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Cardwell PA, Del Moro C, Murphy MP, Lapthorn AJ, Hartley RC. Human mitochondrial glutathione transferases: Kinetic parameters and accommodation of a mitochondria-targeting group in substrates. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117712. [PMID: 38593670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases are key to the cellular detoxification of xenobiotics and products of oxidative damage. GSTs catalyse the reaction of glutathione (GSH) with electrophiles to form stable thioether adducts. GSTK1-1 is the main GST isoform in the mitochondrial matrix, but the GSTA1-1 and GSTA4-4 isoforms are also thought to be in the mitochondria with their distribution altering in transformed cells, thus potentially providing a cancer specific target. A mitochondria-targeted version of the GST substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), MitoCDNB, has been used to manipulate the mitochondrial GSH pool. To finesse this approach to target particular GST isoforms in the context of cancer, here we have determined the kcat/Km for the human isoforms of GSTK1-1, GSTA1-1 and GSTA4-4 with respect to GSH and CDNB. We show how the rate of the GST-catalysed reaction between GSH and CDNB analogues can be modified by both the electron withdrawing substituents, and by the position of the mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium on the chlorobenzene ring to tune the activity of mitochondria-targeted substrates. These findings can now be exploited to selectively disrupt the mitochondrial GSH pools of cancer cells expressing particular GST isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Cardwell
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Carlo Del Moro
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Adrian J Lapthorn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard C Hartley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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2
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Engineering a Pseudo-26-kDa Schistosoma Glutathione Transferase from bovis/ haematobium for Structure, Kinetics, and Ligandin Studies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121844. [PMID: 34944488 PMCID: PMC8699318 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are the main detoxification enzymes in schistosomes. These parasitic enzymes tend to be upregulated during drug treatment, with Schistosoma haematobium being one of the species that mainly affect humans. There is a lack of complete sequence information on the closely related bovis and haematobium 26-kDa GST isoforms in any database. Consequently, we engineered a pseudo-26-kDa S. bovis/haematobium GST (Sbh26GST) to understand structure–function relations and ligandin activity towards selected potential ligands. Sbh26GST was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as an MBP-fusion protein, purified to homogeneity and catalyzed 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-glutathione (CDNB-GSH) conjugation activity, with a specific activity of 13 μmol/min/mg. This activity decreased by ~95% in the presence of bromosulfophthalein (BSP), which showed an IC50 of 27 µM. Additionally, enzyme kinetics revealed that BSP acts as a non-competitive inhibitor relative to GSH. Spectroscopic studies affirmed that Sbh26GST adopts the canonical GST structure, which is predominantly α-helical. Further extrinsic 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) spectroscopy illustrated that BSP, praziquantel (PZQ), and artemisinin (ART) might preferentially bind at the dimer interface or in proximity to the hydrophobic substrate-binding site of the enzyme. The Sbh26GST-BSP interaction is both enthalpically and entropically driven, with a stoichiometry of one BSP molecule per Sbh26GST dimer. Enzyme stability appeared enhanced in the presence of BSP and GSH. Induced fit ligand docking affirmed the spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and molecular modelling results. In conclusion, BSP is a potent inhibitor of Sbh26GST and could potentially be rationalized as a treatment for schistosomiasis.
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Belinskaia DA, Savelieva EI, Karakashev GV, Orlova OI, Leninskii MA, Khlebnikova NS, Shestakova NN, Kiskina AR. Investigation of Bemethyl Biotransformation Pathways by Combination of LC-MS/HRMS and In Silico Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169021. [PMID: 34445727 PMCID: PMC8396642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemethyl is an actoprotector, an antihypoxant, and a moderate psychostimulant. Even though the therapeutic effectiveness of bemethyl is well documented, there is a gap in knowledge regarding its metabolic products and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Since 2018, bemethyl is included to the Monitoring Program of the World Anti-Doping Agency, which highlights the challenge of identifying its urinary metabolites. The objective of the study was to investigate the biotransformation pathways of bemethyl using a combination of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and in silico studies. Metabolites were analyzed in a 24 h rat urine collected after oral administration of bemethyl at a single dose of 330 mg/kg. The urine samples were prepared for analysis by a procedure developed in the present work and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. For the first time, nine metabolites of bemethyl with six molecular formulas were identified in rat urine. The most abundant metabolite was a benzimidazole–acetylcysteine conjugate; this biotransformation pathway is associated with the detoxification of xenobiotics. The BioTransformer and GLORY computational tools were used to predict bemethyl metabolites in silico. The molecular docking of bemethyl and its derivatives to the binding site of glutathione S-transferase has revealed the mechanism of bemethyl conjugation with glutathione. The findings will help to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of actoprotectors and to improve antihypoxant and adaptogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-580-6919
| | - Elena I. Savelieva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Georgy V. Karakashev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Olga I. Orlova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Leninskii
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Nataliia S. Khlebnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Shestakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Alexandra R. Kiskina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.I.S.); (G.V.K.); (O.I.O.); (M.A.L.); (N.S.K.); (N.N.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Kapitolovo Station, G/P Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, 188663 Kuzmolovsky, Russia
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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5
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Pettersson JR, Lanni F, Rule GS. Dual Lifetimes for Complexes between Glutathione-S-transferase (hGSTA1-1) and Product-like Ligands Detected by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4073-4083. [PMID: 28677395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence techniques were used to characterize the binding of products and inhibitors to human glutathione S-transferase A1-1 (hGSTA1-1). The identification of at least two different bound states for the wild-type enzyme suggests that there are at least two conformations of the protein, consistent with the model that ligand binding promotes closure of the carboxy-terminal helix over the active site. Ligand induced changes in ensemble fluorescence energy transfer support this proposed structural change. The more predominant state in the ensemble of single molecules shows a significantly faster off-rate, suggesting that the carboxy-terminal helix is delocalized in this state, permitting faster exit of the bound ligand. A point mutation (I219A), which is known to interfere with the association of the carboxy-terminal helix with the enzyme, shows increased rates of interconversion between the open and closed state. Kinematic traces of fluorescence from single molecules show that a single molecule readily samples a number of different conformations, each with a characteristic off-rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pettersson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Frederick Lanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gordon S Rule
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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6
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Robertson GJ, Stoychev SH, Sayed Y, Achilonu I, Dirr HW. The effects of mutating Tyr9 and Arg15 on the structure, stability, conformational dynamics and mechanism of GSTA3-3. Biophys Chem 2017; 224:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Tshabalala TN, Tomescu MS, Prior A, Balakrishnan V, Sayed Y, Dirr HW, Achilonu I. Energetics of Glutathione Binding to Human Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 Gamma: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Molecular Dynamics Studies. Protein J 2016; 35:448-458. [PMID: 27844275 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of ligand binding to human eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma (heEF1γ) was investigated using reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), glutathione sulfonate and S-hexylglutathione as ligands. The experiments were conducted using isothermal titration calorimetry, and the findings were supported using computational studies. The data show that the binding of these ligands to heEF1γ is enthalpically favourable and entropically driven (except for the binding of GSSG). The full length heEF1γ binds GSSG with lower affinity (K d = 115 μM), with more hydrogen-bond contacts (ΔH = -73.8 kJ/mol) and unfavourable entropy (-TΔS = 51.7 kJ/mol) compared to the glutathione transferase-like N-terminus domain of heEF1γ, which did not show preference to any specific ligand. Computational free binding energy calculations from the 10 ligand poses show that GSSG and GSH consistently bind heEF1γ, and that both ligands bind at the same site with a folded bioactive conformation. This study reveals the possibility that heEF1γ is a glutathione-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso N Tshabalala
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Mihai-Silviu Tomescu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Allan Prior
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Vijayakumar Balakrishnan
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Heini W Dirr
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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8
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Achilonu I, Siganunu TP, Dirr HW. Purification and characterisation of recombinant human eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 99:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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A theoretical investigation into the cooperativity effect involving anionic hydrogen bond, thermodynamic property and aromaticity in Cl−⋯benzonitrile⋯H2O ternary complex. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Tian QP, Wang YH, Shi WJ, song SQ, Tang HF. A theoretical investigation into the cooperativity effect between the H∙∙∙O and H∙∙∙F– interactions and electrostatic potential upon 1:2 (F–:N-(Hydroxymethyl)acetamide) ternary-system formation. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5171-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Human cytosolic glutathione transferases: structure, function, and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:656-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Mizrahi RA, Phelps KJ, Ching AY, Beal PA. Nucleoside analog studies indicate mechanistic differences between RNA-editing adenosine deaminases. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9825-35. [PMID: 22885375 PMCID: PMC3479202 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR1 and ADAR2) are human RNA-editing adenosine deaminases responsible for the conversion of adenosine to inosine at specific locations in cellular RNAs. Since inosine is recognized during translation as guanosine, this often results in the expression of protein sequences different from those encoded in the genome. While our knowledge of the ADAR2 structure and catalytic mechanism has grown over the years, our knowledge of ADAR1 has lagged. This is due, at least in part, to the lack of well defined, small RNA substrates useful for mechanistic studies of ADAR1. Here, we describe an ADAR1 substrate RNA that can be prepared by a combination of chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation. Incorporation of adenosine analogs into this RNA and analysis of the rate of ADAR1 catalyzed deamination revealed similarities and differences in the way the ADARs recognize the edited nucleotide. Importantly, ADAR1 is more dependent than ADAR2 on the presence of N7 in the edited base. This difference between ADAR1 and ADAR2 appears to be dependent on the identity of a single amino acid residue near the active site. Thus, this work provides an important starting point in defining mechanistic differences between two functionally distinct human RNA editing ADARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena A Mizrahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Zhang X, Li T, Zhang J, Li D, Guo Y, Qin G, Zhu KY, Ma E, Zhang J. Structural and catalytic role of two conserved tyrosines in Delta-class glutathione S-transferase from Locusta migratoria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 80:77-91. [PMID: 22581614 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important family of detoxifying enzymes and play a key role in pesticide resistance in the insect. Tyrosine is essential for its detoxification function. In the present study, two conserved tyrosine residues are located at positions 108 and 116 in H-site of LmGSTD1. To elucidate how the two residues participate in the catalytic process and keeping structural stability, four mutants, Y108A, Y108E, Y116A, and Y116E, were generated. It was found that the four mutants affected the specific activity of LmGSTD1 in various degrees, depending on the types of substrate and reaction mechanism. Steady-state kinetics assay revealed that Y108E and Y116E had a significant influence on GSH-binding ability, which indicates the two tyrosine residues of H-site contribute to topology rearrangement of G-site. Both Y116A and Y116E exhibited lower CDNB-binding affinity, suggesting that Y116 takes part in hydrophobic substrate binding. The thermostability assay, intrinsic, and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) florescence results showed that the two tyrosine residues were involved in regulation of active-site conformation. Finally, homology modeling provided evidence that the two tyrosines in H-site participate in hydrophobic substrate binding. Furthermore, Y108 is closer to the S atom of S-hexylglutathione. In conclusion, the two tyrosines in LmGSTD1 are important residues in both the catalytic process and protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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14
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Ghai R, Falconer RJ, Collins BM. Applications of isothermal titration calorimetry in pure and applied research--survey of the literature from 2010. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:32-52. [PMID: 22213449 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a biophysical technique for measuring the formation and dissociation of molecular complexes and has become an invaluable tool in many branches of science from cell biology to food chemistry. By measuring the heat absorbed or released during bond formation, ITC provides accurate, rapid, and label-free measurement of the thermodynamics of molecular interactions. In this review, we survey the recent literature reporting the use of ITC and have highlighted a number of interesting studies that provide a flavour of the diverse systems to which ITC can be applied. These include measurements of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions required for macromolecular assembly, analysis of enzyme kinetics, experimental validation of molecular dynamics simulations, and even in manufacturing applications such as food science. Some highlights include studies of the biological complex formed by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C3 and the murine T-cell receptor, the mechanism of membrane association of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein α-synuclein, and the role of non-specific tannin-protein interactions in the quality of different beverages. Recent developments in automation are overcoming limitations on throughput imposed by previous manual procedures and promise to greatly extend usefulness of ITC in the future. We also attempt to impart some practical advice for getting the most out of ITC data for those researchers less familiar with the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ghai
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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16
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Balogh LM, Atkins WM. Interactions of glutathione transferases with 4-hydroxynonenal. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:165-78. [PMID: 21401344 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.558092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation are important contributors to the progression of several pathological states. The prototypical α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), triggers cellular events associated with oxidative stress, which can be curtailed by the glutathione-dependent elimination of HNE. The glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a major determinate of the intracellular concentration of HNE and can influence susceptibility to toxic effects, particularly when HNE and GST levels are altered in disease states. In this article, we provide a brief summary of the cellular effects of HNE, followed by a review of its GST-catalyzed detoxification, with an emphasis on the structural attributes that play an important role in the interactions with alpha-class GSTs. Some of the key determining characteristics that impart high alkenal activity reside in the unique C-terminal interactions of the GSTA4-4 enzyme. Studies encompassing both kinetic and structural analyses of related isoforms will be highlighted, with additional attention to stereochemical aspects that demonstrate the capacity of GSTA4-4 to detoxify both enantiomers of the biologically relevant racemic mixture while generating a select set of diastereomeric products with subsequent implications. A summary of the literature that examines the interplay between GSTs and HNE in model systems relevant to oxidative stress will also be discussed to demonstrate the magnitude of importance of GSTs in the overall detoxification scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Balogh
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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17
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Balchin D, Fanucchi S, Achilonu I, Adamson RJ, Burke J, Fernandes M, Gildenhuys S, Dirr HW. Stability of the domain interface contributes towards the catalytic function at the H-site of class alpha glutathione transferase A1-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:2228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Achilonu I, Gildenhuys S, Fisher L, Burke J, Fanucchi S, Sewell BT, Fernandes M, Dirr HW. The role of a topologically conserved isoleucine in glutathione transferase structure, stability and function. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:776-80. [PMID: 20606271 PMCID: PMC2898459 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110019135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The common fold shared by members of the glutathione-transferase (GST) family has a topologically conserved isoleucine residue at the N-terminus of helix 3 which is involved in the packing of helix 3 against two beta-strands in domain 1. The role of the isoleucine residue in the structure, function and stability of GST was investigated by replacing the Ile71 residue in human GSTA1-1 by alanine or valine. The X-ray structures of the I71A and I71V mutants resolved at 1.75 and 2.51 A, respectively, revealed that the mutations do not alter the overall structure of the protein compared with the wild type. Urea-induced equilibrium unfolding studies using circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence suggest that the mutation of Ile71 to alanine or valine reduces the stability of the protein. A functional assay with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene shows that the mutation does not significantly alter the function of the protein relative to the wild type. Overall, the results suggest that conservation of the topologically conserved Ile71 maintains the structural stability of the protein but does not play a significant role in catalysis and substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Loren Fisher
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Burke
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Sylvia Fanucchi
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - B. Trevor Sewell
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Manuel Fernandes
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Heini W. Dirr
- Protein Structure–Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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