1
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Aliakbarinodehi N, Niederkofler S, Emilsson G, Parkkila P, Olsén E, Jing Y, Sjöberg M, Agnarsson B, Lindfors L, Höök F. Time-Resolved Inspection of Ionizable Lipid-Facilitated Lipid Nanoparticle Disintegration and Cargo Release at an Early Endosomal Membrane Mimic. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22989-23000. [PMID: 39133894 PMCID: PMC11363135 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Advances in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) design have contributed notably to the emergence of the current clinically approved mRNA-based vaccines and are of high relevance for delivering mRNA to combat diseases where therapeutic alternatives are sparse. LNP-assisted mRNA delivery utilizes ionizable lipid-mediated cargo translocation across the endosomal membrane driven by the acidification of the endosomal environment. However, this process occurs at a low efficiency, a few percent at the best. Utilizing surface-sensitive fluorescence microscopy with a single LNP and mRNA resolution, we have investigated pH-controlled interactions between individual LNPs and a planar anionic supported lipid bilayer (SLB) formed on nanoporous silica, mimicking the electrostatic conditions of the early endosomal membrane. For LNPs with an average diameter of 140 nm, fusion with the anionic SLB preferentially occurred when the pH was reduced from 6.6 to 6.0. Furthermore, there was a delay in the onset of LNP fusion after the pH drop, and upon fusion, a significant fraction (>70%) of mRNA was released into the acidic solution representing the endosomal lumen, while a fraction of mRNA remained bound to the SLB even after reversing the pH to neutral cytosolic conditions. Finally, a comparison of the fusion efficiency of two LNP formulations with different surface concentrations of gel-forming lipids correlated with differences in the protein translation efficiency previously observed in human primary cell transfection studies. Together, these findings emphasize the relevance of biophysical investigations of ionizable lipid-containing LNP-assisted mRNA delivery mechanisms while potentially also offering means to optimize the design of LNPs with enhanced endosomal escape capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Aliakbarinodehi
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Simon Niederkofler
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Gustav Emilsson
- Advanced
Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal 43181, Sweden
| | - Petteri Parkkila
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsén
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Yujia Jing
- Advanced
Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal 43181, Sweden
| | - Mattias Sjöberg
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Björn Agnarsson
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced
Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal 43181, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department
of Physics, Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
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2
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Joshi K, York HM, Wright CS, Biswas RR, Arumugam S, Iyer-Biswas S. Emergent Spatiotemporal Organization in Stochastic Intracellular Transport Dynamics. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:193-220. [PMID: 38346244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-030422-044448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The interior of a living cell is an active, fluctuating, and crowded environment, yet it maintains a high level of coherent organization. This dichotomy is readily apparent in the intracellular transport system of the cell. Membrane-bound compartments called endosomes play a key role in carrying cargo, in conjunction with myriad components including cargo adaptor proteins, membrane sculptors, motor proteins, and the cytoskeleton. These components coordinate to effectively navigate the crowded cell interior and transport cargo to specific intracellular locations, even though the underlying protein interactions and enzymatic reactions exhibit stochastic behavior. A major challenge is to measure, analyze, and understand how, despite the inherent stochasticity of the constituent processes, the collective outcomes show an emergent spatiotemporal order that is precise and robust. This review focuses on this intriguing dichotomy, providing insights into the known mechanisms of noise suppression and noise utilization in intracellular transport processes, and also identifies opportunities for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunaal Joshi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Harrison M York
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Charles S Wright
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Rudro R Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Senthil Arumugam
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Srividya Iyer-Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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3
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Jiang Z, Xu Y, Du G, Sun X. Emerging advances in delivery systems for mRNA cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2024; 370:287-301. [PMID: 38679162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The success of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in treating COVID-19 promotes further research of mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination. Aiming at overcoming the constraints of currently available mRNA carriers, various alternative nano-vectors have been developed for delivering tumor antigen encoding mRNA and showed versatility to induce potent anti-tumor immunity. The rationally designed nano-vaccines increase the immune activation capacity of the mRNA vaccines by promoting crucial aspects including mRNA stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape and targeting of immune cells or organs. Herein, we summarized the research progress of various mRNA based nano-vaccines that have been reported for cancer vaccination, including LNPs, lipid enveloped hybrid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles etc. Several strategies that have been reported for further enhancing the immune stimulation efficacy of mRNA nano-vaccines, including developing nano-vaccines for co-delivering adjuvants, combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and optimizing the injection routes for boosting immune responses, have been reviewed. The progress of mRNA nano-vaccines in clinical trials and the prospect of the mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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4
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Baylot V, Le TK, Taïeb D, Rocchi P, Colleaux L. Between hope and reality: treatment of genetic diseases through nucleic acid-based drugs. Commun Biol 2024; 7:489. [PMID: 38653753 PMCID: PMC11039704 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases (RD) affect a small number of people compared to the general population and are mostly genetic in origin. The first clinical signs often appear at birth or in childhood, and patients endure high levels of pain and progressive loss of autonomy frequently associated with short life expectancy. Until recently, the low prevalence of RD and the gatekeeping delay in their diagnosis have long hampered research. The era of nucleic acid (NA)-based therapies has revolutionized the landscape of RD treatment and new hopes arise with the perspectives of disease-modifying drugs development as some NA-based therapies are now entering the clinical stage. Herein, we review NA-based drugs that were approved and are currently under investigation for the treatment of RD. We also discuss the recent structural improvements of NA-based therapeutics and delivery system, which overcome the main limitations in their market expansion and the current approaches that are developed to address the endosomal escape issue. We finally open the discussion on the ethical and societal issues that raise this new technology in terms of regulatory approval and sustainability of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Baylot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, ERL INSERM U 1326, CERIMED, Marseille, France.
| | - Thi Khanh Le
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, ERL INSERM U 1326, CERIMED, Marseille, France
| | - David Taïeb
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, ERL INSERM U 1326, CERIMED, Marseille, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, ERL INSERM U 1326, CERIMED, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurence Colleaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, ERL INSERM U 1326, CERIMED, Marseille, France
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5
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Ouyang Y, Nauwynck HJ. Molecular basis for the different PCV2 susceptibility of T-lymphoblasts in Landrace and Piétrain pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:22. [PMID: 38374131 PMCID: PMC10875804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically, Landrace pigs are more susceptible to porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) than Piétrain pigs. We previously found that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can infect T-lymphoblasts. The present study examined the replication kinetics of six PCV2 strains in the lymphoblasts of Landrace and Piétrain pigs. The results showed that T-lymphoblasts from Landrace pigs are much more susceptible to PCV2 infection than those from Piétrain pigs. In addition, PCV2 replication was strain-dependent. PCV2 binding to T-lymphoblasts was partially mediated by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Phosphacan, an effective internalization mediator in monocytes that contains several CS chains, was also demonstrated to be involved in PCV2 internalization. Viral binding and internalization were not different between the two breeds, however, the subsequent step, the disassembly was. Although inhibition of serine proteases blocked PCV2 replication in both Landrace and Piétrain pigs, this only occurred at a neutral pH in Piétrain pigs, whereas this occurred also at a low pH in Landrace. This suggested that more proteases can cleave PCV2 in Landrace lymphoblasts than in Piétrain lymphoblasts, explaining the better replication. Through co-localization studies of viral particles with endo-lysosomal markers, and quantitative analysis of organelle sizes during viral internalization, it was observed that PCV2 may exhibit a higher propensity for viral escape from late endosomes in Landrace pigs (smaller) compared to Piétrain pigs. These results provide new understandings of the different PCV2 susceptibility in Landrace and Piétrain pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Ouyang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Verkhovskii RA, Ivanov AN, Lengert EV, Tulyakova KA, Shilyagina NY, Ermakov AV. Current Principles, Challenges, and New Metrics in pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Systemic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051566. [PMID: 37242807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of drug delivery via particulate formulations is one of the leading ideas that enable overcoming limitations of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The trend toward more complex multifunctional drug carriers is well-traced in the literature. Nowadays, the prospectiveness of stimuli-responsive systems capable of controlled cargo release in the lesion nidus is widely accepted. Both endogenous and exogenous stimuli are employed for this purpose; however, endogenous pH is the most common trigger. Unfortunately, scientists encounter multiple challenges on the way to the implementation of this idea related to the vehicles' accumulation in off-target tissues, their immunogenicity, the complexity of drug delivery to intracellular targets, and finally, the difficulties in the fabrication of carriers matching all imposed requirements. Here, we discuss fundamental strategies for pH-responsive drug delivery, as well as limitations related to such carriers' application, and reveal the main problems, weaknesses, and reasons for poor clinical results. Moreover, we attempted to formulate the profiles of an "ideal" drug carrier in the frame of different strategies drawing on the example of metal-comprising materials and considered recently published studies through the lens of these profiles. We believe that this approach will facilitate the formulation of the main challenges facing researchers and the identification of the most promising trends in technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Verkhovskii
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey N Ivanov
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lengert
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia A Tulyakova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu Shilyagina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V Ermakov
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Dowdy SF. Endosomal escape of RNA therapeutics: How do we solve this rate-limiting problem? RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:396-401. [PMID: 36669888 PMCID: PMC10019367 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079507.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With over 15 FDA approved drugs on the market and numerous ongoing clinical trials, RNA therapeutics, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), have shown great potential to treat human disease. Their mechanism of action is based entirely on the sequence of validated disease-causing genes without the prerequisite knowledge of protein structure, activity or cellular location. In contrast to small molecule therapeutics that passively diffuse across the cell membrane's lipid bilayer, RNA therapeutics are too large, too charged, and/or too hydrophilic to passively diffuse across the cellular membrane and instead are taken up into cells by endocytosis. However, endosomes are also composed of a lipid bilayer barrier that results in endosomal capture and retention of 99% of RNA therapeutics with 1% or less entering the cytoplasm. Although this very low level of endosomal escape has proven sufficient for liver and some CNS disorders, it is insufficient for the vast majority of extra-hepatic diseases. Unfortunately, there are currently no acceptable solutions to the endosomal escape problem. Consequently, before RNA therapeutics can be used to treat widespread human disease, the rate-limiting delivery problem of endosomal escape must be solved in a nontoxic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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8
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Winkeljann B, Keul DC, Merkel OM. Engineering poly- and micelleplexes for nucleic acid delivery - A reflection on their endosomal escape. J Control Release 2023; 353:518-534. [PMID: 36496051 PMCID: PMC9900387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For the longest time, the field of nucleic acid delivery has remained skeptical whether or not polycationic drug carrier systems would ever make it into clinical practice. Yet, with the disclosure of patents on polyethyleneimine-based RNA carriers through leading companies in the field of nucleic acid therapeutics such as BioNTech SE and the progress in clinical studies beyond phase I trials, this aloofness seems to regress. As one of the most striking characteristics of polymer-based vectors, the extraordinary tunability can be both a blessing and a curse. Yet, knowing about the adjustment screws and how they impact the performance of the drug carrier provides the formulation scientist committed to its development with a head start. Here, we equip the reader with a toolbox - a toolbox that should advise and support the developer to conceptualize a cutting-edge poly- or micelleplex system for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids; to be specific, to engineer the vector towards maximum endosomal escape performance at minimum toxicity. Therefore, after briefly sketching the boundary conditions of polymeric vector design, we will dive into the topic of endosomal trafficking. We will not only discuss the most recent knowledge of the endo-lysosomal compartment but further depict different hypotheses and mechanisms that facilitate the endosomal escape of polyplex systems. Finally, we will combine the different facets introduced in the previous chapters with the fundamental building blocks of polymer vector design and evaluate the advantages and drawbacks. Throughout the article, a particular focus will be placed on cellular peculiarities, not only as an additional barrier, but also to give inspiration to how such cell-specific traits might be capitalized on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Winkeljann
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 Munich, Germany,Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - David C. Keul
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 Munich, Germany,Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus B, 81377 München, Germany
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9
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Dowdy SF, Setten RL, Cui XS, Jadhav SG. Delivery of RNA Therapeutics: The Great Endosomal Escape! Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:361-368. [PMID: 35612432 PMCID: PMC9595607 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics, including siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, and other oligonucleotides, have great potential to selectively treat a multitude of human diseases, from cancer to COVID to Parkinson's disease. RNA therapeutic activity is mechanistically driven by Watson-Crick base pairing to the target gene RNA without the requirement of prior knowledge of the protein structure, function, or cellular location. However, before widespread use of RNA therapeutics becomes a reality, we must overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses designed to keep invading RNAs from entering cells. Unlike small-molecule therapeutics that are designed to passively diffuse across the cell membrane, macromolecular RNA therapeutics are too large, too charged, and/or too hydrophilic to passively diffuse across the cellular membrane and are instead taken up into cells by endocytosis. However, similar to the cell membrane, endosomes comprise a lipid bilayer that entraps 99% or more of RNA therapeutics, even in semipermissive tissues such as the liver, central nervous system, and muscle. Consequently, before RNA therapeutics can achieve their ultimate clinical potential to treat widespread human disease, the rate-limiting delivery problem of endosomal escape must be solved in a clinically acceptable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ryan L. Setten
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xian-Shu Cui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Satish G. Jadhav
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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10
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Han J, Zhu L, Zhang J, Guo L, Sun X, Huang C, Xu K, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhou Q. Rational engineering of adeno-associated virus capsid enhances human hepatocyte tropism and reduces immunogenicity. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13339. [PMID: 36135100 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gene therapy based on recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors has been proved to be clinically effective for genetic diseases. However, there are still some limitations, including possible safety concerns for high dose delivery and a decreasing number of target patients caused by the high prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, hindering its application. Herein, we explored whether there was an engineering strategy that can obtain mutants with enhanced transduction efficiency coupled with reduced immunogenicity. METHODS We described a new strategy for AAV capsids engineering by combining alterations of N-linked glycosylation and the mutation of PLA2-like motif. With this combined strategy, we generated novel variants derived from AAV8 and AAVS3. RESULTS The variants mediated higher transduction efficiency in human liver carcinoma cell lines and human primary hepatocytes as well as other human tissue cell lines. Importantly, all the variants screened out showed lower sensitivity to neutralizing antibody in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the in vivo antibody profiles of variants were different from their parental AAV capsids. CONCLUSIONS Our work proposed a new combined engineering strategy and engineered two liver-tropic AAVs. We also obtained several AAV variants with a higher transduction efficiency and lower sensitivity of neutralizing antibodies. By expanding the gene delivery toolbox, these variants may further facilitate the success of AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
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11
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Stochastic Model of Virus–Endosome Fusion and Endosomal Escape of pH-Responsive Nanoparticles. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we set up a stochastic model for the dynamics of active Rab5 and Rab7 proteins on the surface of endosomes and the acidification process that govern the virus–endosome fusion and endosomal escape of pH-responsive nanoparticles. We employ a well-known cut-off switch model for Rab5 to Rab7 conversion dynamics and consider two random terms: white Gaussian and Poisson noises with zero mean. We derive the governing equations for the joint probability density function for the endosomal pH, Rab5 and Rab7 proteins. We obtain numerically the marginal density describing random fluctuations of endosomal pH. We calculate the probability of having a pH level inside the endosome below a critical threshold and therefore the percentage of viruses and pH-responsive nanoparticles escaping endosomes. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data on viral escape.
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12
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Thinking Quantitatively of RNA-Based Information Transfer via Extracellular Vesicles: Lessons to Learn for the Design of RNA-Loaded EVs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111931. [PMID: 34834346 PMCID: PMC8617734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm vesicles secreted by virtually any cell type in the body. They are expected to transfer information from one cell or tissue to another in a short- or long-distance way. RNA-based transfer of information via EVs at long distances is an interesting well-worn hypothesis which is ~15 years old. We review from a quantitative point of view the different facets of this hypothesis, ranging from natural RNA loading in EVs, EV pharmacokinetic modeling, EV targeting, endosomal escape and RNA delivery efficiency. Despite the unique intracellular delivery properties endowed by EVs, we show that the transfer of RNA naturally present in EVs might be limited in a physiological context and discuss the lessons we can learn from this example to design efficient RNA-loaded engineered EVs for biotherapies. We also discuss other potential EV mediated information transfer mechanisms, among which are ligand–receptor mechanisms.
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Liu DE, Yan X, An J, Ma J, Gao H. Construction of traceable cucurbit[7]uril-based virus-mimicking quaternary complexes with aggregation-induced emission for efficient gene transfection. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7475-7482. [PMID: 32667015 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Construction of an efficient cationic gene delivery system with low cytotoxicity, high transfection efficacy, as well as gene tracking function remains a major challenge in gene therapy. Fabrication of simple and reversible nanocomplexes based on host-guest interaction provides an opportunity to construct stimuli-responsive intelligent supramolecular systems. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of viruses, a novel virus-mimicking PG/CB/TPE/DNA gene delivery system is developed via a multistep noncovalent self-assembly process between pDNA and the preformed PG/CB/TPE complexes based on the host-guest interaction between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and the protonated diamine group in the poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s derivative (PG), as well as the electrostatic interaction between para-carboxyl functionalized tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and cationic PG. The developed efficient multifunctional gene delivery system exhibits stimuli responsive characteristics and aggregation-induced emission phenomena, thereby enabling gene delivery pH responsiveness and traceability. Moreover, the introduction of TPE and CB[7] endows the self-assembled PG/CB/TPE/DNA complexes with virus-mimicking architecture and properties such as low cytotoxicity, high stability, excellent endosomal escape, and efficient transfection, which are expected to be used as a promising gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-E Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
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Strategies in the design of endosomolytic agents for facilitating endosomal escape in nanoparticles. Biochimie 2019; 160:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Peeler DJ, Sellers DL, Pun SH. pH-Sensitive Polymers as Dynamic Mediators of Barriers to Nucleic Acid Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:350-365. [PMID: 30398844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonviral delivery of exogenous nucleic acids (NA) into cells for therapeutic purposes has rapidly matured into tangible clinical impact. Synthetic polymers are particularly attractive vectors for NA delivery due to their relatively inexpensive production compared to viral alternatives and their highly tailorable chemical properties; indeed, many preclinical investigations have revealed the primary biological barriers to nonviral NA delivery by systematically varying polymeric material properties. This review focuses on applications of pH-sensitive chemistries that enable polymeric vectors to serially address multiple biological barriers to NA delivery. In particular, we focus on recent innovations with in vivo evaluation that dynamically enable colloidal stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and nucleic acid release. We conclude with a summary of successes to date and projected areas for impactful future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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Peeler DJ, Thai SN, Cheng Y, Horner PJ, Sellers DL, Pun SH. pH-sensitive polymer micelles provide selective and potentiated lytic capacity to venom peptides for effective intracellular delivery. Biomaterials 2018; 192:235-244. [PMID: 30458359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosed biomacromolecule delivery systems must escape the endosomal trafficking pathway in order for their cargo to exert effects in other cellular compartments. Although endosomal release is well-recognized as one of the greatest barriers to efficacy of biologic drugs with intracellular targets, most drug carriers have relied on cationic materials that passively induce endosomal swelling and membrane rupture with low efficiency. To address the endosome release challenge, our lab has developed a diblock copolymer system for nucleic acid delivery that selectively displays a potent membrane-lytic peptide (melittin) in response to the pH drop during the endosomal maturation. To further optimize this system, we evaluated a panel of peptides with reported lytic activity in comparison to melittin. Nineteen different lytic peptides were synthesized and their membrane-lytic properties at both neutral and acidic pH characterized using a red blood cell hemolysis assay. The top five performing peptides were then conjugated to our pH-sensitive diblock copolymer via disulfide linkers and used to deliver a variety of nucleic acids to cultured mammalian cells as well as in vivo to the mouse brain. We demonstrate that the sharp pH-transition of VIPER compensates for potential advantages from pH-sensitive peptides, such that polymer-peptide conjugates with poorly selective but highly lytic peptides achieve safe and effective transfection both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, peptides that require release from polymer backbones for lysis were less effective in the VIPER system, likely due to limited endosomal reducing power of target cells. Finally, we show that certain peptides are potentiated in lytic ability by polymer conjugation and that these peptide-polymer constructs are most effective in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Salina N Thai
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration and Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
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Wang D, Guo H, Chang J, Wang D, Liu B, Gao P, Wei W. Andrographolide Prevents EV-D68 Replication by Inhibiting the Acidification of Virus-Containing Endocytic Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2407. [PMID: 30349523 PMCID: PMC6186950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has emerged as a significant respiratory pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease and acute neurologic disease. At present, there are no approved antiviral agents or vaccines for EV-D68. In this study, we demonstrate that andrographolide (ADO), an active component of Andrographis paniculata, exerts substantial antiviral activity against EV-D68 infection. ADO treatment dramatically inhibited EV-D68 RNA replication (EC50 = 3.45 μM) and protein synthesis without producing significant cytotoxicity at virucidal concentrations. ADO-treated cells did not show any changes in host immune activation, EV-D68 attachment, or viral 5′ UTR activity. Using a pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator system for endocytosis in living cells, we found that ADO prevented the acidification of endocytic vesicles after receptor-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we showed that ADO inhibited the viral replication of circulating isolated EV-D68 strains. In summary, our results demonstrate that ADO suppresses EV-D68 replication by targeting the maturation of virus-containing endosomes of EV-D68. This mechanism represents a promising strategy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junliang Chang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lee EJ, Robinson TM, Tabor JJ, Mikos AG, Suh J. Reverse transduction can improve efficiency of AAV vectors in transduction-resistant cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:3042-3049. [PMID: 30199099 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transduction, also known as substrate-mediated gene delivery, is a strategy in which viral vectors are first coated onto a surface that subsequently comes into contact with mammalian cells. The cells internalize the surface-attached vectors, resulting in transgene expression. We hypothesized that forcing the interaction between cells and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors through a reverse transduction format would increase in vitro gene delivery efficiencies of the vectors in transduction-resistant cells. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the gene delivery efficiencies of three AAV serotypes using either standard or reverse transduction approaches. Our study reveals reverse transduction of AAV7 and AAV9 can significantly improve their delivery efficiencies. In contrast, AAV2 does not perform better under the reverse transduction format. Interestingly, increased vector uptake by cells does not provide a complete explanation for the increased transduction efficiency. Our findings offer a simple and practical method for improving transduction outcomes in vitro in cell types less permissive to a particular AAV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jeffrey J Tabor
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Vermeulen LMP, Brans T, Samal SK, Dubruel P, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Remaut K, Braeckmans K. Endosomal Size and Membrane Leakiness Influence Proton Sponge-Based Rupture of Endosomal Vesicles. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2332-2345. [PMID: 29505236 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In gene therapy, endosomal escape represents a major bottleneck since nanoparticles often remain entrapped inside endosomes and are trafficked toward the lysosomes for degradation. A detailed understanding of the endosomal barrier would be beneficial for developing rational strategies to improve transfection and endosomal escape. By visualizing individual endosomal escape events in live cells, we obtain insight into mechanistic factors that influence proton sponge-based endosomal escape. In a comparative study, we found that HeLa cells treated with JetPEI/pDNA polyplexes have a 3.5-fold increased endosomal escape frequency compared to ARPE-19 cells. We found that endosomal size has a major impact on the escape capacity. The smaller HeLa endosomes are more easily ruptured by the proton sponge effect than the larger ARPE-19 endosomes, a finding supported by a mathematical model based on the underlying physical principles. Still, it remains intriguing that even in the small HeLa endosomes, <10% of the polyplex-containing endosomes show endosomal escape. Further experiments revealed that the membrane of polyplex-containing endosomes becomes leaky to small compounds, preventing effective buildup of osmotic pressure, which in turn prevents endosomal rupture. Analysis of H1299 and A549 cells revealed that endosomal size determines endosomal escape efficiency when cells have comparable membrane leakiness. However, at high levels of membrane leakiness, buildup of osmotic pressure is no longer possible, regardless of endosomal size. Based on our findings that both endosomal size and membrane leakiness have a high impact on proton sponge-based endosomal rupture, we provide important clues toward further improvement of this escape strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte M P Vermeulen
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sangram K Samal
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Jo Demeester
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy and ‡Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
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20
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Viral highway to nucleus exposed by image correlation analyses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1152. [PMID: 29348472 PMCID: PMC5773500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviral genome translocation from the plasma membrane into the nucleus is a coordinated multistep process mediated by capsid proteins. We used fast confocal microscopy line scan imaging combined with image correlation methods including auto-, pair- and cross-correlation, and number and brightness analysis, to study the parvovirus entry pathway at the single-particle level in living cells. Our results show that the endosome-associated movement of virus particles fluctuates from fast to slow. Fast transit of single cytoplasmic capsids to the nuclear envelope is followed by slow movement of capsids and fast diffusion of capsid fragments in the nucleoplasm. The unique combination of image analyses allowed us to follow the fate of intracellular single virus particles and their interactions with importin β revealing previously unknown dynamics of the entry pathway.
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21
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Ullah I, Muhammad K, Akpanyung M, Nejjari A, Neve AL, Guo J, Feng Y, Shi C. Bioreducible, hydrolytically degradable and targeting polymers for gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3253-3276. [PMID: 32264392 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, synthetic gene carriers have been intensively developed owing to their promising application in gene therapy and considered as a suitable alternative to viral vectors because of several benefits. But cationic polymers still face some problems like low transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, and poor cell recognition and internalization. The emerging engineered and smart polymers can respond to some changes in the biological environment like pH change, ionic strength change and redox potential, which is beneficial for cellular uptake. Redox-sensitive disulfide based and hydrolytically degradable cationic polymers serve as gene carriers with excellent transfection efficiency and good biocompatibility owing to degradation in the cytoplasm. Additionally, biodegradable polymeric micelles with cell-targeting function are recently emerging gene carriers, especially for the transfection of endothelial cells. In this review, some strategies for gene carriers based on these bioreducible and hydrolytically degradable polymers will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Hrubý M, Filippov SK, Štěpánek P. Smart polymers in drug delivery systems on crossroads: Which way deserves following? Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Cherstvy AG, Chechkin AV, Metzler R. Particle invasion, survival, and non-ergodicity in 2D diffusion processes with space-dependent diffusivity. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1591-1601. [PMID: 24652104 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the thermal Markovian diffusion of tracer particles in a 2D medium with spatially varying diffusivity D(r), mimicking recently measured, heterogeneous maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient in biological cells. For this heterogeneous diffusion process (HDP) we analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the tracer particles, the time averaged MSD, the spatial probability density function, and the first passage time dynamics from the cell boundary to the nucleus. Moreover we examine the non-ergodic properties of this process which are important for the correct physical interpretation of time averages of observables obtained from single particle tracking experiments. From extensive computer simulations of the 2D stochastic Langevin equation we present an in-depth study of this HDP. In particular, we find that the MSDs along the radial and azimuthal directions in a circular domain obey anomalous and Brownian scaling, respectively. We demonstrate that the time averaged MSD stays linear as a function of the lag time and the system thus reveals a weak ergodicity breaking. Our results will enable one to rationalise the diffusive motion of larger tracer particles such as viruses or submicron beads in biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Cherstvy
- Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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