1
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Pakzad F, Eskandari K. Exploring the influence of metal cations on individual hydrogen bonds in Watson-Crick guanine-cytosine DNA base pair: An interacting quantum atoms analysis. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 38922952 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the nature of individual hydrogen bonds and the relationship between metal cations and hydrogen bonding in the Watson-Crick guanine-cytosine (GC) base pair and its alkali and alkaline earth cation-containing complexes (Mn+-GC). The findings reveal how metal cations affect the nature and strength of individual hydrogen bonds. The study employs interacting quantum atoms (IQA) analysis to comprehensively understand three individual hydrogen bonds within the GC base pair and its cationic derivatives. These analyses unveil the nature and strength of hydrogen bonds and serve as a valuable reference for exploring the impact of cations (and other factors) on each hydrogen bond. All the H⋯ $$ \cdots $$ D interactions (H is hydrogen and D is oxygen or nitrogen) in the GC base pair are primarily electrostatic in nature, with the charge transfer component playing a substantial role. Introducing a metal cation perturbs all H⋯ $$ \cdots $$ D interatomic interactions in the system, weakening the nearest hydrogen bond to the cation (indicated by a) and reinforcing the other (b and c) interactions. Notably, the interaction a, the strongest H⋯ $$ \cdots $$ D interaction in the GC base pair, becomes the weakest in the Mn+-GC complexes. A broader perspective on the stability of GC and Mn+-GC complexes is provided through interacting quantum fragments (IQF) analysis. This approach considers all pairwise interactions between fragments and intra-fragment components, offering a complete view of the factors that stabilize and destabilize GC and Mn+-GC complexes. The IQF analysis underscores the importance of electron sharing, with the dominant contribution arising from the inter-fragment exchange-correlation term, in shaping and sustaining GC and Mn+-GC complexes. From this point of view, alkaline and alkaline earth cations have distinct effects, with alkaline cations generally weakening inter-fragment interactions and alkaline earth cations strengthening them. In addition, IQA and IQF calculations demonstrate that the hydration of cations led to small changes in the hydrogen bonding network. Finally, the IQA interatomic energies associated with the hydrogen bonds and also inter-fragment interaction energies provide robust indicators for characterizing hydrogen bonds and complex stability, showing a strong correlation with total interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pakzad
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - K Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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O’Neill N, Shi BX, Fong K, Michaelides A, Schran C. To Pair or not to Pair? Machine-Learned Explicitly-Correlated Electronic Structure for NaCl in Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6081-6091. [PMID: 38820256 PMCID: PMC11181334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The extent of ion pairing in solution is an important phenomenon to rationalize transport and thermodynamic properties of electrolytes. A fundamental measure of this pairing is the potential of mean force (PMF) between solvated ions. The relative stabilities of the paired and solvent shared states in the PMF and the barrier between them are highly sensitive to the underlying potential energy surface. However, direct application of accurate electronic structure methods is challenging, since long simulations are required. We develop wave function based machine learning potentials with the random phase approximation (RPA) and second order Møller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory for the prototypical system of Na and Cl ions in water. We show both methods in agreement, predicting the paired and solvent shared states to have similar energies (within 0.2 kcal/mol). We also provide the same benchmarks for different DFT functionals as well as insight into the PMF based on simple analyses of the interactions in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh O’Neill
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
- Lennard-Jones
Centre, University of Cambridge, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin X. Shi
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Lennard-Jones
Centre, University of Cambridge, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kara Fong
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Lennard-Jones
Centre, University of Cambridge, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Lennard-Jones
Centre, University of Cambridge, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Schran
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
- Lennard-Jones
Centre, University of Cambridge, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang H, Lei C, Liu T, Xu C, He X, Liang X. Rocking-Chair Aqueous Fluoride-Ion Batteries Enabled by Hydrogen Bonding Competition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401483. [PMID: 38488325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) have garnered attention for their high theoretical energy density, yet they are challenged by sluggish fluorination kinetics, active material dissolution, and electrolyte instability. Here, we present a room temperature rocking-chair aqueous FIBs featuring KOAc-KF binary salt electrolytes, enabling concurrent fluorination and defluorination reactions at both cathode and anode electrodes. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that acetate ions in the electrolyte compete with fluoride ions in hydrogen bonding formation, weakening the excessively strong solvation between H2O and F- ions. This results in the suppression of detrimental HF formation and a reduced desolvation energy of F- ions, enhancing the electrochemical reaction kinetics. The bismuth-based cathode exhibits direct conversion in the optimized electrolyte, effectively suppressing the detrimental disproportionation reactions from Bi2+ intermediates. Additionally, zinc anode undergoes a typical fluorination process, forming solid KZnF3 as the electrode product, minimizing the risks of hydrogen evolution. The proposed aqueous FIBs with the optimized electrolyte demonstrate high discharge capacity, long-term cycling stability and excellent rate capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chengjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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4
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Listyarini R, Kriesche BM, Hofer TS. Characterization of the Coordination and Solvation Dynamics of Solvated Systems─Implications for the Analysis of Molecular Interactions in Solutions and Pure H 2O. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3028-3045. [PMID: 38595064 PMCID: PMC11044269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of solvation shells of atoms, ions, and molecules in solution is essential to relate solvation properties to chemical phenomena such as complex formation and reactivity. Different definitions of the first-shell coordination sphere from simulation data can lead to potentially conflicting data on the structural properties and associated ligand exchange dynamics. The definition of a solvation shell is typically based on a given threshold distance determined from the respective solute-solvent pair distribution function g(r) (i.e., GC). Alternatively, a nearest neighbor (NN) assignment based on geometric properties of the coordination complex without the need for a predetermined cutoff criterion, such as the relative angular distance (RAD) or the modified Voronoi (MV) tessellation, can be applied. In this study, the effect of different NN algorithms on the coordination number and ligand exchange dynamics evaluated for a series of monatomic ions in aqueous solution, carbon dioxide in aqueous and dichloromethane solutions, and pure liquid water has been investigated. In the case of the monatomic ions, the RAD approach is superior in achieving a well separated definition of the first solvation layer. In contrast, the MV algorithm provides a better separation of the NNs from a molecular point of view, leading to better results in the case of solvated CO2. When analyzing the coordination environment in pure water, the cutoff-based GC framework was found to be the most reliable approach. By comparison of the number of ligand exchange reactions and the associated mean ligand residence times (MRTs) with the properties of the coordination number autocorrelation functions, it is shown that although the average coordination numbers are sensitive to the different definitions of the first solvation shell, highly consistent estimates for the associated MRT of the solvated system are obtained in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risnita
Vicky Listyarini
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Center for Chemistry
and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Chemistry
Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
| | - Bernhard M. Kriesche
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Center for Chemistry
and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas S. Hofer
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Center for Chemistry
and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Migliorati V, D’Angelo P, Sessa F. Going beyond Radial Hydration Models: The Hidden Structures of Chloride and Iodide Aqua Ions Revealed by the Use of Lone Pairs. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10843-10850. [PMID: 38064661 PMCID: PMC10749448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel model of hydration for the chloride and iodide ions in water is proposed, which overcomes the limitations of conventional radial models. A new approach, based on a representation of the halide lone pairs, highlighted a subset of first shell water molecules featuring preferential strong interactions with the ion lone pairs, giving rise to tetrahedral hydration structures in both Cl- and I- aqueous solutions. By adopting a novel descriptor correlated to the halide-water interaction energy, we were able to split the conventional first solvation shell into a tight first hydration shell, composed of water molecules strongly interacting with the ions via hydrogen bonds, and a loose first shell containing molecules that are only slightly perturbed by the halide electrostatic charge. The picture emerging from our findings indicates that lone pairs play an important role in the description of systems where hydrogen bonds are the main interactions taking place in the solvation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Migliorati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, “La Sapienza”
Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Paola D’Angelo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, “La Sapienza”
Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Comp. Univ. Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples 80126, Italy
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6
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Zhu J, Zhao Z, Li X, Wei Y. Structural and dynamical properties of concentrated alkali- and alkaline-earth metal chloride aqueous solutions. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214503. [PMID: 38054516 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrated ionic aqueous electrolytes possess a diverse array of applications across various fields, particularly in the field of energy storage. Despite extensive examination, the intricate relationships and numerous physical mechanisms underpinning diverse phenomena remain incompletely understood. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to probe the attributes of aqueous solutions containing LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2, spanning various solute fractions. The primary emphasis of the simulations is on unraveling the intricate interplay between these attributes and the underlying physical mechanisms. The configurations of cation-Cl- and Cl--Cl- pairs within these solutions are disclosed. As the solute fraction increases, consistent trends manifest regardless of solute type: (i) the number of hydrogen bonds formed by the hydration water surrounding ions decreases, primarily attributed to the growing presence of counter ions in proximity to the hydration water; (ii) the hydration number of ions exhibits varying trends influenced by multiple factor; and (iii) the diffusion of ions slows down, attributed to the enhanced confinement and rebound of cations and Cl- ions from the surrounding atoms, concurrently coupled with the changes in ion vibration modes. In our analysis, we have, for the first time, clarified the reasons behind the slowing down of the diffusion of the ions with increasing solute fraction. Our research contributes to a better understanding and manipulation of the attributes of ionic aqueous solutions and may help designing high-performance electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhuo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhuodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xingyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yong Wei
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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7
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Rueda Espinosa KJ, Kananenka AA, Rusakov AA. Novel Computational Chemistry Infrastructure for Simulating Astatide in Water: From Basis Sets to Force Fields Using Particle Swarm Optimization. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7998-8012. [PMID: 38014419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Using the example of astatine, the heaviest naturally occurring halogen whose isotope At-211 has promising medical applications, we propose a new infrastructure for large-scale computational models of heavy elements with strong relativistic effects. In particular, we focus on developing an accurate force field for At- in water based on reliable relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To ensure the reliability of such calculations, we design novel basis sets for relativistic DFT, via the particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the coefficients of the new basis sets and the polarization-consistent basis set idea's extension to heavy elements to eliminate the basis set error from DFT calculations. The resulting basis sets enable the well-grounded evaluation of relativistic DFT against "gold-standard" CCSD(T) results. Accounting for strong relativistic effects, including spin-orbit interaction, via our redesigned infrastructure, we elucidate a noticeable dissimilarity between At- and I- in halide-water force field parameters, radial distribution functions, diffusion coefficients, and hydration energies. This work establishes the framework for the systematic development of polarization-consistent basis sets for relativistic DFT and accurate force fields for molecular dynamics simulations to be used in large-scale models of complex molecular systems with elements from the bottom of the periodic table, including actinides and even superheavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennet J Rueda Espinosa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexei A Kananenka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexander A Rusakov
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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8
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Laurent H, Hughes MDG, Walko M, Brockwell DJ, Mahmoudi N, Youngs TGA, Headen TF, Dougan L. Visualization of Self-Assembly and Hydration of a β-Hairpin through Integrated Small and Wide-Angle Neutron Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4869-4879. [PMID: 37874935 PMCID: PMC10646990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the structure and assembly of nanoscale building blocks is crucial for the development of novel biomaterials with defined architectures and function. However, accessing self-consistent structural information across multiple length scales is challenging. This limits opportunities to exploit atomic scale interactions to achieve emergent macroscale properties. In this work we present an integrative small- and wide-angle neutron scattering approach coupled with computational modeling to reveal the multiscale structure of hierarchically self-assembled β hairpins in aqueous solution across 4 orders of magnitude in length scale from 0.1 Å to 300 nm. Our results demonstrate the power of this self-consistent cross-length scale approach and allows us to model both the large-scale self-assembly and small-scale hairpin hydration of the model β hairpin CLN025. Using this combination of techniques, we map the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of this model self-assembled biomolecular surface with atomic resolution. These results have important implications for the multiscale investigation of aqueous peptides and proteins, for the prediction of ligand binding and molecular associations for drug design, and for understanding the self-assembly of peptides and proteins for functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Laurent
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, LS2
9JT
| | - Matt D. G. Hughes
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, LS2
9JT
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom LS2
9JT
| | - Martin Walko
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom, LS2 9JT
| | - David J. Brockwell
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom LS2
9JT
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom, OX11 0QX
| | - Tristan G. A. Youngs
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom, OX11 0QX
| | - Thomas F. Headen
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom, OX11 0QX
| | - Lorna Dougan
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, LS2
9JT
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom LS2
9JT
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9
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Sharma D, Chandra A. Terahertz Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Halides (NaX): Self- and Cross-Correlation Contributions of Ions and Hydration Shell Water for X - = F -, Cl -, Br -, and I . J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9323-9335. [PMID: 37871257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the terahertz (THz) absorption spectra of aqueous sodium halide solutions through molecular dynamics simulations using polarizable models of both water and ions. Specifically, we have considered aqueous solutions (∼1 M) of NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI and calculated the difference THz spectrum of these solutions by subtracting the corresponding pure water contribution from the total THz spectrum of an ionic solution. The difference absorption spectrum of a given solution is then dissected into contributions from ion and ion-water correlations and also modifications of water-water correlations in the presence of the ions. The different components are further decomposed into induced dipole and permanent charge/dipole components and also into self- and cross-correlation components. The ion-water cross-correlation components are subsequently decomposed into contributions coming from different solvation shells through radially resolved calculations of such ion-water cross-correlations. Through all of these dissections, we could investigate the origin of different parts of the difference THz spectra of the sodium halide solutions studied here. It is found that while features below or around 100 cm-1 and also around 200 cm-1 arise mainly from ion and ion-water motion, that at the librational region above 600 cm-1 primarily originates from changes in water librational motion influenced by the ions. The variations of intensities of different components are also linked to the size and charge density of the anions in the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| | - Amalendu Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
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10
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Qian C, Zhou K. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Solvation States of Hydrated Ions in Confined Water. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17756-17765. [PMID: 37855150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transport in nanoscale channels with a critical size comparable to that of ions and solutes exhibits exceptional performance in water desalination, ion separation, electrocatalysts, and supercapacitors. However, the solvation states (SSs), i.e., the hydration structures and probability distribution, of hydrated ions in nanochannels differ from those in the bulk and the perspective of continuum theory. In this work, we conduct ab initio enhanced-sampling atomistic simulations to investigate the ion-specific SSs of monovalent ions (including Li+, Na+, K+, F-, Cl-, and I-) in the graphene channel with a width of 1 nm. Our findings highlight that the SSs of those ions are primarily determined by ion-water hydration, where ion-wall interactions play a minor role. The distribution of ions in layered confined water is a result of ion-specific hydration, which arises from the synergy of entropy and enthalpy. The free energy barriers for transitions between SSs are on the order of 1kBT, allowing for modulation through applying external fields or modifying surface properties. As the ion-wall interaction strengthens, as observed in vermiculite and carbides and nitrides of transition metal channels, the probability of near-wall SSs increases. These results help to improve the performance of nanofluidic devices and provide crucial insights for developing accurate force fields of molecular simulations or advanced theoretical approaches for ion dynamics in confined channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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11
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Wei Y, Nienhuis ET, Mergelsberg ST, Graham TR, Guo Q, Schenter GK, Pearce CI, Clark AE. Cation coordination polyhedra lead to multiple lengthscale organization in aqueous electrolytes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10400-10403. [PMID: 37551780 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02416d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding multiple lengthscale correlations in the pair distribution functions (PDFs) of aq. electrolytes is a persistent challenge. Here, the coordination chemistry of polyoxoanions supports an ion-network of cation-coordination polyhedra in NaNO3(aq) and NaNO2(aq) that induce long-range solution structure. Oxygen correlations associated with Na+-coordination polyhedra have two characteristics lengthscales; 3.5-5.5 Å and 5.5-7.5 Å, the latter solely associated oligomers. The PDF contraction between 5.5-7.5 Å observed in many electrolytes is attributed to the distinct O⋯O correlation found in dimers and dimer subunits within oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | | | - Trent R Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | | | - Aurora E Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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12
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Ikehata A, Morisawa Y. Observation of Solid-Liquid Phase Transitions of Brine Using the Far-Ultraviolet Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Band. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37433721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Although determining the chemical states of salts and ions is critical in numerous fields, such as elucidating biological functions and maintaining food quality, the current direct observation methods are insufficient. We propose a spectral analysis method of directly observing the phase transitions of NaCl solutions using the changes in the charge-transfer-to-solvent band and the absorption band representing the first electron transition (Ã ← X̃) of H2O. The intensities of these bands may be observed using attenuated total reflection far-ultraviolet spectroscopy. According to the well-known phase diagram of aqueous NaCl, we observe spectral changes during freezing-thawing and may spectroscopically detect the phase transitions from liquid to mixed liquid-solid and solid phases, including eutectic crystals, in addition to their coexistence curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ikehata
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morisawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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13
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Roget SA, Heck TR, Carter-Fenk KA, Fayer MD. Ion/Water Network Structural Dynamics in Highly Concentrated Lithium Chloride and Lithium Bromide Solutions Probed with Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4532-4543. [PMID: 37172191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of highly concentrated LiCl and LiBr aqueous solutions were observed from 1-4 to 1-16 water molecules per ion pair using ultrafast polarization-selective pump-probe (PSPP) experiments on the OD stretch of dilute HOD. At these high salt concentrations, an extended ion/water network exists with complex structural dynamics. Population decays from PSPP experiments highlight two distinct water components. From the frequency-dependent amplitudes of the decays, the spectra of hydroxyls bound to halides and to water oxygens are obtained, which are not observable in the FT-IR spectra. PSPP experiments also measure frequency-dependent water orientational relaxation. At short times, wobbling dynamics within a restricted angular cone occurs. At high concentrations, the cone angles are dependent on frequency (hydrogen bond strength), but at higher water concentrations (>10 waters per ion pair), there is no frequency dependence. The average cone angle increases as the ion concentration decreases. The slow time constant for complete HOD orientational relaxation is independent of concentration but slower in LiCl than in LiBr. Comparison to structural MD simulations of LiCl from the literature indicates that the loss of the cone angle wavelength dependence and the increase in the cone angles as the concentration decreases occur as the prevalence of large ion/water clusters gives way to contact ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Roget
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tristan R Heck
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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14
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Li XY, Wang T, Cai YC, Meng ZD, Nan JW, Ye JY, Yi J, Zhan DP, Tian N, Zhou ZY, Sun SG. Mechanism of Cations Suppressing Proton Diffusion Kinetics for Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218669. [PMID: 36762956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is crucial for electrocatalysis. Accumulating cations at electrochemical interfaces can alter the proton transfer rate and then tune electrocatalytic performance. However, the mechanism for regulating proton transfer remains ambiguous. Here, we quantify the cation effect on proton diffusion in solution by hydrogen evolution on microelectrodes, revealing the rate can be suppressed by more than 10 times. Different from the prevalent opinions that proton transport is slowed down by modified electric field, we found water structure imposes a more evident effect on kinetics. FTIR test and path integral molecular dynamics simulation indicate that proton prefers to wander within the hydration shell of cations rather than to hop rapidly along water wires. Low connectivity of water networks disrupted by cations corrupts the fast-moving path in bulk water. This study highlights the promising way for regulating proton kinetics via a modified water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Dong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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15
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Golwankar RR, Curry TD, Paranjothi CJ, Blakemore JD. Molecular Influences on the Quantification of Lewis Acidity with Phosphine Oxide Probes. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 36943934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Gutmann-Beckett-type measurements with phosphine oxide probes can be used to estimate effective Lewis acidity with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but the influence of the molecular structure of a given probe on the quantification of Lewis acidity remains poorly documented in experimental work. Here, a quantitative comparison of triethyl (E), trioctyl (O), and triphenyl (P) phosphine oxides as molecular probes of Lewis acidity has been carried out via titration studies in MeCN with a test set of six mono- and divalent metal triflate salts. In comparison to E, the bulkier O displays a similar range of chemical shift values and binding affinities for the various test metal ions. Spectral linewidths and speciation properties vary for individual cation-to-probe ratios, however, confirming probe-specific properties that can impact the data quality. Importantly, P displays a consistently narrower dynamic range than both E and O, illustrating how electronic changes at phosphorus can influence the NMR response. Comparative parametrizations of the effective Lewis acidities of a broader range of metal ions, including the trivalent rare earth ions Y3+, Lu3+, and Sc3+ as well as the uranyl ion (UO22+), can be understood in light of these results, providing insight into the fundamental chemical processes underlying the useful approach of single-point measurements for quantification of effective Lewis acidity. Together with a study of counteranion effects reported here, these data clarify the diverse ensemble of factors that can influence the measurement of Lewis acid/base interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi R Golwankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - T Davis Curry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cecilia J Paranjothi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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16
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Reidelbach M, Bai M, Schneeberger M, Zöllner MS, Kubicek K, Kirchberg H, Bressler C, Thorwart M, Herrmann C. Solvent Dynamics of Aqueous Halides before and after Photoionization. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1399-1413. [PMID: 36728132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer reactions can be strongly influenced by solvent dynamics. We study the photoionization of halides in water as a model system for such reactions. There are no internal nuclear degrees of freedom in the solute, allowing the dynamics of the solvent to be uniquely identified. We simulate the equilibrium solvent dynamics for Cl-, Br-, I-, and their respective neutral atoms in water, comparing quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) methods. On the basis of the obtained configurations, we calculate the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra rigorously based on the MD snapshots and compare them in detail with other theoretical and experimental results available in the literature. We find our EXAFS spectra based on QM/MM MD simulations in good agreement with their experimental counterparts for the ions. Classical MD simulations for the ions lead to EXAFS spectra that agree equally well with the experiment when it comes to the oscillatory period of the signal, even though they differ from the QM/MM radial distribution functions extracted from the MD. The amplitude is, however, considerably overestimated. This suggests that to judge the reliability of theoretical simulation methods or to elucidate fine details of the atomistic dynamics of the solvent based on EXAFS spectra, the amplitude as well as the oscillatory period need to be considered. If simulations fail qualitatively, as does the classical MD for the aqueous neutral halogen atoms, the resulting EXAFS will also be strongly affected in both oscillatory period and amplitude. The good reliability of QM/MM-based EXAFS simulations, together with clear qualitative differences in the EXAFS spectra found between halides and their atomic counterparts, suggests that a combined theory and experimental EXAFS approach is suitable for elucidating the nonequilibrium solvent dynamics in the photoionization of halides and possibly also for electron transfer reactions in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reidelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mei Bai
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schneeberger
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kubicek
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Henning Kirchberg
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bressler
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Thorwart
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Hu K, Shirakashi R. Dynamic Electric Field Alignment Determines the Water Rotational Motion around Protein. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1376-1384. [PMID: 36749793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Water rotational dynamics in biomolecular solution is crucial to evaluating and controlling biomolecule stability. In this molecular dynamics simulation (MD) study on lysozyme solutions, we present how the exerted internal electric field determines water rotational dynamics. We find that the relaxation time of water rotation is equivalent to that of the reorientation of the exerted overall electric field for every single water molecule, regardless of its translation mode. Namely, water molecular rotation synchronizes with the exerted field reorientation. We also map the reorientation process of the electric field at fixed points relative to protein in the solution, which displays the local hydration dynamics commensurate with the reported time-dependent fluorescence Stokes shift (TDFSS) measurements. Comparing the spatial distribution of local field reorientation relaxation time with that of rotational relaxation time, we further suggest that water rotation dynamics are subject to the reorientation of the local overall field within the hydration layer. While outside the hydration layer, the relaxation time of the local electric field reorientation is short enough (subpicosecond) to assume the δ function, showing the electric force with randomly changing orientation is applied to each water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hu
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro City, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Shirakashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro City, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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18
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Izarra AD, Coudert FX, Fuchs AH, Boutin A. Alchemical Osmostat for Monte Carlo Simulation: Sampling Aqueous Electrolyte Solution in Open Systems. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:766-776. [PMID: 36634303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulations involving electrolytes are usually performed at a fixed amount of salt ions in the simulation box, reproducing macroscopic concentration. Although this statement is valid in the bulk, the concentration of an electrolyte confined in nanoporous materials such as MOFs or zeolites is greatly affected and remains a priori unknown. The nanoporous material in equilibrium with the bulk electrolyte exchange water and ions at a given chemical potential Δμ in the semi-grand-canonical ensemble, that must be calibrated in order to determine the concentration in the nanoporous material. In this work, we propose an algorithm based on nonequilibrium candidate Monte Carlo (NCMC) moves to ultimately perform MC simulations in contact with a saline reservoir. First, we adapt the Widom insertion technique to calibrate the chemical potential by alchemically transmuting water molecules into ions by using NCMC moves. The chemical potential defines a Monte Carlo osmostat in the semi-grand-constant volume and temperature ensemble (Δμ, N, V, T) to be added in a Monte Carlo simulation where the number of ions fluctuates. In order to validate the method, we adapted the NCMC move to determine the free energy of water solvation and subsequently explore thermodynamics of electrolyte solvation at infinite dilution in water. Finally, we implemented the osmostat in MC simulations initialized with bulk water that are driven toward electrolyte solutions of similar concentration as the saline reservoir. Our results demonstrate that alchemical osmostat for MC simulation is a promising tool for use to sample electrolyte insertion in nanoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris75005, France
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris75005, France
| | - Alain H Fuchs
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris75005, France
| | - Anne Boutin
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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19
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Zhou K, Qian C, Liu Y. Quantifying the Structure of Water and Hydrated Monovalent Ions by Density Functional Theory-Based Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10471-10480. [PMID: 36451081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The accurate description of the structures of water and hydrated ions is important in electrochemical desalination, ion separation, and supercapacitors. In this work, we present an ab initio atomistic simulation-based study to explore the structure of water and hydrated monovalent ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, F-, and Cl-) at ambient conditions using generalized gradient approximation (GGA)-based methods with and without van der Waals correction (PBE, PBE + D3, and revPBE + D3) and recently developed strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-GGA. We find that both revPBE + D3 and SCAN can well capture the structure of bulk water with +30 K artificial high temperature in contrast to overstructuring water using PBE and PBE + D3. However, being the same as PBE + D3, revPBE + D3 overestimates the structure of the hydration shell, especially for monovalent cations. Surprisingly, SCAN can well match the experimental results of hydrated monovalent ions. Detailed structure analyzes of entropy reveal that the hydration shell under the level of PBE + D3 and revPBE + D3 is more disordered and looser than SCAN. The successful prediction of the flexible SCAN functional could facilitate the exploration of complex ionic processes in the aqueous phase, the interactions of hydrated ions with surfaces, and solvation states in nanopores at an accurate, efficient, predictive, and ab initio level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou215006, China.,Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Yilun Liu
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, China
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20
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Kournopoulos S, Santos MS, Ravipati S, Haslam AJ, Jackson G, Economou IG, Galindo A. The Contribution of the Ion-Ion and Ion-Solvent Interactions in a Molecular Thermodynamic Treatment of Electrolyte Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9821-9839. [PMID: 36395498 PMCID: PMC9720728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing molecular equations of state to treat electrolyte solutions is challenging due to the long-range nature of the Coulombic interactions. Seminal approaches commonly used are the mean spherical approximation (MSA) and the Debye-Hückel (DH) theory to account for ion-ion interactions and, often, the Born theory of solvation for ion-solvent interactions. We investigate the accuracy of the MSA and DH approaches using each to calculate the contribution of the ion-ion interactions to the chemical potential of NaCl in water, comparing these with newly computer-generated simulation data; the ion-ion contribution is isolated by selecting an appropriate primitive model with a Lennard-Jones force field to describe the solvent. A study of mixtures with different concentrations and ionic strengths reveals that the calculations from both MSA and DH theories are of similar accuracy, with the MSA approach resulting in marginally better agreement with the simulation data. We also demonstrate that the Born theory provides a good qualitative description of the contribution of the ion-solvent interactions; we employ an explicitly polar water model in these simulations. Quantitative agreement up to moderate salt concentrations and across the relevant range of temperature is achieved by adjusting the Born radius using simulation data of the free energy of solvation. We compute the radial and orientational distribution functions of the systems, thereby providing further insight on the differences observed between the theory and simulation. We thus provide rigorous benchmarks for use of the MSA, DH, and Born theories as perturbation approaches, which will be of value for improving existing models of electrolyte solutions, especially in the context of equations of state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Kournopoulos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella Simões Santos
- Laboratoire
de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure
de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France,Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Srikanth Ravipati
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Haslam
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - George Jackson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical
Engineering Program, Texas A&M University
at Qatar, Doha 23874, Qatar
| | - Amparo Galindo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
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21
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Fukuda I, Nakamura H. Non-Ewald methods for evaluating the electrostatic interactions of charge systems: similarity and difference. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1315-1340. [PMID: 36659982 PMCID: PMC9842848 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In molecular simulations, it is essential to properly calculate the electrostatic interactions of particles in the physical system of interest. Here we consider a method called the non-Ewald method, which does not rely on the standard Ewald method with periodic boundary conditions, but instead relies on the cutoff-based techniques. We focus on the physicochemical and mathematical conceptual aspects of the method in order to gain a deeper understanding of the simulation methodology. In particular, we take into account the reaction field (RF) method, the isotropic periodic sum (IPS) method, and the zero-multipole summation method (ZMM). These cutoff-based methods are based on different physical ideas and are completely distinguishable in their underlying concepts. The RF and IPS methods are "additive" methods that incorporate information outside the cutoff region, via dielectric medium and isotropic boundary condition, respectively. In contrast, the ZMM is a "subtraction" method that tries to remove the artificial effects, generated near the boundary, from the cutoff sphere. Nonetheless, we find physical and/or mathematical similarities between these methods. In particular, the modified RF method can be derived by the principle of neutralization utilized in the ZMM, and we also found a direct relationship between IPS and ZMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Fukuda
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima, Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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22
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Laurent H, Youngs TGA, Headen TF, Soper AK, Dougan L. The ability of trimethylamine N-oxide to resist pressure induced perturbations to water structure. Commun Chem 2022; 5:116. [PMID: 36697784 PMCID: PMC9814673 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) protects organisms from the damaging effects of high pressure. At the molecular level both TMAO and pressure perturb water structure but it is not understood how they act in combination. Here, we use neutron scattering coupled with computational modelling to provide atomistic insight into the structure of water under pressure at 4 kbar in the presence and absence of TMAO. The data reveal that TMAO resists pressure-induced perturbation to water structure, particularly in retaining a clear second solvation shell, enhanced hydrogen bonding between water molecules and strong TMAO - water hydrogen bonds. We calculate an 'osmolyte protection' ratio at which pressure and TMAO-induced energy changes effectively cancel out. Remarkably this ratio translates across scales to the organism level, matching the observed concentration dependence of TMAO in the muscle tissue of organisms as a function of depth. Osmolyte protection may therefore offer a molecular mechanism for the macroscale survival of life in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Laurent
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tristan G. A. Youngs
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Thomas F. Headen
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Alan K. Soper
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Lorna Dougan
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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23
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The trade-off effect of KCl and NH4Cl on the hydrated structure in their mixed aqueous solutions. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Liu H, Zhou Y, An D, Wang G, Zhu F, Yamaguchi T. Structure of Aqueous KNO 3 Solutions by Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5866-5875. [PMID: 35895329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure of aqueous KNO3 solutions was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and density functional theory (DFT). The interference functions were subjected to empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modeling to extract the detailed hydration structure information. In aqueous KNO3 solutions with a concentration from 0.50 to 2.72 mol·dm-3, water molecules coordinate K+ with a mean coordination number (CN) from 6.6 ± 0.9 to 5.8 ± 1.2, respectively, and a K-OW(H2O) distance of 2.82 Å. To further describe the hydration properties of K+, a hydration factor (fh) was defined based on the orientational angle between the water O-H vector and the ion-oxygen vector. The fh value obtained for K+ is 0.792, 0.787, 0.766, and 0.765, and the corresponding average hydration numbers (HN) are 5.2, 5.1, 4.8, and 4.5. The reduced HN is compensated by the direct binding of oxygen atoms of NO3- with the average CN from 0.3 ± 0.7 to 2.6 ± 1.7, respectively, and the K-ON(NO3-) distance of 2.82 Å. The average number of water molecules around NO3- slightly reduces from 10.5 ± 1.5 to 9.6 ± 1.7 with rN-OW = 3.63 Å. K+-NO3- ion association is characterized by K-ON and K-N pair correlation functions (PCFs). A K-N peak is observed at 3.81 Å as the main peak with a shoulder at 3.42 Å in gK-N(r). This finding indicates that two occupancy sites are available for K+, i.e., the edge-shared bidentate (BCIP) and the corner-shared monodentate (MCIP) contact ion pairs. The structure and stability of the KNO3(H2O)10 cluster were investigated by a DFT method and cross-checked with the results from WAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yongquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guangguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fayan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Toshio Yamaguchi
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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25
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Balos V, Kaliannan NK, Elgabarty H, Wolf M, Kühne TD, Sajadi M. Time-resolved terahertz-Raman spectroscopy reveals that cations and anions distinctly modify intermolecular interactions of water. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1031-1037. [PMID: 35773490 PMCID: PMC9417992 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The solvation of ions changes the physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties of water, and the microscopic origin of this behaviour is believed to be ion-induced perturbation of water's hydrogen-bonding network. Here we provide microscopic insights into this process by monitoring the dissipation of energy in salt solutions using time-resolved terahertz-Raman spectroscopy. We resonantly drive the low-frequency rotational dynamics of water molecules using intense terahertz pulses and probe the Raman response of their intermolecular translational motions. We find that the intermolecular rotational-to-translational energy transfer is enhanced by highly charged cations and is drastically reduced by highly charged anions, scaling with the ion surface charge density and ion concentration. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the water-water hydrogen-bond strength between the first and second solvation shells of cations increases, while it decreases around anions. The opposite effects of cations and anions on the intermolecular interactions of water resemble the effects of ions on the stabilization and denaturation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Balos
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany. .,IMDEA Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Naveen Kumar Kaliannan
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hossam Elgabarty
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mohsen Sajadi
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany. .,Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.
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26
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Imamura K, Higashi M, Kobayashi Y, Kageyama H, Sato H. Chemical Shift of Solvated Hydride Ion: Comparative Study with Solvated Fluoride Ion. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3090-3098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Imamura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Yoji Kobayashi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroshi Kageyama
- Department of Energy & Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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27
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Sun Q, Chen H, Yu J. Investigation on the Lithium Extraction Process with the TBP–FeCl 3 Solvent System Using Experimental and DFT Methods. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c05072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianguo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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28
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Jon JS, Ri WK, Sin KR, Son YC, Pak JS, Kim SJ, Choe CB, Jang MC. Derivation of limiting ion mobility equation based on the application of solvation effect-incorporated Poisson-Boltzmann equation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Terban MW, Billinge SJL. Structural Analysis of Molecular Materials Using the Pair Distribution Function. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1208-1272. [PMID: 34788012 PMCID: PMC8759070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis as applied to the study of molecular materials. The PDF method is a powerful approach to study short- and intermediate-range order in materials on the nanoscale. It may be obtained from total scattering measurements using X-rays, neutrons, or electrons, and it provides structural details when defects, disorder, or structural ambiguities obscure their elucidation directly in reciprocal space. While its uses in the study of inorganic crystals, glasses, and nanomaterials have been recently highlighted, significant progress has also been made in its application to molecular materials such as carbons, pharmaceuticals, polymers, liquids, coordination compounds, composites, and more. Here, an overview of applications toward a wide variety of molecular compounds (organic and inorganic) and systems with molecular components is presented. We then present pedagogical descriptions and tips for further implementation. Successful utilization of the method requires an interdisciplinary consolidation of material preparation, high quality scattering experimentation, data processing, model formulation, and attentive scrutiny of the results. It is hoped that this article will provide a useful reference to practitioners for PDF applications in a wide realm of molecular sciences, and help new practitioners to get started with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell W. Terban
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon J. L. Billinge
- Department
of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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30
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Mohanakumar S, Kriegs H, Briels WJ, Wiegand S. Overlapping hydration shells in salt solutions causing non-monotonic Soret coefficients with varying concentration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27380-27387. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We develop an intuitive picture that overlapping hydration shells in salt solutions cause non-monotonic Soret coefficients with varying concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Mohanakumar
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kriegs
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - W. J. Briels
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- University of Twente, Computational Chemical Physics, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Wiegand
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Chemistry Department – Physical Chemistry, University Cologne, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
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31
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Laurent H, Baker DL, Soper AK, Ries ME, Dougan L. Bridging Structure, Dynamics, and Thermodynamics: An Example Study on Aqueous Potassium Halides. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12774-12786. [PMID: 34757756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous salt systems are ubiquitous in all areas of life. The ions in these solutions impose important structural and dynamic perturbations to water. In this study, we employ a combined neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computational modeling approach to deconstruct ion-specific perturbations to water structure and dynamics and shed light on the molecular origins of bulk thermodynamic properties of the solutions. Our approach uses the atomistic scale resolution offered to us by neutron scattering and computational modeling to investigate how the properties of particular short-ranged microenvironments within aqueous systems can be related to bulk properties of the system. We find that by considering only the water molecules in the first hydration shell of the ions that the enthalpy of hydration can be determined. We also quantify the range over which ions perturb water structure by calculating the average enthalpic interaction between a central halide anion and the surrounding water molecules as a function of distance and find that the favorable anion-water enthalpic interactions only extend to ∼4 Å. We further validate this by showing that ions induce structure in their solvating water molecules by examining the distribution of dipole angles in the first hydration shell of the ions but that this perturbation does not extend into the bulk water. We then use these structural findings to justify mathematical models that allow us to examine perturbations to rotational and diffusive dynamics in the first hydration shell around the potassium halide ions from NMR measurements. This shows that as one moves down the halide series from fluorine to iodine, and ionic charge density is therefore reduced, that the enthalpy of hydration becomes less negative. The first hydration shell also becomes less well structured, and rotational and diffusive motions of the hydrating water molecules are increased. This reduction in structure and increase in dynamics are likely the origin of the previously observed increased entropy of hydration as one moves down the halide series. These results also suggest that simple monovalent potassium halide ions induce mostly local perturbations to water structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Laurent
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Daniel L Baker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alan K Soper
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lorna Dougan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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32
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Zhang N, Tang J, Luo Q, Wang S, Zeng D. Computational and solubility equilibrium experimental insight into Ca 2+-fluoride complexation and their dissociation behaviors in aqueous solutions: implication for the association constant measured using fluoride ion selective electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24711-24725. [PMID: 34709252 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the Ca2+-F- association is of great importance for aqueous environments and industrial systems containing F-, as well as for defluorination processes, many details of the association solvation structures and behavior remain unclear. Herein, a combination of classical/ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations was used to investigate the structure and hydration of CaFx2-x (x = 1, 2) and the association/dissociation behavior of Ca2+-F- in aqueous CaF2 solutions. The primary shell of Ca2+ is found to be very flexible in the association of Ca2+-F-, with coordination numbers dynamically oscillating in the range of 6-9, with 6 and 7 being the most favorable. The calculations show that for CaF(H2O)14+, the contact ion pair (CIP) is more favorable and occurs with no energy barrier, whereas the formation of CaF2(aq.) must overcome a ∼3.6 kJ mol-1 energy barrier; moreover, the CIP and solvent shared ion pair (SSIP) dynamically coexist for CaF2(H2O)14 in aqueous CaF2 solutions. Calculations for the dissociation process of CaF(H2O)6+ show a dramatic energy increase going from SSIP to free Ca2+ and F-, ascribed to the surprisingly long-range electrostatic attraction between Ca2+ and F- rather than to special F⋯H interactions. The energy increase results in the estimated association constant of CaF+ being larger than that previously measured using fluoride ion selective electrodes. This is attributed to the fact that the latter value might correspond to the ligand reaction of free Ca2+ and F- to form the Ca2+-F- SSIP. The combination of these results with CaF2(s) solubility measurements suggests that the higher-order Ca2+-F- complexes are absent in aqueous CaF2 solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- College of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Qiongqiong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shaoheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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33
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Orabi EA, Öztürk TN, Bernhardt N, Faraldo-Gómez JD. Corrections in the CHARMM36 Parametrization of Chloride Interactions with Proteins, Lipids, and Alkali Cations, and Extension to Other Halide Anions. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6240-6261. [PMID: 34516741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonpolarizable CHARMM force field is one of the most widely used energy functions for all-atom biomolecular simulations. Chloride is the only halide ion included in the latest version, CHARMM36m, and is used widely in simulation studies, often as an electrolyte ion but also as the biological substrate of transport proteins and enzymes. Here, we find that existing parameters systematically underestimate the interaction of Cl- with proteins and lipids. Accordingly, when examined in solution, little to no Cl-association can be observed with most components of the protein, including backbone, polar side chains and aromatic rings. The strength of the interaction with cationic side chains and with alkali ions is also incongruent with experimental measurements, specifically osmotic coefficients of concentrated solutions. Consistent with these findings, a 4-μs trajectory of the Cl--specific transport protein CLC-ec1 shows irreversible Cl- dissociation from the so-called Scen binding site, even in a 150 mM NaCl buffer. To correct for these deficiencies, we formulate a series of pair-specific Lennard-Jones parameters that override those resulting from the conventional Lorentz-Berthelot combination rules. These parameters, referred to as NBFIX, are systematically calibrated against available experimental data as well as ab initio geometry optimizations and energy evaluations, for a wide set of binary and ternary Cl- complexes with protein and lipid analogs and alkali cations. Analogously, we also formulate parameter sets for the other three biological halide ions, namely, fluoride, bromide, and iodide. The resulting parameters are used to calculate the potential of mean force defining the interaction of each anion and each of the protein and lipid analogues in bulk water, revealing association free energies in the range of -0.3 to -3.3 kcal/mol, with the F- complexes being the least stable. The NBFIX corrections also preserve the Cl- occupancy of CLC-ec1 in a second 4-μs trajectory. We posit that these optimized molecular-mechanics models provide a more realistic foundation for all-atom simulation studies of processes entailing changes in hydration, recognition, or transport of halide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam A Orabi
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Tuǧba N Öztürk
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nathan Bernhardt
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - José D Faraldo-Gómez
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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34
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Chuev GN, Fedotova MV, Valiev M. Renormalized site density functional theory for models of ion hydration. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:064501. [PMID: 34391371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of accurate statistical mechanics models of molecular liquid systems is a problem of great practical and fundamental importance. Site-density functional theory (SDFT) is one of the promising directions in this area, but its success hinges upon the ability to efficiently reconcile the co-existence of two distinct intra- and inter-molecular interaction regimes in a molecular liquid. The renormalized formulation of SDFT (RSDFT), which we have recently developed, resolves this problem by introducing an additional potential field variable that decouples two interaction scales and maps the molecular liquid problem onto the effective simple liquid mixture. This work provides a critical assessment of RSDFT for the hydrated ion system-a problem that historically has always been one of the most difficult cases for SDFT applications. Using a two-site model of water, we perform a comprehensive analysis of hydrated alkali metal and halogen ions, including both structural and free energy based characteristics. The results indicate that RSDFT provides a significant improvement over conventional three-dimensional reference interaction site model implementations and may prove useful in coarse grained simulations based on two-site solvent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady N Chuev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Marina V Fedotova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya St., 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Marat Valiev
- Molecular Sciences Software Group, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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35
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Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Drabczyk A, Głąb M, Gajda P, Czopek A, Zagórska A, Jaromin A, Gubernator J, Makara A, Tyliszczak B. The Development of the Innovative Synthesis Methodology of Albumin Nanoparticles Supported by Their Physicochemical, Cytotoxic and Hemolytic Evaluation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4386. [PMID: 34442909 PMCID: PMC8400698 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many studies are being performed to develop effective carriers for controlled cytostatic delivery wherein albumin is a promising material due to its tendency to accumulate near cancer cells. The novelty of this work involves the development of the synthesis methodology of albumin nanoparticles and their biological and physicochemical evaluation. Albumin particles were obtained via the salt-induced precipitation and K3PO4 was used as a salting-out agent. Various concentrations of protein and salting-out agent solutions were mixed using a burette or a syringe system. It was proved that the size of the particles depended on the concentrations of the reagents and the methodology applied. As a result of a process performed using a burette and 2 M K3PO4, albumin spheres having a size 5-25 nm were obtained. The size of nanospheres and their spherical shape was confirmed via TEM analysis. The use of a syringe system led to preparation of particles of large polydispersity. The highest albumin concentration allowing for synthesis of homogeneous particles was 2 g/L. The presence of albumin in spheres was confirmed via the FT-IR technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy. All samples showed no cytotoxicity towards normal human dermal fibroblasts and no hemolytic properties against human erythrocytes (the hemolysis did not exceed 2.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drabczyk
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Głąb
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Gajda
- Department of Sustainable Energy Development, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14a Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14a Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Makara
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland
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36
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Rjiba A, El Hog S, Jelassi J, Garbouj H, Dorbez-Sridi R. Local structure in lithium chloride solution: a Monte-Carlo simulation study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1956684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkarim Rjiba
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Sahbi El Hog
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (LMCN), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Jawhar Jelassi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Hedi Garbouj
- Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (LMCN), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Rachida Dorbez-Sridi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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37
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Park G, Kang B, Park SV, Lee D, Oh SS. A unified computational view of DNA duplex, triplex, quadruplex and their donor-acceptor interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4919-4933. [PMID: 33893806 PMCID: PMC8136788 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA can assume various structures as a result of interactions at atomic and molecular levels (e.g., hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking interactions, and electrostatic potentials), so understanding of the consequences of these interactions could guide development of ways to produce elaborate programmable DNA for applications in bio- and nanotechnology. We conducted advanced ab initio calculations to investigate nucleobase model structures by componentizing their donor-acceptor interactions. By unifying computational conditions, we compared the independent interactions of DNA duplexes, triplexes, and quadruplexes, which led us to evaluate a stability trend among Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing, stacking, and even ion binding. For a realistic solution-like environment, the influence of water molecules was carefully considered, and the potassium-ion preference of G-quadruplex was first analyzed at an ab initio level by considering both base-base and ion-water interactions. We devised new structure factors including hydrogen bond length, glycosidic vector angle, and twist angle, which were highly effective for comparison between computationally-predicted and experimentally-determined structures; we clarified the function of phosphate backbone during nucleobase ordering. The simulated tendency of net interaction energies agreed well with that of real world, and this agreement validates the potential of ab initio study to guide programming of complicated DNA constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Byunghwa Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Soyeon V Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Donghwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, South Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
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38
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Pelimanni E, Hautala L, Hans A, Kivimäki A, Kook M, Küstner-Wetekam C, Marder L, Patanen M, Huttula M. Core and Valence Level Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nanosolvated KCl. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4750-4759. [PMID: 34034483 PMCID: PMC8279652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The solvation of alkali and halide ions in the aqueous environment has been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical research with multidisciplinary interests; yet, a comprehensive molecular-level understanding has still not been obtained. In recent years, electron spectroscopy has been increasingly applied to study the electronic and structural properties of aqueous ions with implications, especially in atmospheric chemistry. In this work, we report core and valence level (Cl 2p, Cl 3p, and K 3p) photoelectron spectra of the common alkali halide, KCl, doped in gas-phase water clusters in the size range of a few hundred water molecules. The results indicate that the electronic structure of these nanosolutions shows a distinct character from that observed at the liquid-vapor interface in liquid microjets and ambient pressure setups. Insights are provided into the unique solvation properties of ions in a nanoaqueous environment, emerging properties of bulk electrolyte solutions with growing cluster size, and sensitivity of the electronic structure to varying solvation configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetu Pelimanni
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lauri Hautala
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Hans
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Antti Kivimäki
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute
of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Catmarna Küstner-Wetekam
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lutz Marder
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Minna Patanen
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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39
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Wills A, Fernández-Serra M. Role of water model on ion dissociation at ambient conditions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194502. [PMID: 34240899 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study ion pair dissociation in water at ambient conditions using a combination of classical and ab initio approaches. The goal of this study is to disentangle the sources of discrepancy observed in computed potentials of mean force. In particular, we aim to understand why some models favor the stability of solvent-separated ion pairs vs contact ion pairs. We found that some observed differences can be explained by non-converged simulation parameters. However, we also unveil that for some models, small changes in the solution density can have significant effects on modifying the equilibrium balance between the two configurations. We conclude that the thermodynamic stability of contact and solvent-separated ion pairs is very sensitive to the dielectric properties of the underlying simulation model. In general, classical models are very robust in providing a similar estimation of the contact ion pair stability, while this is much more variable in density functional theory-based models. The barrier to transition from the solvent-separated to contact ion pair is fundamentally dependent on the balance between electrostatic potential energy and entropy. This reflects the importance of water intra- and inter-molecular polarizability in obtaining an accurate description of the screened ion-ion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Wills
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University. Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - Marivi Fernández-Serra
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University. Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
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40
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Zeng Y, Jia Y, Yan T, Zhuang W. Binary structure and dynamics of the hydrogen bonds in the hydration shells of ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11400-11410. [PMID: 33949400 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06397e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion-specific effects of cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (F-, Cl-) on the hydrogen bond structure and dynamics of the coordination waters in the hydration shells have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations indicate that the hydrogen bonds between the first and second hydration shell waters show binary structural and dynamic properties. The hydrogen bond with a first shell water as the donor (HD) is strengthened, while those with a first shell water as the acceptor (HA) are weakened. For a hydrated anion, this binary effect reverses, but is less significant. This ion-specific binary effect correlates with the size and the valence of the ion, and is more significant for the strong kosmotropic ions of high charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zeng
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yunzhe Jia
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tianying Yan
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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41
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Nguyen MTH, Tichacek O, Martinez-Seara H, Mason PE, Jungwirth P. Resolving the Equal Number Density Puzzle: Molecular Picture from Simulations of LiCl(aq) and NaCl(aq). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3153-3162. [PMID: 33534574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The change in number densities of aqueous solutions of alkali chlorides should be qualitatively predictable. Typically, as cations get larger, the number density of the solution decreases. However, aqueous solutions of lithium and sodium chloride exhibit at ambient conditions practically identical number densities at equal molalities despite different ionic sizes. Here, we provide an atomistic interpretation of this experimentally observed anomalous behavior using molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained results show that the rigidity of the Li+ first and second solvation shells and the associated compromised hydrogen bonding result in practically equal average water densities in the local hydration regions for Li+ and Na+ despite different sizes of the cations. In addition, in more distant regions from the cations, the water densities of these two solutions also coincide. These findings thus provide an atomistic interpretation for matching number densities of LiCl and NaCl solutions. In contrast, the number density differences between NaCl and KCl solutions as well as between LiCl and KCl solutions behave in a regular fashion with lower number densities of solutions observed for larger cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Thi Hong Nguyen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Tichacek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hector Martinez-Seara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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42
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Ye X, Capezza AJ, Xiao X, Lendel C, Hedenqvist MS, Kessler VG, Olsson RT. Protein Nanofibrils and Their Hydrogel Formation with Metal Ions. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5341-5354. [PMID: 33666436 PMCID: PMC8041371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanofibrils (PNFs) have been prepared by whey protein fibrillation at low pH and in the presence of different metal ions. The effect of the metal ions was systematically studied both in terms of PNF suspension gelation behavior and fibrillation kinetics. A high valence state and a small ionic radius (e.g., Sn4+) of the metal ion resulted in the formation of hydrogels already at a metal ion concentration of 30 mM, whereas an intermediate valence state and larger ionic radius (Co2+, Ni2+, Al3+) resulted in the hydrogel formation occurring at 60 mM. A concentration of 120 mM of Na+ was needed to form a PNF hydrogel, while lower concentrations showed liquid behaviors similar to the reference PNF solution where no metal ions had been introduced. The hydrogel mechanics were investigated at steady-state conditions after 24 h of incubation/gelation, revealing that more acidic (smaller and more charged) metal ions induced ca. 2 orders of magnitude higher storage modulus as compared to the less acidic metal ions (with smaller charge and larger radius) for the same concentration of metal ions. The viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels was attributed to the ability of the metal ions to coordinate water molecules in the vicinity of the PNFs. The presence of metal ions in the solutions during the growth of the PNFs typically resulted in curved fibrils, whereas an upper limit of the concentration existed when oxides/hydroxides were formed, and the hydrogels lost their gel properties due to phase separation. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence was used to determine the rate of the fibrillation to form 50% of the total PNFs (t1/2), which decreased from 2.3 to ca. 0.5 h depending on the specific metal ions added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Ye
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio J. Capezza
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vadim G. Kessler
- Department
of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in
Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Li M, Zhuang B, Lu Y, An L, Wang ZG. Salt-Induced Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Water-Acetonitrile-Salt Mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:773-784. [PMID: 33416302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Salt-induced liquid-liquid phase separation in liquid mixtures is a common phenomenon in nature and in various applications, such as in separation and extraction of chemicals. Here, we present results of a systematic investigation of the phase behaviors in water-acetonitrile-salt mixtures using a combination of experiment and theory. We obtain complete ternary phase diagrams for nine representative salts in water-acetonitrile mixtures by cloud point and component analysis. We construct a thermodynamic free energy model by accounting for the nonideal mixing of the liquids, ion hydration, electrostatic interactions, and Born energy. Our theory yields phase diagrams in good agreement with the experimental data. By comparing the contributions due to the electrostatic interaction, Born energy, and hydration, we find that hydration is the main driving force for the liquid-liquid separation and is a major contributor to the specific ion effects. Our theory highlights the important role of entropy in the hydration driving force. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and make suggestions for selecting salt ions to optimize the separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Bilin Zhuang
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527.,Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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44
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Laurent H, Baker DL, Soper AK, Ries ME, Dougan L. Solute Specific Perturbations to Water Structure and Dynamics in Tertiary Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10983-10993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan K. Soper
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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45
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Vatin M, Porro A, Sator N, Dufrêche JF, Berthoumieux H. Electrostatic interactions in water: a nonlocal electrostatic approach. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1825849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vatin
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
- ICSM/LMCT Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Céze Cedex, France
| | - A. Porro
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - N. Sator
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - J.-F. Dufrêche
- ICSM/LMCT Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Céze Cedex, France
| | - H. Berthoumieux
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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46
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Guo X, Ding Y, Gao H, Goodenough JB, Yu G. A Ternary Hybrid-Cation Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Battery and Interfacial Selection Mechanism Study. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000316. [PMID: 32311170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dendrite-free sodium-potassium (Na-K) liquid alloy composed of two alkali metals is one of the ideal alternatives for Li metal as an anode material while maintaining large capacity, low potential, and high abundance. However, Na- or K-ion batteries have limited cathode materials that can deliver stably large capacity. Combining advantages of both, a hybrid-cation liquid metal battery is designed for a Li-ion-insertion-based cathode to deliver stable high capacity using a Na-K liquid anode to avoid dendrites. The mechanical property of the Na-K alloy is confirmed by simulation and experimental characterization, which leads to stable cycling performance. The charge carrier selection principle in this ternary hybrid-cation system is investigated, showing consistency with the proposed interfacial layer formation and ion distribution mechanism for the electrochemical process as well as the good stability. With Li ions contributing stable cycling as the cathode charge carrier, the K ion working as charge carrier on the anode, and Na as the medium to liquefy K metal, such a ternary hybrid battery system not only inherits the rich battery chemistry of Li-insertion cathodes but also broadens the understanding of alkali metal alloys and hybrid-ion battery chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hongcai Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John B Goodenough
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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47
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Fedorov DG. Three-Body Energy Decomposition Analysis Based on the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4956-4971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G. Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
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48
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Ren G, Ha Y, Liu YS, Feng X, Zhang N, Yu P, Zhang L, Yang W, Feng J, Guo J, Liu X. Deciphering the Solvent Effect for the Solvation Structure of Ca 2+ in Polar Molecular Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3408-3417. [PMID: 32223137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the crystal structures for many inorganic compounds are readily available, researchers are still working hard to understand the relations between the structures and chemical properties of solutions because most of the chemical reactions take place in solutions. A huge amount of effort has been put toward modeling the ion solvation structure from the perspectives of both experiments and theories. In this study, the solvation structures of Ca2+ ions in aqueous and alcoholic solutions at different concentrations were carefully evaluated by Ca K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to correlate the results with the experimental data and then further extended to other similar systems. It was found that the number of coordinating solvent molecules decreases with increasing Ca2+ concentration and increasing solvent molecule sizes. From the EXAFS data, it was observed that the first solvation shell of Ca2+ splits into two Ca-O distances in a methanol solution and the counter ion Cl- might also be within the first shell at high concentrations. For the first time, the effects of solvents with different polarities and sizes on the ion solvation environment were systematically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Ha
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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49
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Epp T, Neidhardt H, Pagano N, Marks MAW, Markl G, Oelmann Y. Vegetation canopy effects on total and dissolved Cl, Br, F and I concentrations in soil and their fate along the hydrological flow path. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135473. [PMID: 31787313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although halogens are omnipresent in the environment, detailed understanding of processes involving chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), fluorine (F) and iodine (I) in the terrestrial halogen cycle is still sparse. Our objectives were to (i) assess vertical depth profiles of total and water-extractable inorganic halogen concentrations (Cltot, Brtot, Ftot, Itot) in solid soil, (ii) test the effect of a tree canopy, and (iii) follow the fate of dissolved inorganic halogens along the hydrological flow path. More than 200 soil samples and ecosystem solutions (rainwater, soil solution, adit and creek water) collected in the Schwarzwald, SW Germany, were analyzed by combustion ion chromatography and ion chromatography for total and inorganic halogen concentrations. We found decreasing Cltot concentrations with increasing soil depth which were indicative of biological chlorination of organic matter and nutrient uplift, both associated with Cl accumulation in upper soil horizons. Vertical patterns of total Br, F and I were contrary to Cltot concentrations and were related significantly (positively) to pedogenic oxides, revealing their dependence on abiotic processes. The presence of a canopy at our study site resulted in significantly higher halogen concentrations in throughfall compared to rainfall and higher Brtot concentrations in the organic layer. We attribute this difference to leaching from leaves and needles and wash-off of dry deposition. There were hardly any differences in halogen concentrations along the hydrological flow path except for significantly higher inorganic I concentrations in soil solution compared to rainfall due to equilibrium reactions between the soil solution and the solid soil phase. Highest inorganic F concentrations of up to 0.2 mg L-1 were detected in creek water samples and may originate from the weathering of fluorite-bearing veins. Our study indicates halogen-specific processes underlying Cl, Br, I and F cycling in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Epp
- Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Harald Neidhardt
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Norina Pagano
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael A W Marks
- Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gregor Markl
- Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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50
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Liu J, Li F, Wang Y, Pan L, Lin P, Zhang B, Zheng Y, Xu Y, Liao H, Ko G, Fei F, Xu C, Du Y, Shin K, Kim D, Jang SS, Chung HJ, Tian H, Wang Q, Guo W, Nam JM, Chen Z, Hyeon T, Ling D. A sensitive and specific nanosensor for monitoring extracellular potassium levels in the brain. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:321-330. [PMID: 32042163 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular potassium concentration affects the membrane potential of neurons, and, thus, neuronal activity. Indeed, alterations of potassium levels can be related to neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, and, therefore, selectively detecting extracellular potassium would allow the monitoring of disease. However, currently available optical reporters are not capable of detecting small changes in potassium, in particular, in freely moving animals. Furthermore, they are susceptible to interference from sodium ions. Here, we report a highly sensitive and specific potassium nanosensor that can monitor potassium changes in the brain of freely moving mice undergoing epileptic seizures. An optical potassium indicator is embedded in mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which are shielded by an ultrathin layer of a potassium-permeable membrane, which prevents diffusion of other cations and allows the specific capturing of potassium ions. The shielded nanosensor enables the spatial mapping of potassium ion release in the hippocampus of freely moving mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Liu
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fangyuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Limin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peihua Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Giho Ko
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionano Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Jang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - He Tian
- Center of Electron Microscope, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Material, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daishun Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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