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Ou BS, Baillet J, Filsinger Interrante MV, Adamska JZ, Zhou X, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Klich JH, Jons CK, Meany EL, Valdez AS, Carter L, Pulendran B, King NP, Appel EA. Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7187. [PMID: 39110802 PMCID: PMC11305391 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the development of potent and safe immune-activating adjuvant technologies has become the heart of intensive research in the constant fight against highly mutative and immune evasive viruses such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein, we developed a highly modular saponin-based nanoparticle platform incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRas) including TLR1/2a, TLR4a, and TLR7/8a adjuvants and their mixtures. These various TLRa-saponin nanoparticle adjuvant constructs induce unique acute cytokine and immune-signaling profiles, leading to specific T helper responses that could be of interest depending on the target disease for prevention. In a murine vaccine study, the adjuvants greatly improved the potency, durability, breadth, and neutralization of both COVID-19 and HIV vaccine candidates, suggesting the potential broad application of these adjuvant constructs to a range of different antigens. Overall, this work demonstrates a modular TLRa-SNP adjuvant platform that could improve the design of vaccines and affect modern vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria V. Filsinger Interrante
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Z. Adamska
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John H. Klich
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn K. Jons
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily L. Meany
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adian S. Valdez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA
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2
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Ou BS, Baillet J, Filsinger Interrante MV, Adamska JZ, Zhou X, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Klich JH, Jons CK, Meany EL, Valdez AS, Carter L, Pulendran B, King NP, Appel EA. Saponin Nanoparticle Adjuvants Incorporating Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Drive Distinct Immune Signatures and Potent Vaccine Responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.16.549249. [PMID: 37577608 PMCID: PMC10418080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the development of potent and safe immune-activating adjuvant technologies has become the heart of intensive research in the constant fight against highly mutative and immune evasive viruses such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV. Herein, we developed a highly modular saponin-based nanoparticle platform incorporating toll-like receptor agonists (TLRas) including TLR1/2a, TLR4a, TLR7/8a adjuvants and their mixtures. These various TLRa-SNP adjuvant constructs induce unique acute cytokine and immune-signaling profiles, leading to specific Th-responses that could be of interest depending on the target disease for prevention. In a murine vaccine study, the adjuvants greatly improved the potency, durability, breadth, and neutralization of both COVID-19 and HIV vaccine candidates, suggesting the potential broad application of these adjuvant constructs to a range of different antigens. Overall, this work demonstrates a modular TLRa-SNP adjuvant platform which could improve the design of vaccines for and dramatically impact modern vaccine development. Teaser Saponin-TLRa nanoadjuvants provide distinct immune signatures and drive potent, broad, durable COVID-19 and HIV vaccine responses.
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3
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Larsen AH, Brookes E, Pedersen MC, Kirkensgaard JJK. Shape2SAS: a web application to simulate small-angle scattering data and pair distance distributions from user-defined shapes. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1287-1294. [PMID: 37555217 PMCID: PMC10405587 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape2SAS is a web application that allows researchers and students to build intuition about and understanding of small-angle scattering. It is available at https://somo.chem.utk.edu/shape2sas. The user defines a model of arbitrary shape by combining geometrical subunits, and Shape2SAS then calculates and displays the scattering intensity and the pair distance distribution, as well as a visualization of the user-defined shape. Simulated data with realistic noise are also generated. Here, it is demonstrated how Shape2SAS can calculate and display the different scattering patterns for various geometrical shapes, such as spheres and cylinders. It is also shown how the effect of structure factors can be visualized. Finally, it is indicated how multi-contrast particles can readily be generated, and how the calculated scattering may be used to validate and visualize analytical models generated in analysis software for fitting small-angle scattering data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Larsen AH, Brookes E, Pedersen MC, Kirkensgaard JJK. Shape2SAS -- a web application to simulate small-angle scattering data and pair distance distributions from user-defined shapes. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2301.04976v1. [PMID: 36713243 PMCID: PMC9882588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shape2SAS is a web application that allows researchers and students to build intuition and understanding of small-angle scattering. It is available at https://somo.chem.utk.edu/shape2sas. The user defines a model of arbitrary shape by combining geometrical subunits, and Shape2SAS then calculates and displays the scattering intensity, the pair distance distribution as well as a visualization of the user-defined shape. Simulated data with realistic noise are also generated. We demonstrate how Shape2SAS can calculate and display the different scattering patterns for various geometrical shapes, such as spheres and cylinders. We also demonstrate how the effect of structure factors can be visualized. Finally, we show how multi-contrast particles can readily be generated, and how the calculated scattering may be used to validate and visualize analytical models generated in analysis software for fitting small-angle scattering data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Pedersen JS, Møller TL, Raak N, Corredig M. A model on an absolute scale for the small-angle X-ray scattering from bovine casein micelles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8613-8625. [PMID: 36331028 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Casein micelles extracted from milk are 100-400 nm-sized particles, made up of proteins and calcium phosphates, with the latter as colloidal calcium phosphate particles (CCPs) in a size range of 2-4 nm embedded in a protein network. The hierarchical structures give rise to a variation of scattering intensity over many orders of magnitude, which can be measured by small-angle X-ray scattering and static light scattering. Expressions for the scattering intensity of a general simple model for composite particles with polydispersities of overall size and subparticles are derived, and some approximations are checked by generating scattering data for systems generated by Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the simpler models, a new model has been developed for casein micelles, where the scattering is expressed on an absolute scale and where the concentrations of, respectively, protein and CCPs are used as constraints, providing a consistent model. The CCPs are modelled as oblate ellipsoids and the protein as star structures. Correlations between the substructures of CCPs and protein structures are taken into account in terms of partial structure factors. The overall structure as well as some heterogeneities at intermediate length scale are modelled as polydisperse spheres. The model fits the data very well on all length scales and demonstrates that both the scattering from CCPs and protein is important. Thus, the model provides a detailed description of the casein structure, which is consistent with the information available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thea Lykkegaard Møller
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Norbert Raak
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Cibulski S, de Souza TA, Raimundo JP, Nascimento YM, Abreu LS, Suarez N, Miraballes I, Roehe PM, de Araújo DAM, Tavares JF, da Silva MS, Silveira F. ISCOM-Matrices Nanoformulation Using the Raw Aqueous Extract of Quillaja lancifolia (Q. brasiliensis). BIONANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:1166-1171. [PMID: 35967762 PMCID: PMC9362619 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quillaja saponins have an intrinsic capacity to interact with membrane lipids that self-assembles in nanoparticles (immunostimulating complexes or ISCOM-matrices) with outstanding immunoadjuvant activity and low toxicity profile. However, the expensive and laborious purification processes applied to purify Quillaja saponins used to assemble ISCOM-matrices show an important drawback in the large-scale use of this vaccine adjuvant. Thus, in this study, we describe a protocol to appropriately formulate ISCOM-matrices using the raw aqueous extract (AE) of Quillaja lancifolia leaves. In the presence of lipids, AE was able to self-assemble in nanostructures that resembles immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM). These negatively charged nanoparticles of approximately 40 nm were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. In addition, well-known saponins with remarkable immunoadjuvant activity, as QS-21, were detected into nanoparticles. Thus, the easier, robust, cheaper, and environmentally friendly method developed here may be an alternative to the classical methods for ISCOM-matrices production that use high-purified saponins.
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Deumer J, Pauw BR, Marguet S, Skroblin D, Taché O, Krumrey M, Gollwitzer C. Small-angle X-ray scattering: characterization of cubic Au nanoparticles using Debye's scattering formula. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:993-1001. [PMID: 35974742 PMCID: PMC9348877 DOI: 10.1107/s160057672200499x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile software package in the form of a Python extension, named CDEF (computing Debye's scattering formula for extraordinary form factors), is proposed to calculate approximate scattering profiles of arbitrarily shaped nanoparticles for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). CDEF generates a quasi-randomly distributed point cloud in the desired particle shape and then applies the open-source software DEBYER for efficient evaluation of Debye's scattering formula to calculate the SAXS pattern (https://github.com/j-from-b/CDEF). If self-correlation of the scattering signal is not omitted, the quasi-random distribution provides faster convergence compared with a true-random distribution of the scatterers, especially at higher momentum transfer. The usage of the software is demonstrated for the evaluation of scattering data of Au nanocubes with rounded edges, which were measured at the four-crystal monochromator beamline of PTB at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY II in Berlin. The implementation is fast enough to run on a single desktop computer and perform model fits within minutes. The accuracy of the method was analyzed by comparison with analytically known form factors and verified with another implementation, the SPONGE, based on a similar principle with fewer approximations. Additionally, the SPONGE coupled to McSAS3 allows one to retrieve information on the uncertainty of the size distribution using a Monte Carlo uncertainty estimation algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian R. Pauw
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dieter Skroblin
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Taché
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Fan J, Jin S, Gilmartin L, Toth I, Hussein WM, Stephenson RJ. Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Shengbin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Lachlan Gilmartin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
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Mortensen HG, Otzen DE, Pedersen JS. Ubiquitin forms conventional decorated micelle structures with sodium dodecyl sulfate at saturation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 596:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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IMXQB-80: A Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoadjuvant enhances Zika virus specific immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2020; 39:571-579. [PMID: 33339669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that enhance/prolong the immune response to a co-administered antigen. Saponins have been widely used as adjuvants for many years in several vaccines - especially for intracellular pathogens - including the recent and somewhat revolutionary malaria and shingles vaccines. In view of the immunoadjuvant potential of Q. brasiliensis saponins, the present study aimed to characterize the QB-80 saponin-rich fraction and a nanoadjuvant prepared with QB-80 and lipids (IMXQB-80). In addition, the performance of such adjuvants was examined in experimental inactivated vaccines against Zika virus (ZIKV). Analysis of QB-80 by DI-ESI-ToF by negative ion electrospray revealed over 29 saponins that could be assigned to known structures existing in their congener Q. saponaria, including the well-studied QS-21 and QS-7. The QB-80 saponins were a micrOTOF able to self-assembly with lipids in ISCOM-like nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 43 nm, here named IMXQB-80. Toxicity assays revealed that QB-80 saponins did present some haemolytical and cytotoxic potentials; however, these were abrogated in IMXQB-80 nanoparticles. Regarding the adjuvant activity, QB-80 and IMXQB-80 significantly enhanced serum levels of anti-Zika virus IgG and subtypes (IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c) as well as neutralized antibodies when compared to an unadjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, the nanoadjuvant IMXQB-80 was as effective as QB-80 in stimulating immune responses, yet requiring fourfold less saponins to induce the equivalent stimuli, and with less toxicity. These findings reveal that the saponin fraction QB-80, and particularly the IMXQB-80 nanoadjuvant, are safe and capable of potentializing immune responses when used as adjuvants in experimental ZIKV vaccines.
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Aescin-Cholesterol Complexes in DMPC Model Membranes: A DSC and Temperature-Dependent Scattering Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5542. [PMID: 30944386 PMCID: PMC6447539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The saponin aescin, a mixture of triterpenoid saponins, is obtained from the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. The β-form employed in this study is haemolytically active. The haemolytic activity results from the ability of aescin to form strong complexes with cholesterol in the red blood cell membrane. In this study, we provide a structural analysis on the complex formation of aescin and cholesterol when embedded in a phospholipid model membrane formed by 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). In this work, the temperatures investigated extend from DMPC’s Lβ′ to its Lα phase in dependence of different amounts of the saponin (0–6 mol% for calorimetric and 0–1 mol% for structural analyses) and the steroid (1–10 mol%). At these aescin contents model membranes are conserved in the form of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) and major overall structural modifications are avoided. Additionally, interactions between aescin and cholesterol can be studied for both phase states of the lipid, the gel and the fluid state. From calorimetric experiments by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it could be shown that both, the steroid and the saponin content, have a significant impact on the cooperative phase transition behaviour of the DMPC molecules. In addition, it becomes clearly visible that the entire phase behaviour is dominated by phase separation which indeed also depends on the complexes formed between aescin and cholesterol. We show by various methods that the addition of cholesterol alters the impact of aescin on structural parameters ranging from the acyl chain correlation to vesicle-vesicle interactions. While the specific saponin-phospholipid interaction is reduced, addition of cholesterol leads to deformation of SUVs. The analyses of the structures formed were performed by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).
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12
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Pati R, Shevtsov M, Sonawane A. Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2224. [PMID: 30337923 PMCID: PMC6180194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In the context of vaccine development remarkable efforts have been made to develop new vaccines and also to improve the efficacy of existing vaccines against specific diseases. To date, some vaccines are developed from protein subunits or killed pathogens, whilst several vaccines are based on live-attenuated organisms, which carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under certain immunocompromised conditions. To avoid this, the development of risk-free effective vaccines in conjunction with adequate delivery systems are considered as an imperative need to obtain desired humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases. In the last several years, the use of nanoparticle-based vaccines has received a great attention to improve vaccine efficacy, immunization strategies, and targeted delivery to achieve desired immune responses at the cellular level. To improve vaccine efficacy, these nanocarriers should protect the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, facilitate antigen uptake and processing by antigen presenting cells, control release, and should be safe for human use. Nanocarriers composed of lipids, proteins, metals or polymers have already been used to attain some of these attributes. In this context, several physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles play an important role in the determination of vaccine efficacy. This review article focuses on the applications of nanocarrier-based vaccine formulations and the strategies used for the functionalization of nanoparticles to accomplish efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce desired host immunity against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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The novel immunogenic chimeric peptide vaccine to elicit potent cellular and mucosal immune responses against HTLV-1. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:404-414. [PMID: 30075250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the immunogenicity assessment of a novel chimeric peptide vaccine including Tax, gp21, gp46, and gag immunodominant epitopes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to induce immunity against HTLV-1 after subcutaneous (SC) or intranasal administration in a mice model. Additionally, to elevate the efficacy of the HTLV-1 vaccine, the chimera was physically mixed with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) or ISCOMATRIX (IMX) adjuvants. For this purpose, the ISCOMATRIX with a size range of 40-60 nm were prepared using lipid film hydration method. Our investigation revealed that the mixture of IMX and chimera could significantly increase antibody titers containing IgG2a, and mucosal IgA, as well as IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines and decrease the level of TGF-β1, compared to other vaccine formulations. The intranasal delivery of chimera vaccine in the absence or presence adjuvants stimulated potent mucosal sIgA titer relative to subcutaneous immunization. Furthermore, the SC or nasal delivery of various vaccine formulations could shift the immunity toward cell-mediated responses, as evident by higher IgG2a and IFN-γ, as well as suppressed TGF-β1 level. Our findings suggest that proper design, construction, and immunization of multi-epitope vaccine are essential for developing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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14
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A sumatriptan coarse-grained model to explore different environments: interplay with experimental techniques. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:561-571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Alves C, Pedersen JS, Oliveira CLP. Calculation of two-dimensional scattering patterns for oriented systems. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile procedure to calculate two-dimensional scattering patterns of oriented systems is presented. The systems are represented by a set of dummy atoms with different scattering length densities, which allows the construction of very complex shapes either for single particles or for sets of particles. By the use of oriented pair distance distribution functions it is possible to perform a fast calculation of the scattering intensity from the oriented system in a given direction in the scattering vector (q) space and generate the two-dimensional scattering pattern on a givenqplane. Several examples of the calculations are presented, demonstrating the method and its applicability. The presented results open new possibilities for the analysis of scattering patters obtained from oriented systems.
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Maric S, Lind TK, Lyngsø J, Cárdenas M, Pedersen JS. Modeling Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data for Low-Density Lipoproteins: Insights into the Fatty Core Packing and Phase Transition. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1080-1090. [PMID: 28048943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences are the leading cause of death in the western hemisphere. While many studies throughout the last decades have aimed at understanding the disease, the clinical markers in use today still fail to accurately predict the risks. The role of the current main clinical indicator, low density lipoprotein (LDL), in depositing fat to the vessel wall is believed to be the onset of the process. However, many subfractions of the LDL, which differ both in structure and composition, are present in the blood and among different individuals. Understanding the relationship between LDL structure and composition is key to unravel the specific role of various LDL components in the development and/or prevention of atherosclerosis. Here, we describe a model for analyzing small-angle X-ray scattering data for rapid and robust structure determination for the LDL. The model not only gives the overall structure but also the particular internal layering of the fats inside the LDL core. Thus, the melting of the LDL can be followed in situ as a function of temperature for samples extracted from healthy human patients and purified using a double protocol based on ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. The model provides information on: (i) the particle-specific melting temperature of the core lipids, (ii) the structural organization of the core fats inside the LDL, (iii) the overall shape of the particle, and (iv) the flexibility and overall conformation of the outer protein/hydrophilic layer at a given temperature as governed by the organization of the core. The advantage of this method over other techniques such as cryo-TEM is the possibility of in situ experiments under near-physiological conditions which can be performed relatively fast (minutes at home source, seconds at synchrotron). This approach now allows the monitoring of structural changes in the LDL upon different stresses from the environment, such as changes in temperature, oxidation, or external agents used or currently in development against atherosclerotic plaque build-up and which are targeting the LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Maric
- Biofilms- Research Center for Biointerfaces, Dept. of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , Malmö 20506, Sweden
| | - Tania Kjellerup Lind
- Biofilms- Research Center for Biointerfaces, Dept. of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , Malmö 20506, Sweden
| | - Jeppe Lyngsø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Biofilms- Research Center for Biointerfaces, Dept. of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , Malmö 20506, Sweden
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Spinozzi F, Amaral LQ. Pore Model in the Melting Regime of a Lyotropic Biomembrane with an Anionic Phospholipid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13556-13565. [PMID: 27993017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of the anionic phospholipid dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG) exhibit an unusual "melting regime", at the phase transition between the ordered (gel) and the disordered (fluid liquid crystal) state of hydrocarbon chains, depending on the ionic strength and DMPG concentration, previously attributed to the pore formation. Dispersions with 150 mM DMPG present a lamellar phase above 23 °C, within the melting regime. In this study, we present a detailed pore model for the analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results and their variation with temperature, focused on the surface fractions of pores in the bilayers. Large and small toroidal pores are necessary to explain the SAXS results. Pores have DMPG in the fluid conformation, whereas the flat region of the bilayer has DMPG molecules in fluid and in gel conformations. A particular strategy was developed to estimate the charges due to the localization of mobile ions in the system, which is based on the calculation of electron densities by duly considering all molecular and ionic species that characterize the system, and the temperature dependency of their volumes. The best fit to the model of SAXS curves defines that the gel phase transforms initially, at 19.4 °C, in uncoupled bilayers with large pores (radius 93.2 ± 0.5 Å, with water channel diameter 137 ± 1 Å), which transform into small pores along the lamellar phase. The minimum intensity of the SAXS bilayer peak at 30 °C corresponds to a maximum number of small pores, and above 35 °C, the system enters into the normal lamellar fluid phase, without pores. The charge is estimated and shows that the regions with pores contains less Na+ ions per polar head; hence, when they are forming, there is a release of Na+ ions toward the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona 60121, Italy
| | - Lia Q Amaral
- Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
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Heberle FA, Anghel VN, Katsaras J. Scattering from phase-separated vesicles. I. An analytical form factor for multiple static domains. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057671501362x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first in a series of papers considering elastic scattering from laterally heterogeneous lipid vesicles containing multiple domains. Unique among biophysical tools, small-angle neutron scattering can in principle give detailed information about the size, shape and spatial arrangement of domains. A general theory for scattering from laterally heterogeneous vesicles is presented, and the analytical form factor for static domains with arbitrary spatial configuration is derived, including a simplification for uniformly sized round domains. The validity of the model, including series truncation effects, is assessed by comparison with simulated data obtained from a Monte Carlo method. Several aspects of the analytical solution for scattering intensity are discussed in the context of small-angle neutron scattering data, including the effect of varying domain size and number, as well as solvent contrast. The analysis indicates that effects of domain formation are most pronounced when the vesicle's average scattering length density matches that of the surrounding solvent.
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Fox CB, Kramer RM, Barnes V L, Dowling QM, Vedvick TS. Working together: interactions between vaccine antigens and adjuvants. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:7-20. [PMID: 24757512 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613480144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines containing adjuvants has the potential to enhance antibody and cellular immune responses, broaden protective immunity against heterogeneous pathogen strains, enable antigen dose sparing, and facilitate efficacy in immunocompromised populations. Nevertheless, the structural interplay between antigen and adjuvant components is often not taken into account in the published literature. Interactions between antigen and adjuvant formulations should be well characterized to enable optimum vaccine stability and efficacy. This review focuses on the importance of characterizing antigen-adjuvant interactions by summarizing findings involving widely used adjuvant formulation platforms, such as aluminum salts, emulsions, lipid vesicles, and polymer-based particles. Emphasis is placed on the physicochemical basis of antigen-adjuvant associations and the appropriate analytical tools for their characterization, as well as discussing the effects of these interactions on vaccine potency.
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Pan J, Heberle FA, Petruzielo RS, Katsaras J. Using small-angle neutron scattering to detect nanoscopic lipid domains. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 170-171:19-32. [PMID: 23518250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cell plasma membrane is a complex system, which is thought to be capable of exhibiting non-random lateral organization. Studies of live cells and model membranes have yielded mechanisms responsible for the formation, growth, and maintenance of nanoscopic heterogeneities, although the existence and mechanisms that give rise to these heterogeneities remain controversial. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a tool ideally suited to interrogate lateral heterogeneity in model membranes, primarily due to its unique spatial resolution (i.e., ~5-100nm) and its ability to resolve structure with minimal perturbation to the membrane. In this review we examine several methods used to analyze the SANS signal arising from freely suspended unilamellar vesicles containing lateral heterogeneity. Specifically, we discuss an analytical model for a single, round domain on a spherical vesicle. We then discuss a numerical method that uses Monte Carlo simulation to describe systems with multiple domains and/or more complicated morphologies. Also discussed are several model-independent approaches that are sensitive to membrane heterogeneity. The review concludes with several recent applications of SANS to the study of membrane raft mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pan
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
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