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De Goeij FHC, De Meijer V, Mergental H, Guarrera JV, Asthana S, Ghinolfi D, Boteon YL, Selzner N, Kalisvaart M, Pulitano C, Sonnenday C, Martins PN, Berlakovich G, Schlegel A. Challenges With the Implementation of Machine Perfusion in Clinical Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1296-1307. [PMID: 38057969 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic organ preservation is a relatively old technique which has regained significant interest in the last decade. Machine perfusion (MP) techniques are applied in various fields of solid organ transplantation today. The first clinical series of ex situ MP in liver transplantation was presented in 2010. Since then, the number of research and clinical applications has substantially increased. Despite the notable beneficial effect on organ quality and recipient outcome, MP is still not routinely used in liver transplantation. Based on the enormous need to better preserve organs and the subsequent demand to continuously innovate and develop perfusion equipment further, this technology is also beneficial to test and deliver future therapeutic strategies to livers before implantation. This article summarizes the various challenges observed during the current shift from static to dynamic liver preservation in the clinical setting. The different organ perfusion strategies are discussed first, together with ongoing clinical trials and future study design. The current status of research and the impact of costs and regulations is highlighted next. Factors contributing to costs and other required resources for a worldwide successful implementation and reimbursement are presented third. The impact of research on cost-utility and effectivity to guide the tailored decision-making regarding the optimal perfusion strategy is discussed next. Finally, this article provides potential solutions to the challenging field of innovation in healthcare considering the various social and economic factors and the role of clinical, regulatory, and financial stakeholders worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke H C De Goeij
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent De Meijer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hynek Mergental
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James V Guarrera
- Division of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | | | - Davide Ghinolfi
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Pisa Medical School Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Yuri L Boteon
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marit Kalisvaart
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Pulitano
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Memorial Hospital, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA
| | - Gabriela Berlakovich
- Division of Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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2
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Hu Y, Hu X, Luo J, Huang J, Sun Y, Li H, Qiao Y, Wu H, Li J, Zhou L, Zheng S. Liver organoid culture methods. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:197. [PMID: 37915043 PMCID: PMC10619312 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids, three-dimensional structures cultured in vitro, can recapitulate the microenvironment, complex architecture, and cellular functions of in vivo organs or tissues. In recent decades, liver organoids have been developed rapidly, and their applications in biomedicine, such as drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine, have been widely recognized. However, the lack of repeatability and consistency, including the lack of standardized culture conditions, has been a major obstacle to the development and clinical application of liver organoids. It is time-consuming for researchers to identify an appropriate medium component scheme, and the usage of some ingredients remains controversial. In this review, we summarized and compared different methods for liver organoid cultivation that have been published in recent years, focusing on controversial medium components and discussing their advantages and drawbacks. We aimed to provide an effective reference for the development and standardization of liver organoid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yaohan Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yinbiao Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- The Organ Repair and Regeneration Medicine Institute of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250117, China.
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3
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Schlegel A, Mergental H, Fondevila C, Porte RJ, Friend PJ, Dutkowski P. Machine perfusion of the liver and bioengineering. J Hepatol 2023; 78:1181-1198. [PMID: 37208105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing number of accepted candidates on waiting lists worldwide, there is an urgent need to expand the number and the quality of donor livers. Dynamic preservation approaches have demonstrated various benefits, including improving liver function and graft survival, and reducing liver injury and post-transplant complications. Consequently, organ perfusion techniques are being used in clinical practice in many countries. Despite this success, a proportion of livers do not meet current viability tests required for transplantation, even with the use of modern perfusion techniques. Therefore, devices are needed to further optimise machine liver perfusion - one promising option is to prolong machine liver perfusion for several days, with ex situ treatment of perfused livers. For example, stem cells, senolytics, or molecules targeting mitochondria or downstream signalling can be administered during long-term liver perfusion to modulate repair mechanisms and regeneration. Besides, today's perfusion equipment is also designed to enable the use of various liver bioengineering techniques, to develop scaffolds or for their re-cellularisation. Cells or entire livers can also undergo gene modulation to modify animal livers for xenotransplantation, to directly treat injured organs or to repopulate such scaffolds with "repaired" autologous cells. This review first discusses current strategies to improve the quality of donor livers, and secondly reports on bioengineering techniques to design optimised organs during machine perfusion. Current practice, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with these different perfusion strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centre of Preclinical Research, Milan, 20122, Italy; Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Center, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hynek Mergental
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert J Porte
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of HPB & Transplant Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Friend
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Center, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Kumar A, Cai S, Allam M, Henderson S, Ozbeyler M, Saiontz L, Coskun AF. Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis of Emergent Organoid Platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:311-344. [PMID: 37191807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as a promising advancement of the two-dimensional (2D) culture systems to improve studies in organogenesis, drug discovery, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine applications. Organoids can self-organize as three-dimensional (3D) tissues derived from stem cells and patient tissues to resemble organs. This chapter presents growth strategies, molecular screening methods, and emerging issues of the organoid platforms. Single-cell and spatial analysis resolve organoid heterogeneity to obtain information about the structural and molecular cellular states. Culture media diversity and varying lab-to-lab practices have resulted in organoid-to-organoid variability in morphology and cell compositions. An essential resource is an organoid atlas that can catalog protocols and standardize data analysis for different organoid types. Molecular profiling of individual cells in organoids and data organization of the organoid landscape will impact biomedical applications from basic science to translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Henderson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Ozbeyler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lilly Saiontz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, , Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Lascaris B, de Meijer VE, Porte RJ. Normothermic liver machine perfusion as a dynamic platform for regenerative purposes: What does the future have in store for us? J Hepatol 2022; 77:825-836. [PMID: 35533801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation has become an immense success; nevertheless, far more recipients are registered on waiting lists than there are available donor livers for transplantation. High-risk, extended criteria donor livers are increasingly used to reduce the discrepancy between organ demand and supply. Especially for high-risk livers, dynamic preservation using machine perfusion can decrease post-transplantation complications and may increase donor liver utilisation by improving graft quality and enabling viability testing before transplantation. To further increase the availability of donor livers suitable for transplantation, new strategies are required that make it possible to use organs that are initially too damaged to be transplanted. With the current progress in experimental liver transplantation research, (long-term) normothermic machine perfusion may be used in the future as a dynamic platform for regenerative medicine approaches, enabling repair and regeneration of injured donor livers. Currently explored therapeutics such as defatting cocktails, RNA interference, senolytics, and stem cell therapy may assist in the repair and/or regeneration of injured livers before transplantation. This review will provide a forecast of the future utility of normothermic machine perfusion in decreasing the imbalance between donor liver demand and supply by enabling the repair and regeneration of damaged donor livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Lascaris
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent E de Meijer
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Antarianto RD, Mahmood A, Giselvania A, Asri Dewi AAP, Gustinanda J, Pawitan JA. Inventing Engineered Organoids for end-stage liver failure patients. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:611-621. [PMID: 35882727 PMCID: PMC9374785 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a term used clinically in reference to a group of liver diseases with liver transplantation as the choice of treatment. Due to the limitations of liver transplantation, alternative treatments are needed. The use of primary human hepatocytes represents a valid alternative treatment, but the limitations related to hepatocyte quality, viability, function, conservation, and storage need to be overcome. Transplanted hepatocytes have only been followed for 6–9 months. Therefore, long-term causes of failures are not yet established, including rejection, apoptosis, or other causes. Other alternative therapies to replace liver transplantation include plasmapheresis, hemodiafiltration, and artificial livers. Unfortunately, these methods are highly limited due to availability, high cost, anaphylaxis reaction, development-deposition of immune-complexes, and restricted functionality. Liver organoids, which utilize stem cells instead of ‘impractical’ adult hepatocytes, may be a solution for the development of a complex bioartificial liver. Recent studies have explored the benefits of differentiating mature hepatocytes from stem cells inside a bioreactor. When the use of human-induced Hepatocytes (hiHeps) was investigated in mouse and pig models of liver failure, liver failure markers were decreased, hepatocyte function indicated by albumin synthesis improved, and survival time increased. Bioartificial liver treatment may decrease the infiltration of inflammatory cells into liver tissue by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiana D Antarianto
- Department of Histology Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia.
- Stem cell and tissue engineering research cluster IMERI UI, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Giselvania
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Radiotherapy RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Aa Prima Asri Dewi
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
- Department of Histology, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Warmadewa, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jatmiko Gustinanda
- Master Program in Biomedical Science Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
- Stem cell and tissue engineering research cluster IMERI UI, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Undergraduate Medicine Program Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
- Integrated Service Unit Stem Cells RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia
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7
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Abstract
The genetic modification of pigs as a source of transplantable organs is one of several possible solutions to the chronic organ shortage. This paper describes existing ethical tensions in xenotransplantation (XTx) that argue against pursuing it. Recommendations for lifelong infectious disease surveillance and notification of close contacts of recipients are in tension with the rights of human research subjects. Parental/guardian consent for pediatric xenograft recipients is in tension with a child's right to an open future. Individual consent to transplant is in tension with public health threats that include zoonotic diseases. XTx amplifies concerns about justice in organ transplantation and could exacerbate existing inequities. The prevention of infectious disease in source animals is in tension with the best practices of animal care and animal welfare, requiring isolation, ethologically inappropriate housing, and invasive reproductive procedures that would severely impact the well-being of intelligent social creatures like pigs.
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Willemse J, van Tienderen G, van Hengel E, Schurink I, van der Ven D, Kan Y, de Ruiter P, Rosmark O, Westergren-Thorsson G G, Schneeberger K, van der Eerden B, Roest H, Spee B, van der Laan L, de Jonge J, Verstegen M. Hydrogels derived from decellularized liver tissue support the growth and differentiation of cholangiocyte organoids. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121473. [PMID: 35344800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cholangiocyte organoids are promising for regenerative medicine applications, such as repair of damaged bile ducts. However, organoids are typically cultured in mouse tumor-derived basement membrane extracts (BME), which is poorly defined, highly variable and limits the direct clinical applications of organoids in patients. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels prepared from decellularized human or porcine livers are attractive alternative culture substrates. Here, the culture and expansion of human cholangiocyte organoids in liver ECM(LECM)-derived hydrogels is described. These hydrogels support proliferation of cholangiocyte organoids and maintain the cholangiocyte-like phenotype. The use of LECM hydrogels does not significantly alter the expression of selected genes or proteins, such as the cholangiocyte marker cytokeratin-7, and no species-specific effect is found between human or porcine LECM hydrogels. Proliferation rates of organoids cultured in LECM hydrogels are lower, but the differentiation capacity of the cholangiocyte organoids towards hepatocyte-like cells is not altered by the presence of tissue-specific ECM components. Moreover, human LECM extracts support the expansion of ICO in a dynamic culture set up without the need for laborious static culture of organoids in hydrogel domes. Liver ECM hydrogels can successfully replace tumor-derived BME and can potentially unlock the full clinical potential of human cholangiocyte organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke Willemse
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Tienderen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline van Hengel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van der Ven
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yik Kan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oskar Rosmark
- Lung Biology, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Erasmus MC-University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Roest
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Design by Nature: Emerging Applications of Native Liver Extracellular Matrix for Cholangiocyte Organoid-Based Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030110. [PMID: 35324799 PMCID: PMC8945468 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent studies show feasibility for bile duct tissue repair in humans by successfully transplanting cholangiocyte organoids in liver grafts during perfusion. Large-scale expansion of cholangiocytes is essential for extending these regenerative medicine applications. Human cholangiocyte organoids have a high and stable proliferation capacity, making them an attractive source of cholangiocytes. Commercially available basement membrane extract (BME) is used to expand the organoids. BME allows the cells to self-organize into 3D structures and stimulates cell proliferation. However, the use of BME is limiting the clinical applications of the organoids. There is a need for alternative tissue-specific and clinically relevant culture substrates capable of supporting organoid proliferation. Hydrogels prepared from decellularized and solubilized native livers are an attractive alternative for BME. These hydrogels can be used for the culture and expansion of cholangiocyte organoids in a clinically relevant manner. Moreover, the liver-derived hydrogels retain tissue-specific aspects of the extracellular microenvironment. They are composed of a complex mixture of bioactive and biodegradable extracellular matrix (ECM) components and can support the growth of various hepatobiliary cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical potential of native liver ECM-based hydrogels for applications with human cholangiocyte organoids. We discuss the current limitations of BME for the clinical applications of organoids and how native ECM hydrogels can potentially overcome these problems in an effort to unlock the full regenerative clinical potential of the organoids.
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10
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Roos FJM, Wu H, Willemse J, Lieshout R, Albarinos LAM, Kan Y, Poley J, Bruno MJ, de Jonge J, Bártfai R, Marks H, IJzermans JNM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW. Cholangiocyte organoids from human bile retain a local phenotype and can repopulate bile ducts in vitro. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e566. [PMID: 34954911 PMCID: PMC8710298 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established 3D organoid culture method enabled efficient expansion of cholangiocyte-like cells from intrahepatic (IHBD) and extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) tissue biopsies. The extensive expansion capacity of these organoids enables various applications, from cholangiocyte disease modelling to bile duct tissue engineering. Recent research demonstrated the feasibility of culturing cholangiocyte organoids from bile, which was minimal-invasive collected via endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (ERCP). However, a detailed analysis of these bile cholangiocyte organoids (BCOs) and the cellular region of origin was not yet demonstrated. In this study, we characterize BCOs and mirror them to the already established organoids initiated from IHBD- and EHBD-tissue. We demonstrate successful organoid-initiation from extrahepatic bile collected from gallbladder after resection and by ERCP or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopathy from a variety of patients. BCOs initiated from these three sources of bile all show features similar to in vivo cholangiocytes. The regional-specific characteristics of the BCOs are reflected by the exclusive expression of regional common bile duct genes (HOXB2 and HOXB3) by ERCP-derived BCOs and gallbladder-derived BCOs expressing gallbladder-specific genes. Moreover, BCOs have limited hepatocyte-fate differentiation potential compared to intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. These results indicate that organoid-initiating cells in bile are likely of local (extrahepatic) origin and are not of intrahepatic origin. Regarding the functionality of organoid initiating cells in bile, we demonstrate that BCOs efficiently repopulate decellularized EHBD scaffolds and restore the monolayer of cholangiocyte-like cells in vitro. Bile samples obtained through minimally invasive procedures provide a safe and effective alternative source of cholangiocyte organoids. The shedding of (organoid-initiating) cholangiocytes in bile provides a convenient source of organoids for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J. M. Roos
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jorke Willemse
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Yik‐Yang Kan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Werner Poley
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard Bártfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique M. A. Verstegen
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Mukherjee S, Yadav G, Kumar R. Recent trends in stem cell-based therapies and applications of artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:521-541. [PMID: 34249226 PMCID: PMC8246250 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into diverse types of mature and functional cells while maintaining their original identity. This profound potential of stem cells has been thoroughly investigated for its significance in regenerative medicine and has laid the foundation for cell-based therapies. Regenerative medicine is rapidly progressing in healthcare with the prospect of repair and restoration of specific organs or tissue injuries or chronic disease conditions where the body’s regenerative process is not sufficient to heal. In this review, the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine are discussed, emphasizing mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies as these cells have been extensively studied for clinical use. Recent applications of artificial intelligence algorithms in stem cell-based therapies, their limitation, and future prospects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Cell Therapy and Bioengineering in Experimental Liver Regenerative Medicine: In Vivo Injury Models and Grafting Strategies. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-021-00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
To describe experimental liver injury models used in regenerative medicine, cell therapy strategies to repopulate damaged livers and the efficacy of liver bioengineering.
Recent Findings
Several animal models have been developed to study different liver conditions. Multiple strategies and modified protocols of cell delivery have been also reported. Furthermore, using bioengineered liver scaffolds has shown promising results that could help in generating a highly functional cell delivery system and/or a whole transplantable liver.
Summary
To optimize the most effective strategies for liver cell therapy, further studies are required to compare among the performed strategies in the literature and/or innovate a novel modifying technique to overcome the potential limitations. Coating of cells with polymers, decellularized scaffolds, or microbeads could be the most appropriate solution to improve cellular efficacy. Besides, overcoming the problems of liver bioengineering may offer a radical treatment for end-stage liver diseases.
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13
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Jin M, Yi X, Liao W, Chen Q, Yang W, Li Y, Li S, Gao Y, Peng Q, Zhou S. Advancements in stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cell models for hepatotoxicity testing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33494782 PMCID: PMC7836452 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of clinical trial failures and high drug attrition rates. Currently, the commonly used hepatocyte models include primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), animal models, and hepatic cell lines. However, these models have disadvantages that include species-specific differences or inconvenient cell extraction methods. Therefore, a novel, inexpensive, efficient, and accurate model that can be applied to drug screening is urgently needed. Owing to their self-renewable ability, source abundance, and multipotent competence, stem cells are stable sources of drug hepatotoxicity screening models. Because 3D culture can mimic the in vivo microenvironment more accurately than can 2D culture, the former is commonly used for hepatocyte culture and drug screening. In this review, we introduce the different sources of stem cells used to generate hepatocyte-like cells and the models for hepatotoxicity testing that use stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wanren Yang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Gao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Peng
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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14
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Vivarelli S, Candido S, Caruso G, Falzone L, Libra M. Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids for Drug Repositioning in Cancer Care: A Promising Approach in the Era of Tailored Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123636. [PMID: 33291603 PMCID: PMC7761978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, organoid research is having a growing impact in oncology. Tumor organoids, directly derived from patients’ specimens, can easily be expanded and cryopreserved. For that reason, they are becoming an indispensable ally in clinics for quicker diagnosis and prognosis of malignancies. Patient-derived cancer organoids are used as a platform to predict the efficacy of standard-of-care, as well as novel drugs. Therefore, this approach might be further utilized for validating off-label molecules, in order to widen the cancer care offer. Abstract Malignancies heterogeneity represents a critical issue in cancer care, as it often causes therapy resistance and tumor relapse. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniaturized representations of selected tissues within a dish. Lately, organoid technology has been applied to oncology with growing success and Patients Derived Tumor Organoids (PDTOs) constitute a novel available tool which fastens cancer research. PDTOs are in vitro models of cancer, and importantly, they can be used as a platform to validate the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. For that reason, they are currently utilized in clinics as emerging in vitro screening technology to tailor the therapy around the patient, with the final goal of beating cancer resistance and recurrence. In this sense, PDTOs biobanking is widely used and PDTO-libraries are helping the discovery of novel anticancer molecules. Moreover, they represent a good model to screen and validate compounds employed for other pathologies as off-label drugs potentially repurposed for the treatment of tumors. This will open up novel avenues of care thus ameliorating the life expectancy of cancer patients. This review discusses the present advancements in organoids research applied to oncology, with special attention to PDTOs and their translational potential, especially for anti-cancer drug testing, including off-label molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-320-147-7937
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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15
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Willemse J, Roos FJM, Voogt IJ, Schurink IJ, Bijvelds M, de Jonge HR, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J, Verstegen MMA. Scaffolds obtained from decellularized human extrahepatic bile ducts support organoids to establish functional biliary tissue in a dish. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:836-851. [PMID: 33118611 PMCID: PMC7894321 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biliary disorders can lead to life‐threatening disease and are also a challenging complication of liver transplantation. As there are limited treatment options, tissue engineered bile ducts could be employed to replace or repair damaged bile ducts. We explored how these constructs can be created by seeding hepatobiliary LGR5+ organoids onto tissue‐specific scaffold. For this, we decellularized discarded human extrahepatic bile ducts (EBD) that we recellularized with organoids of different origin, that is, liver biopsies, extrahepatic bile duct biopsies, and bile samples. Here, we demonstrate efficient decellularization of EBD tissue. Recellularization of the EBD extracellular matrix (ECM) with the organoids of extrahepatic origin (EBD tissue and bile derived organoids) showed more profound repopulation of the ductal ECM when compared with liver tissue (intrahepatic bile duct) derived organoids. The bile duct constructs that were repopulated with extrahepatic organoids expressed mature cholangiocyte‐markers and had increased electrical resistance, indicating restoration of the barrier function. Therefore, the organoids of extrahepatic sources are identified to be the optimal candidate for the development of personalized tissue engineered EBD constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke Willemse
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris J Voogt
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Papatheodoridi M, Mazza G, Pinzani M. Regenerative hepatology: In the quest for a modern prometheus? Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:1106-1114. [PMID: 32868215 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As liver-related morbidity and mortality is rising worldwide and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains the only standard-of-care for end-stage liver disease or acute liver failure, shortage of donor organs is becoming more prominent. Importantly, advances in regenerative Hepatology and liver bioengineering are bringing new hope to the possibility of restoring impaired hepatic functionality in the presence of acute or chronic liver failure. Hepatocyte transplantation and artificial liver-support systems were the first strategies used in regenerative hepatology but have presented various types of efficiency limitations restricting their widespread use. In parallel, liver bioengineering has been a rapidly developing field bringing continuously novel advancements in biomaterials, three dimensional (3D) scaffolds, cell sources and relative methodologies for creating bioengineered liver tissue. The current major task in liver bioengineering is to build small implantable liver mass for treating inherited metabolic disorders, bioengineered bile ducts for congenital biliary defects and large bioengineered liver organs for transplantation, as substitutes to donor-organs, in cases of acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art and upcoming technologies of regenerative Hepatology that are emerging as promising alternatives to the current standard-of care in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Papatheodoridi
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Abbey D, Elwyn S, Hand NJ, Musunuru K, Rader DJ. Self-Organizing Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Hepatocyte 3D Organoids Inform the Biology of the Pleiotropic TRIB1 Gene. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1316-1331. [PMID: 32923835 PMCID: PMC7471428 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a physiologically relevant human hepatocyte‐like cell system for in vitro translational research has been hampered by the limited availability of cell models that accurately reflect human biology and the pathophysiology of human disease. Here we report a robust, reproducible, and scalable protocol for the generation of hepatic organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using short exposure to nonengineered matrices. These hepatic organoids follow defined stages of hepatic development and express higher levels of early (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A [HNF4A], prospero‐related homeobox 1 [PROX1]) and mature hepatic and metabolic markers (albumin, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 [ASGR1], CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α [C/EBPα]) than two‐dimensional (2D) hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) at day 20 of differentiation. We used this model to explore the biology of the pleiotropic TRIB1 (Tribbles‐1) gene associated with a number of metabolic traits, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and plasma lipids. We used genome editing to delete the TRIB1 gene in hiPSCs and compared TRIB1‐deleted iPSC‐HLCs to isogenic iPSC‐HLCs under both 2D culture and three‐dimensional (3D) organoid conditions. Under conventional 2D culture conditions, TRIB1‐deficient HLCs showed maturation defects, with decreased expression of late‐stage hepatic and lipogenesis markers. In contrast, when cultured as 3D hepatic organoids, the differentiation defects were rescued, and a clear lipid‐related phenotype was noted in the TRIB1‐deficient induced pluripotent stem cell HLCs. Conclusion: This work supports the potential of genome‐edited hiPSC‐derived hepatic 3D organoids in exploring human hepatocyte biology, including the functional interrogation of genes identified through human genetic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Abbey
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Department of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Susannah Elwyn
- Department of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Department of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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18
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Ahmed E, Saleh T, Yu L, Song SH, Park KM, Kwak HH, Woo HM. Decellularized extracellular matrix-rich hydrogel-silver nanoparticle mixture as a potential treatment for acute liver failure model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2351-2367. [PMID: 32415903 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) occurs due to severe liver damage that triggers rapid loss of normal liver function. Here, we investigate the usefulness of an injectable liver extracellular matrix (LECM)-rich hydrogel generated from an optimized decellularization protocol incorporated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising therapy for ALF. First, we optimized a non-destructive protocol for rat liver decellularization to obtain ECM-rich well-preserved scaffold. Then, LECM hydrogel generated from two commonly used decellularization protocols were compared by LECM hydrogel obtained from our optimized protocol. The ALF model was induced by an intraperitoneal (IP) thioacetamide (TAA) injection followed by the IP injection of LECM hydrogel, collagen-AgNP mixture, or LECM hydrogel-AgNP mixture. LECM-rich scaffold and hydrogel were successfully obtained using our optimized decellularization protocol. Use of the LECM hydrogel-AgNP mixture to treat TAA-induced ALF greatly improved liver injury and histological liver regeneration. Interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-beta expressions were significantly reduced, while albumin, hepatocyte growth factor, and Ki67-positive cells were highly expressed. Moreover, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase plasma levels and liver homogenate nitric oxide level were significantly lowered. In conclusion, the LECM hydrogel-AgNP mixture has potential efficient therapeutic and regenerative effects on TAA-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Tarek Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Song
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mee Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of South Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Kwak
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Heung-Myong Woo
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of South Korea
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19
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Schneeberger K, Sánchez‐Romero N, Ye S, van Steenbeek FG, Oosterhoff LA, Pla Palacin I, Chen C, van Wolferen ME, van Tienderen G, Lieshout R, Colemonts‐Vroninks H, Schene I, Hoekstra R, Verstegen MM, van der Laan LJ, Penning LC, Fuchs SA, Clevers H, De Kock J, Baptista PM, Spee B. Large-Scale Production of LGR5-Positive Bipotential Human Liver Stem Cells. Hepatology 2020; 72:257-270. [PMID: 31715015 PMCID: PMC7496924 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gap between patients on transplant waiting lists and available donor organs is steadily increasing. Human organoids derived from leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-positive adult stem cells represent an exciting new cell source for liver regeneration; however, culturing large numbers of organoids with current protocols is tedious and the level of hepatic differentiation is limited. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we established a method for the expansion of large quantities of human liver organoids in spinner flasks. Due to improved oxygenation in the spinner flasks, organoids rapidly proliferated and reached an average 40-fold cell expansion after 2 weeks, compared with 6-fold expansion in static cultures. The organoids repopulated decellularized liver discs and formed liver-like tissue. After differentiation in spinner flasks, mature hepatocyte markers were highly up-regulated compared with static organoid cultures, and cytochrome p450 activity reached levels equivalent to hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS We established a highly efficient method for culturing large numbers of LGR5-positive stem cells in the form of organoids, which paves the way for the application of organoids for tissue engineering and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Loes A. Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Iris Pla Palacin
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands,Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Monique E. van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Tienderen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Department of SurgeryErasmus MC‐University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Haaike Colemonts‐Vroninks
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato‐cosmetologyFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Imre Schene
- Division of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchGastroenterology and MetabolismAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Surgical LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- Division of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands,Cancer Genomics NetherlandsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands,Princess Máxima CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato‐cosmetologyFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain,Fundación ARAIDZaragozaSpain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez DíazMadridSpain,Department of Biomedical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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20
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Ntege EH, Sunami H, Shimizu Y. Advances in regenerative therapy: A review of the literature and future directions. Regen Ther 2020; 14:136-153. [PMID: 32110683 PMCID: PMC7033303 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is enormous global anticipation for stem cell-based therapies that are safe and effective. Numerous pre-clinical studies present encouraging results on the therapeutic potential of different cell types including tissue derived stem cells. Emerging evidences in different fields of research suggest several cell types are safe, whereas their therapeutic application and effectiveness remain challenged. Multiple factors that influence treatment outcomes are proposed including immunocompatibility and potency, owing to variations in tissue origin, ex-vivo methodologies for preparation and handling of the cells. This communication gives an overview of literature data on the different types of cells that are potentially promising for regenerative therapy. As a case in point, the recent trends in research and development of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell therapy are considered in detail. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues and organs in the human body including bone marrow, adipose, synovium, and perinatal tissues. However, MSC products from the different tissue sources exhibit unique or varied levels of regenerative abilities. The review finally focuses on adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs), with the unique properties such as easier accessibility and abundance, excellent proliferation and differentiation capacities, low immunogenicity, immunomodulatory and many other trophic properties. The suitability and application of the ASCs, and strategies to improve the innate regenerative capacities of stem cells in general are highlighted among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Ntege
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunami
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
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21
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Labour MN, Le Guilcher C, Aid-Launais R, El Samad N, Lanouar S, Simon-Yarza T, Letourneur D. Development of 3D Hepatic Constructs Within Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds with Tunable Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103644. [PMID: 32455711 PMCID: PMC7279349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids production is a key tool for in vitro studies of physiopathological conditions, drug-induced toxicity assays, and for a potential use in regenerative medicine. Hence, it prompted studies on hepatic organoids and liver regeneration. Numerous attempts to produce hepatic constructs had often limited success due to a lack of viability or functionality. Moreover, most products could not be translated for clinical studies. The aim of this study was to develop functional and viable hepatic constructs using a 3D porous scaffold with an adjustable structure, devoid of any animal component, that could also be used as an in vivo implantable system. We used a combination of pharmaceutical grade pullulan and dextran with different porogen formulations to form crosslinked scaffolds with macroporosity ranging from 30 µm to several hundreds of microns. Polysaccharide scaffolds were easy to prepare and to handle, and allowed confocal observations thanks to their transparency. A simple seeding method allowed a rapid impregnation of the scaffolds with HepG2 cells and a homogeneous cell distribution within the scaffolds. Cells were viable over seven days and form spheroids of various geometries and sizes. Cells in 3D express hepatic markers albumin, HNF4α and CYP3A4, start to polarize and were sensitive to acetaminophen in a concentration-dependant manner. Therefore, this study depicts a proof of concept for organoid production in 3D scaffolds that could be prepared under GMP conditions for reliable drug-induced toxicity studies and for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Labour
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Camile Le Guilcher
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM UMS-34, FRIM Université de Paris, X Bichat School of Medicine, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nour El Samad
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Soraya Lanouar
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- Correspondence:
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22
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Hoogduijn MJ, Montserrat N, van der Laan LJW, Dazzi F, Perico N, Kastrup J, Gilbo N, Ploeg RJ, Roobrouck V, Casiraghi F, Johnson CL, Franquesa M, Dahlke MH, Massey E, Hosgood S, Reinders MEJ. The emergence of regenerative medicine in organ transplantation: 1st European Cell Therapy and Organ Regeneration Section meeting. Transpl Int 2020; 33:833-840. [PMID: 32237237 PMCID: PMC7497223 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is emerging as a novel field in organ transplantation. In September 2019, the European Cell Therapy and Organ Regeneration Section (ECTORS) of the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) held its first meeting to discuss the state‐of‐the‐art of regenerative medicine in organ transplantation. The present article highlights the key areas of interest and major advances in this multidisciplinary field in organ regeneration and discusses its implications for the future of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Norberto Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Jens Kastrup
- Cardiology Stem Cell Center, Rigshospitalet University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Gilbo
- Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Christian L Johnson
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc H Dahlke
- Department of Surgery, Robert-Bosch-Health-Campus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emma Massey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Mirdamadi ES, Kalhori D, Zakeri N, Azarpira N, Solati-Hashjin M. Liver Tissue Engineering as an Emerging Alternative for Liver Disease Treatment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:145-163. [PMID: 31797731 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases affect thousands of lives throughout the world every year. The shortage of liver donors for transplantation has been the main driving force to employ alternative methods such as liver tissue engineering (LTE) in fabricating a three-dimensional transplantable liver tissue or enhancing cell delivery techniques alleviating the need for liver donors. LTE consists of three components, cells, ECM (extracellular matrix), and signaling molecules, which we discuss the first and second. The three most common cell sources used in LTE are human and animal primary hepatocytes, and stem cells for different applications. Two major categories of ECM are used to mimic the microenvironment of these cells, named scaffolds and microbeads. Scaffolds have been made by numerous methods with a wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials. Cell encapsulation has also been utilized by many polymeric biomaterials. To investigate their functions, many properties have been discussed in the literature, such as biochemical, geometrical, and mechanical properties, in both of these categories. Overall, LTE shows excellent potential in assisting hepatic disorders. However, some challenges exist that prevent the practical use of it clinically, making LTE an ongoing research subject in the scientific society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Sadat Mirdamadi
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dianoosh Kalhori
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Zakeri
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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24
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Verstegen MMA, Spee B, van der Laan LJW. Bioengineering Liver Transplantation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E96. [PMID: 31623066 PMCID: PMC6955917 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first in-man liver transplantation was performed by Starzl et al [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Fast, robust and effective decellularization of whole human livers using mild detergents and pressure controlled perfusion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 108:110200. [PMID: 31923991 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human whole-liver perfusion-decellularization is an emerging technique for producing bio-scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. The native liver extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a superior microenvironment for hepatic cells in terms of adhesion, survival and function. However, current decellularization protocols show a high degree of variation in duration. More robust and effective protocols are required, before human decellularized liver ECM can be considered for tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study is to apply pressure-controlled perfusion and test the efficacy of two different detergents in porcine and human livers. To test this, porcine livers were decellularized using two different protocols; a triton-x-100 (Tx100)-only protocol (N = 3) and a protocol in which Tx100 was combined with SDS (N = 3) while maintaining constant pressure of 120 mm Hg. Human livers (N = 3) with different characteristics (age, weight and fat content) discarded for transplantation were decellularized using an adapted version of the Tx-100-only protocol. Decellularization efficacy was determined by histology and analysis of DNA and RNA content. Furthermore, the preservation of ECM components was assessed. After completing the perfusion cycles with detergents the porcine livers from both protocols were completely white and transparent in color. After additional washing steps with water and DNase, the livers were completely decellularized, as no DNA or cell remnants could be detected. The Tx100-only protocol retained 1.5 times more collagen and 2.5 times more sGAG than the livers decellularized with Tx100 + SDS. The Tx100-only protocol was subsequently adapted for decellularizing whole-organ human livers. The human livers decellularized with pressure-controlled perfusion became off-white in color and semi-transparent within 20 h. Livers decellularized without pressure-controlled perfusion took 64-96 h to completely decellularize, but did not become white or transparent. The addition of pressure-controlled flow did remove all cells and double stranded DNA, but did not damage the ultra-structure of the ECM as was analyzed by histology and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, collagens and sGAG were maintained with the decellularized ECM. In conclusion, we established effective, robust and fast decellularization protocols for both porcine and human livers. With this protocol the duration of decellularization for whole-organ human livers has been shortened considerably. The increased pressure and flow did not damage the ECM, as major ECM components remained intact.
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26
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Barreto RSN, Romagnolli P, Fratini P, Mess AM, Miglino MA. Mouse placental scaffolds: a three-dimensional environment model for recellularization. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419867962. [PMID: 31448074 PMCID: PMC6689918 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rich extracellular matrix (ECM) and availability make placenta eligible as alternative biomaterial source. Herein we produced placental mouse scaffolds by decellularization, and structure, composition, and cytocompatibility were evaluated to be considered as a biomaterial. We obtained a cell-free scaffold containing 9.42 ± 5.2 ng dsDNA per mg of ECM, presenting well-preserved structure and composition. Proteoglycans were widespread throughout ECM without cell nuclei and cell remnants. Collagen I, weak in native placenta, clearly appears in the scaffold after recellularization, opposite distribution was observed for collagen III. Fibronectin was well-observed in placental scaffolds whereas laminin and collagen IV were strong expressed. Placental scaffolds recellularization potential was confirmed after mouse embryonic fibroblasts 3D dynamic culture, resulting in massive scaffold repopulation with cell–cell interactions, cell-matrix adhesion, and maintenance of natural morphology. Our small size scaffolds provide a useful tool for tissue engineering to produce grafts and organ fragments, as well as for cellular biology purposes for tridimensional culture substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo SN Barreto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Romagnolli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of the Southern Frontier, Realeza-PR, Brazil
| | - Paula Fratini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Maria Mess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Maria Angelica Miglino, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, University City “Armando Salles de Oliveira,” Butantã, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
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27
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Advances in tissue engineering of nanocellulose-based scaffolds: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115144. [PMID: 31472870 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds based on nanocellulose (NC) have crucial applications in tissue engineering (TE) owing to the biocompatibility, water absorption, water retention, optical transparency, and chemo-mechanical properties. In this review, we summarize the scaffolds based on nanocellulose, including nanocrystalline cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose. We compare four representative methods to prepare NC-based scaffolds, containing electrospinning, freeze-drying, 3D printing, and solvent casting. We outline the characteristics of scaffolds obtained by different methods. Our focus is on the applications of NC-based scaffolds to repair, improve or replace damaged tissues and organs, including skin, blood vessel, nerve, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and ophthalmology. NC-based scaffolds are attractive materials for regeneration of different tissues and organs due to the remarkable features. Finally, we propose the challenges and potentials of NC-based TE scaffolds.
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28
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Ye S, Boeter JWB, Penning LC, Spee B, Schneeberger K. Hydrogels for Liver Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E59. [PMID: 31284412 PMCID: PMC6784004 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered livers are promising in vitro models for drug testing, toxicological studies, and as disease models, and might in the future be an alternative for donor organs to treat end-stage liver diseases. Liver tissue engineering (LTE) aims to construct liver models that are physiologically relevant. To make bioengineered livers, the two most important ingredients are hepatic cells and supportive materials such as hydrogels. In the past decades, dozens of hydrogels have been developed to act as supportive materials, and some have been used for in vitro models and formed functional liver constructs. However, currently none of the used hydrogels are suitable for in vivo transplantation. Here, the histology of the human liver and its relationship with LTE is introduced. After that, significant characteristics of hydrogels are described focusing on LTE. Then, both natural and synthetic materials utilized in hydrogels for LTE are reviewed individually. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on a comparison of the different hydrogels and their characteristics and ideal hydrogels are proposed to promote LTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem W B Boeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Liraglutide Immobilized on Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Polymer Films Induced the Differentiation of Islet β-Like Cells from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Cesaretti M, Zarzavajian Le Bian A, Moccia S, Iannelli A, Schiavo L, Diaspro A. From deceased to bioengineered graft: New frontiers in liver transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2018; 33:72-76. [PMID: 30598370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the worldwide context of graft shortage, several strategies have been explored to increase the number of grafts available for liver transplantation (LT). These include the use of marginal and living donors, split livers, and the improvement of marginal donor grafts (machine perfusion). However, recent advances in the understanding of liver organogenesis, stem cells, and matrix biology provide novel insights in tissue engineering. Today, the newest technologies and discoveries open the door to the development of new methods for organ implementation such as the recellularization of natural scaffolds, liver organoids, bio-printing, and tissue or generation of chimeric organs. These approaches might potentially to generate an unlimited source of grafts (allogenic or chimeric) which will be used in the near future for LT or as a temporary bridge toward LT. This qualitative review focuses on all methods of organ implementation and highlights the newest developments in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cesaretti
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; IIT - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Nanophysics Department, Genova, Italy; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice - Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France.
| | - Alban Zarzavajian Le Bian
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
| | - Sara Moccia
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Information Engineering, Ancona, Italy; IIT - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Advanced Robotics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Iannelli
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice - Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France; Inserm, U1065, Team 8 "Hepatic complications of obesity", France
| | - Luigi Schiavo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- IIT - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Nanophysics Department, Genova, Italy
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31
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Trávníčková M, Bačáková L. Application of adult mesenchymal stem cells in bone and vascular tissue engineering. Physiol Res 2018; 67:831-850. [PMID: 30204468 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a very promising field of regenerative medicine. Life expectancy has been increasing, and tissue replacement is increasingly needed in patients suffering from various degenerative disorders of the organs. The use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (e.g. from adipose tissue or from bone marrow) in tissue engineering seems to be a promising approach for tissue replacements. Clinical applications can make direct use of the large secretome of these cells, which can have a positive influence on other cells around. Another advantage of adult mesenchymal stem cells is the possibility to differentiate them into various mature cells via appropriate culture conditions (i.e. medium composition, biomaterial properties, and dynamic conditions). This review is focused on current and future ways to carry out tissue replacement of damaged bones and blood vessels, especially with the use of suitable adult mesenchymal stem cells as a potential source of differentiated mature cells that can later be used for tissue replacement. The advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell sources are discussed, with a main focus on adipose-derived stem cells. Patient factors that can influence later clinical applications are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trávníčková
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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32
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Anderson TN, Zarrinpar A. Hepatocyte transplantation: past efforts, current technology, and future expansion of therapeutic potential. J Surg Res 2018; 226:48-55. [PMID: 29661288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic cell transplantation (HCT) continues to garner interest as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation and the attendant donor shortage. When compared with solid organ transplantation, advantages of cell transplantation include the potential to treat more patients with a considerably less invasive procedure, the ability to utilize organs otherwise unsuitable for transplant, and leaving the native organ in situ with the potential for regeneration. While studies date back to the early 1960s, advancement of clinical application has been slow due in part to limitations of suitable tissue supplies and reproducible robust techniques. Compared with orthotopic liver transplantation, there are fewer absolute contraindications for donor selection. And, current techniques used to harvest, isolate, store, and even transfuse cells vary little between institutions. Significant variation is seen due to a lack of consensus with maintenance therapy. Although the ideal recipient has not been clearly identified, the most significant results have been demonstrated with correction of congenital metabolic liver disorders, with a few trials examining its utility in cirrhotics and more recently acute liver failure. The most exciting new topic of discussion examines techniques to improve engraftment, with many such as ischemic preconditioning and nonselective partial embolization (microbead therapy), while not yet used in HCT study, showing promise in solid organ research. Advancements in HCT, although slow in progress, have great potential in the ability to alleviate the burden faced in solid organ transplantation and possibly become a long-term viable option, beyond that of a bridge or salvage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N Anderson
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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33
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Verstegen MMA, Willemse J, van den Hoek S, Kremers GJ, Luider TM, van Huizen NA, Willemssen FEJA, Metselaar HJ, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J. Decellularization of Whole Human Liver Grafts Using Controlled Perfusion for Transplantable Organ Bioscaffolds. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1304-1315. [PMID: 28665233 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver disease, but absolute donor shortage remains a limiting factor. Recent advances in tissue engineering focus on generation of native extracellular matrix (ECM) by decellularized complete livers in animal models. Although proof of concept has been reported for human livers, this study aims to perform whole liver decellularization in a clinically relevant series using controlled machine perfusion. In this study, we describe a mild nondestructive decellularization protocol, effective in 11 discarded human whole liver grafts to generate constructs that reliably maintain hepatic architecture and ECM components using machine perfusion, while completely removing cellular DNA and RNA. The decellularization process preserved the ultrastructural ECM components confirmed by histology, electron microscopy, and proteomic analysis. Anatomical characteristics of the native microvascular network and biliary drainage of the liver were confirmed by contrast computed tomography scanning. Decellularized vascular matrix remained suitable for normal suturing and no major histocompatibility complex molecules were detected, suggesting absence of allo-reactivity when used for transplantation. After extensive washing, decellularized scaffolds were nontoxic for cells after reseeding human mesenchymal stromal or umbilical vein endothelial endothelium cells. Indeed, evidence of effective recellularization of the vascular lining was obtained. In conclusion, we established an effective method to generate clinically applicable liver scaffolds from human discarded whole liver grafts and show proof of concept that reseeding of normal human cells in the scaffold is feasible. This supports new opportunities for bioengineering of transplantable grafts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M A Verstegen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorke Willemse
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van den Hoek
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Kremers
- 2 Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- 3 Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick A van Huizen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands .,3 Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Herold J Metselaar
- 5 Department of Gastroentrology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- 1 Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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