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Willdorf-Cohen S, Kaushansky A, Dekel DR, Diesendruck CE. Hydroxide Chemoselectivity Changes with Water Microsolvation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10216-10221. [PMID: 36288549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvent molecules are known to affect chemical reactions, especially if they interact with one or more of the reactants or catalysts. In ion microsolvation, i.e., solvent molecules in the first solvation sphere, strong electronic interactions are created, leading to significant changes in charge distribution and consequently on their nucleophilicity/electrophilicity and acidity/basicity. Despite a long history of research in the field, fundamental issues regarding the effects of ion microsolvation are still open, especially in the condensed phase. Using reactions between hydroxide and relatively stable quaternary ammonium salts as an example, we show that water microsolvation can change hydroxide's chemoselectivity by differently affecting its basicity and nucleophilicity. In this example, the hydroxide reactivity as a nucleophile is less affected by water microsolvation than its reactivity as a base. These disparities are discussed by calculating and comparing oxidation potentials and polarizabilities of the different water-hydroxide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Willdorf-Cohen
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alexander Kaushansky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Xu S, Smith JET, Weber JM. Hydration of a Binding Site with Restricted Solvent Access: Solvatochromic Shift of the Electronic Spectrum of a Ruthenium Polypyridine Complex, One Molecule at a Time. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7650-7658. [PMID: 27627894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the electronic spectra of mass selected [(bpy)(tpy)Ru-OH2]2+·(H2O)n clusters (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy =2,2':6'2″-terpyridine, n = 0-4) in the spectral region of their metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands. The spectra of the mono- and dihydrate clusters exhibit partially resolved individual electronic transitions. The water network forming at the aqua ligand leads to a rapid solvatochromic shift of the peak of the band envelope: addition of only four solvent water molecules can recover 78% of the solvatochromic shift in bulk solution. The sequential shift of the band shows a clear change in behavior with the closing of the first hydration shell. We compare our experimental data to density function theory (DFT) calculations for the ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - James E T Smith
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - J Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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Xu S, Weber JM. Absorption Spectrum of a Ru(II)-Aquo Complex in Vacuo: Resolving Individual Charge-Transfer Transitions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11509-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- JILA, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - J. Mathias Weber
- JILA, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Pachêco VB, Chaudhuri P. Effects of microhydration on the electronic properties of ortho-aminobenzoic acid. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5675-84. [PMID: 23755881 DOI: 10.1021/jp403277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-level density functional electronic structure calculations have been performed to analyze the effect of microsolvation with water on the electronic properties of ortho-aminobenzoic acid (o-Abz). The hydrogen-bonded interaction of the o-Abz molecule with one to three water molecules, o-Abz···(H2O)n (n = 1–3), has been considered in two different situations, once the solvent water molecules are placed close to the carboxyl (−COOH) group of o-Abz producing the o-Abz···[H2O]nCOOH complexes and when the water molecules are placed close to the amino (−NH2) group producing the o-Abz···[H2O]nNH2 clusters. Variation of the vibrational spectra and energetics upon hydrogen-bond formation are analyzed and compared with available experimental data. The effect of cooperativity is also analyzed. Overall, the hydrogen-bonded o-Abz···[H2O]nCOOH clusters are found to be more stable than the o-Abz···[H2O]nNH2 clusters.
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Campbell DI, Cooks RG. Reactions of microsolvated organic compounds at ambient surfaces: droplet velocity, charge state, and solvent effects. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1077-84. [PMID: 22427191 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of charged microdroplets containing organic ions to solid-phase reagents at ambient surfaces results in heterogeneous ion/surface reactions. The electrosprayed droplets were driven pneumatically in ambient air and then electrically directed onto a surface coated with reagent. Using this reactive soft landing approach, acid-catalyzed Girard condensation was achieved at an ambient surface by directing droplets containing Girard T ions onto a dry keto-steroid. The charged droplet/surface reaction was much more efficient than the corresponding bulk solution-phase reaction performed on the same scale. The increase in product yield is ascribed to solvent evaporation, which causes moderate pH values in the starting droplet to reach extreme values and increases reagent concentrations. Comparisons are made with an experiment in which the droplets were pneumatically accelerated onto the ambient surface (reactive desorption electrospray ionization, DESI). The same reaction products were observed but differences in spatial distribution were seen associated with the "splash" of the high velocity DESI droplets. In a third type of experiment, the reactions of charged droplets with vapor phase reagents were examined by allowing electrosprayed droplets containing a reagent to intercept the headspace vapor of an analyte. Deposition onto a collector surface and mass analysis showed that samples in the vapor phase were captured by the electrospray droplets, and that instantaneous derivatization of the captured sample is possible in the open air. The systems examined under this condition included the derivatization of cortisone vapor with Girard T and that of 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide and 2-phenylacetophenone vapors with ethanolamine.
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Abstract
Hosting anions addresses the widely spread molecular recognition event of negatively charged species by dedicated organic compounds in condensed phases at equilibrium. The experimentally accessible energetic features comprise the entire system including the solvent, any buffers, background electrolytes or other components introduced for e.g. analysis. The deconvolution of all these interaction types and their dependence on subtle structural variation is required to arrive at a structure-energy correlation that may serve as a guide in receptor construction. The focus on direct host-guest interactions (lock-and-key complementarity) that have dominated the binding concepts of artificial receptors in the past must be widened in order to account for entropic contributions which constitute very significant fractions of the total free energy of interaction. Including entropy necessarily addresses the ambiguity and fuzziness of the host-guest structural ensemble and requires the appreciation of the fact that most liquid phases possess distinct structures of their own. Apparently, it is the perturbation of the intrinsic solvent structure occurring upon association that rules ion binding in polar media where ions are soluble and abundant. Rather than specifying peculiar structural elements useful in anion binding this critical review attempts an illumination of the concepts and individual energetic contributions resulting in the final observation of specific anion recognition (95 references).
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Ferreira da Silva F, Waldburger P, Jaksch S, Mauracher A, Denifl S, Echt O, Märk TD, Scheier P. On the size of ions solvated in helium clusters. Chemistry 2009; 15:7101-8. [PMID: 19533729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helium nanodroplets are doped with SF(6), C(4)F(8), CCl(4), C(6)H(5)Br, CH(3)I, and I(2). Upon interaction with free electrons a variety of positively and negatively charged cluster ions X(+/-)He(n) are observed where X(+/-) = F(+/-), Cl(+/-), Br(+/-), I(+), I(2) (+), or CH(3)I(+). The yield of these ions versus cluster size n drops at characteristic sizes n(s) that range from n(s) = 10.2+/-0.6 for F(+) to n(s) = 22.2+/-0.2 for Br(-). n(s) values for halide anions are about 70% larger than for the corresponding cations. The steps in the ion yield suggest closure of the first solvation shell. We propose a simple classical model to estimate ionic radii from n(s). Assuming the helium density in the first solvation shell equals the helium bulk density one finds that radii of halide anions in helium are nearly twice as large as in alkali halide crystals, indicating the formation of an anion bubble due to the repulsive forces that derive from the exchange interaction. In spite of the simplicity of our model, anion radii derived from it agree within approximately 10% with values derived from the mobility of halide anions in superfluid bulk helium, and with values computed by quantum Monte Carlo methods for X(-)He(n) cluster anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferreira da Silva
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kadhane U, Pérot M, Lucas B, Barat M, Fayeton J, Jouvet C, Ehlerding A, Kirketerp MB, Nielsen SB, Wyer J, Zettergren H. Photodissociation of protonated tryptamine and its supramolecular complex with 18-crown-6 ether: Dissociation times and channels, absorption spectra, and excited states calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Suhr Kirketerp MB, Åxman Petersen M, Wanko M, Andres Espinosa Leal L, Zettergren H, Raymo FM, Rubio A, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Brøndsted Nielsen S. Absorption Spectra of 4-Nitrophenolate Ions Measuredin Vacuoand in Solution. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1207-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Effects of microsolvation and aqueous solvation on the tautomers of histidine: a computational study on energy, structure and IR spectrum. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lammich L, Rajput J, Andersen LH. Photodissociation pathways of gas-phase photoactive yellow protein chromophores. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:051916. [PMID: 19113164 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.051916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The absorption dynamics of two model chromophores of the photoactive yellow protein were studied in gas-phase experiments. Using different time-resolving techniques with an overall sensitivity ranging from seconds down to a few nanoseconds, complex dynamics were revealed for the p -coumaric acid anion, involving both fragmentation and electron detachment as possible photoresponse channels. For the trans-thiophenyl-p-coumarate model, despite its more complex molecular structure, simpler decay dynamics showing only fragmentation were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Lammich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Rao JS, Dinadayalane TC, Leszczynski J, Sastry GN. Comprehensive Study on the Solvation of Mono- and Divalent Metal Cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12944-53. [PMID: 18834092 DOI: 10.1021/jp8032325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Srinivasa Rao
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - T. C. Dinadayalane
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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