons of the mean DTI values, and 2) warp all DTI parametric images towards the common template space for voxel-based analysis. The statistical comparisons were performed with four DTI parameters including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (RD) diffusivities. With Whitney U tests on the mean DTI values, both HND and HAD demonstrated significant differences from the healthy control in multiple white matter regions. In addition, HAD patients exhibited significantly elevated MD and RD in the parietal white matter when compared to HND patients. In the voxel-based analysis, widespread abnormal regions were identified for both HND and HAD patients, although a much larger abnormal volume was observed in HAD patients for all four DTI parameters. Furthermore, both region of interest (ROI) based and voxel-based analyses revealed that RD was affected to a much greater extent than AD by HIV infection, which may suggest that demyelination is the prominent disease progression in white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Among the fears of aging are loss of memory, cognitive decline, and loss of independence. Baby boomers have entered the "aged" cohort and are actively seeking ways to maintain strong bodies and strong minds. Bench to clinical research suggests that keeping physically active and engaged in moderate to vigorous exercise may be vital to brain health. Because exercise promotes neurogenesis, increased brain volume, and improved cognitive function, it can help the aging brain to retain plasticity. However the precise mechanisms by which exercise accomplishes these changes in the brain are not clearly understood. This study argues that "what is good for the heart is good for the brain," although more research is needed to determine the optimal exercise prescription for brain health and successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita L Marks
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.
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Mukherjee N, Kang C, Wolfe HM, Hertzberg BS, Smith JK, Lin W, Gerig G, Hamer RM, Gilmore JH. Discordance of prenatal and neonatal brain development in twins. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85:171-5. [PMID: 18804925 PMCID: PMC2696044 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discordance of birth weight has been observed in twin pairs, though little is known about prenatal and early neonatal discordance of head and brain size, and the role that zygosity and chorionicity play in discordances of early brain development in twins. AIMS To compare prenatal and neonatal discordances of head size in monozygotic-monochorionic (MZ-MC), monozygotic-dichorionic (MZ-DC), and same-sex dizygotic-dichorionic twin pairs (DZ). STUDY DESIGN Subjects prospectively had ultrasounds at 22 and 32 weeks gestational age, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain MRI after birth. SUBJECTS 88 twin pairs recruited from two university hospital prenatal diagnostic clinics; 22 MZ-MC, 17 MZ-DC, and 49 same-sex DZ pairs. OUTCOME MEASURES Discordance of head circumference (HC) and weight at 22 weeks, 32 weeks and birth, as well as intracranial volume (ICV) on neonatal MRI. RESULTS There were no group differences in discordance of head circumference and weight on the 22 or 32 week ultrasounds, or at birth. MZ-MC twins tended to have numerically greater discordances of HC and weight. There was a significant group difference in ICV on neonatal MRI (ANOVA, p=0.0143), with DZ twins having significantly greater discordance than MZ-MC (p=0.028) or MZ-DC (p=0.0131) twins. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that zygosity and chorionicity do not contribute to significant discordances of head size in late prenatal development. DZ twins do have significantly greater discordances of ICV on neonatal MRI, suggesting a relatively greater genetic influence on brain growth in the first weeks after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Chaeryon Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Honor M. Wolfe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - J. Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Guido Gerig
- Scientific Computing and Imaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert M. Hamer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John H. Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Smith JK, Acheson AG, Simpson JAD, Stewart J, Beckingham IJ, Gornall CB, Williams JP, Robinson MH, Maxwell-Armstrong CA. From small acorns--developing a laparoscopic colorectal surgical service. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 90:606-11. [PMID: 18831870 DOI: 10.1308/003588408x318110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Randomised controlled trials have shown that laparoscopic colorectal surgery is equal in terms of safety to open surgery. Benefits have been seen for length of stay, blood loss, immune suppression and analgesia requirements. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of introducing laparoscopic colorectal surgery to our unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospectively collected cases of all patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery between July 2003 and July 2007 were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 143 patients (75 males and 68 females) with a mean age of 65.8 years (range, 21-95 years) underwent surgery. Laparoscopic resection for colorectal malignancy was performed in 93 patients (65%). The conversion rate for all cases was 14.7%. Mean operative time was 203 min (range, 100-400 min), with a mean blood loss of 180 ml. The mean number of lymph nodes in malignant cases was 13.8 with clear resection margin in all but one case. The mean postoperative stay was 5.6 days (median, 4 days; range, 2-35 days). UKCCR standard for lymph node retrieval was achieved in 62.6% of cases. There were four postoperative deaths. The overall 30-day morbidity rate was 21.7%. The service is consultant-led with 9.8% of cases performed by senior trainees and 37% of procedures performed by two consultants. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is technically feasible and safe in our hands. Although operative time is longer, this is counterbalanced by shorter hospital stay. The results from this series support the findings of others and continuing development of this service.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Smith
- Department of General Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
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Horton AL, Smith JK, Strauss RA. Recurrence of Galloway Mowat syndrome and associated prenatal imaging findings. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:280-2. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Smith JK, Baxendale B, Ferguson E, Maxwell-Armstrong CA. Simulators in self-assessment. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 91:90. [PMID: 19126343 DOI: 10.1308/003588409x359187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gilmore JH, Smith LC, Wolfe HM, Hertzberg BS, Smith JK, Chescheir NC, Evans DD, Kang C, Hamer RM, Lin W, Gerig G. Prenatal mild ventriculomegaly predicts abnormal development of the neonatal brain. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:1069-76. [PMID: 18835482 PMCID: PMC2630424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles thought to have origins in prenatal brain development. Little is known about development of the lateral ventricles and the relationship of prenatal lateral ventricle enlargement with postnatal brain development. METHODS We performed neonatal magnetic resonance imaging on 34 children with isolated mild ventriculomegaly (MVM; width of the atrium of the lateral ventricle >/= 1.0 cm) on prenatal ultrasound and 34 age- and sex-matched control subjects with normal prenatal ventricle size. Lateral ventricle and cortical gray and white matter volumes were assessed. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in corpus callosum and corticospinal white matter tracts were determined obtained using quantitative tractography. RESULTS Neonates with prenatal MVM had significantly larger lateral ventricle volumes than matched control subjects (286.4%; p < .0001). Neonates with MVM also had significantly larger intracranial volumes (ICV; 7.1%, p = .0063) and cortical gray matter volumes (10.9%, p = .0004) compared with control subjects. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography revealed a significantly greater MD in the corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts, whereas FA was significantly smaller in several white matter tract regions. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal enlargement of the lateral ventricle is associated with enlargement of the lateral ventricles after birth, as well as greater gray matter volumes and delayed or abnormal maturation of white matter. It is suggested that prenatal ventricle volume is an early structural marker of altered development of the cerebral cortex and may be a marker of risk for neuropsychiatric disorders associated with ventricle enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Gilmore
- UNC Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- UNC Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Honor M. Wolfe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - J. Keith Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nancy C. Chescheir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Dianne D. Evans
- UNC Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Chaeryon Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert M. Hamer
- UNC Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Guido Gerig
- Department of Scientific Computing and Imaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Gao W, Lin W, Chen Y, Gerig G, Smith JK, Jewells V, Gilmore JH. Temporal and spatial development of axonal maturation and myelination of white matter in the developing brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 30:290-6. [PMID: 19001533 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been widely used to investigate the development of white matter (WM). However, information about this development in healthy children younger than 2 years of age is lacking, and most previous studies have only measured fractional anisotropy (FA). This study used FA and radial and axonal diffusivities in children younger than 2 years of age, aiming to determine the temporal and spatial development of axonal maturation and myelination of WM in healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 healthy pediatric subjects were imaged by using a 3T MR imaging scanner. They were divided into 3 groups: 20 at 3 weeks, 20 at 1 year of age, and 20 at 2 years of age. All subjects were imaged asleep without sedation. FA and axial and radial diffusivities were obtained. Eight regions of interest were defined, including both central and peripheral WM for measuring diffusion parameters. RESULTS A significant elevation in FA (P < .0001) and a reduction in axial and radial diffusivities (P < .0001) were observed from 22 days to 1 year of age, whereas only radial diffusivity showed significant changes (P = .0014) from 1 to 2 years of age. The region-of-interest analysis revealed that FA alone may not depict the underlying biologic underpinnings of WM development, whereas directional diffusivities provide more insights into the development of WM. Finally, the spatial development of WM begins from the central to the peripheral WM and from the occipital to the frontal lobes. CONCLUSIONS With both FA and directional diffusivities, our results demonstrate the temporal and spatial development of WM in healthy children younger than 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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