1
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Jörgensen AM, Steinbring C, Stengel D, To D, Schmid P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) Containing Reverse Micelles: Advanced Oral Formulations for Therapeutic Peptides. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2302034. [PMID: 37696266 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methods to hydrophobic ion pairing for the formation of lipophilic complexes of peptide drugs to incorporate them in lipid-based nanocarriers such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for oral administration are highly on demand. Such an alternative might be reverse micelles. Within this study, SEDDS containing dry reverse micelles (dRMsPMB ) formed with an anionic (sodium docusate; AOT), cationic (dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium bromide; DODAB), amphoteric (soy lecithin; SL), or non-ionic (polysorbate 85; P85) surfactant loaded with the model peptide drug polymyxin B (PMB) are developed. They are characterized regarding size, payload, release kinetics, cellular uptake, and peptide activity. SEDDS exhibit sizes from 22.2 ± 1.7 (AOT-SEDDS-dRMsPMB ) to 61.7 ± 3.2 nm (P85-SEDDS-dRMsPMB ) with payloads up to 2% that are approximately sevenfold higher than those obtained via hydrophobic ion pairing. Within 6 h P85-SEDDS-dRMsPMB and AOT-SEDDS-dRMsPMB show no release of PMB in aqueous medium, whereas DODAB-SEDDS-dRMsPMB and SL-SEDDS-dRMsPMB show a sustained release. DODAB-SEDDS-dRMsPMB improves uptake by Caco-2 cells most efficiently reaching even ≈100% within 4 h followed by AOT-SEDDS-dRMsPMB with ≈20% and P85-/SL-SEDDS-dRMsPMB with ≈5%. The peptide drug maintains its antimicrobial activity in all SEDDS-dRMsPMB . According to these results, SEDDS containing dRMs might be a game changing strategy for oral peptide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Matteo Jörgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Steinbring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Daniel Stengel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Dennis To
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Pascal Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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2
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Park JS, Lee IB, Moon HM, Hong SC, Cho M. Long-term cargo tracking reveals intricate trafficking through active cytoskeletal networks in the crowded cellular environment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7160. [PMID: 37963891 PMCID: PMC10645962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A eukaryotic cell is a microscopic world within which efficient material transport is essential. Yet, how a cell manages to deliver cellular cargos efficiently in a crowded environment remains poorly understood. Here, we used interferometric scattering microscopy to track unlabeled cargos in directional motion in a massively parallel fashion. Our label-free, cargo-tracing method revealed not only the dynamics of cargo transportation but also the fine architecture of the actively used cytoskeletal highways and the long-term evolution of the associated traffic at sub-diffraction resolution. Cargos frequently run into a blocked road or experience a traffic jam. Still, they have effective strategies to circumvent those problems: opting for an alternative mode of transport and moving together in tandem or migrating collectively. All taken together, a cell is an incredibly complex and busy space where the principle and practice of transportation intriguingly parallel those of our macroscopic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Buem Lee
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Min Moon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Cheol Hong
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Wang Y, Sun SK, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Advanced hitchhiking nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Theranostics 2023; 13:4781-4801. [PMID: 37771786 PMCID: PMC10526662 DOI: 10.7150/thno.88002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hitchhiking, a recently developed bio-inspired cargo delivery system, has been harnessed for diverse applications. By leveraging the interactions between nanoparticles and circulatory cells or proteins, hitchhiking enables efficient navigation through the vasculature while evading immune system clearance. Moreover, it allows for targeted delivery of nutrients to tissues, surveillance of the immune system, and pathogen elimination. Various synthetic nanomaterials have been developed to facilitate hitchhiking with circulatory cells or proteins. By combining the advantages of synthetic nanomaterials and circulatory cells or proteins, hitchhiking nanomaterials demonstrate several advantages over conventional vectors, including enhanced circulatory stability and optimized therapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of general strategies for hitchhiking, choices of cells and proteins, and recent advances of hitchhiking nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Kai Sun
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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4
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Maiya R, Dey S, Ray K, Menon GI. The interplay of active and passive mechanisms in slow axonal transport. Biophys J 2023; 122:333-345. [PMID: 36502274 PMCID: PMC9892612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of intermittent active movement of transient aggregates and a paused state that intervenes between periods of active transport has been proposed to underlie the slow, directed transport of soluble proteins in axons. A component of passive diffusion in the axoplasm may also contribute to slow axonal transport, although quantitative estimates of the relative contributions of diffusive and active movement in the slow transport of a soluble protein, and in particular how they might vary across developmental stages, are lacking. Here, we propose and study a model for slow axonal transport, addressing data from bleach recovery measurements on a small, soluble, protein, choline acetyltransferase, in thin axons of the lateral chordotonal (lch5) sensory neurons of Drosophila. Choline acetyltransferase is mainly present in soluble form in the axon and catalyzes the acetylation of choline at the synapse. It does not form particulate structures in axons and moves at rates characteristic of slow component b (≈ 1-10 mm/day or 0.01-0.1 μm/s). Using our model, which incorporates active transport with paused and/or diffusive states, we predict bleach recovery, transport rates, and cargo trajectories obtained through kymographs, comparing these with experimental observations at different developmental stages. We show that changes in the diffusive fraction of cargo during these developmental stages dominate bleach recovery and that a combination of active motion with a paused state alone cannot reproduce the data. We compared predictions of the model with results from photoactivation experiments. The importance of the diffusive state in reproducing the bleach recovery signal in the slow axonal transport of small soluble proteins is our central result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Maiya
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Swagata Dey
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
| | - Gautam I Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India; Department of Physics, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India; Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India.
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5
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Cason SE, Mogre SS, Holzbaur ELF, Koslover EF. Spatiotemporal analysis of axonal autophagosome-lysosome dynamics reveals limited fusion events and slow maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar123. [PMID: 36044338 PMCID: PMC9634976 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a homeostatic process required to clear cellular waste. Neuronal autophagosomes form constitutively in the distal tip of the axon and are actively transported toward the soma, with cargo degradation initiated en route. Cargo turnover requires autophagosomes to fuse with lysosomes to acquire degradative enzymes; however, directly imaging these fusion events in the axon is impractical. Here we use a quantitative model, parameterized and validated using data from primary hippocampal neurons, to explore the autophagosome maturation process. We demonstrate that retrograde autophagosome motility is independent of fusion and that most autophagosomes fuse with only a few lysosomes during axonal transport. Our results indicate that breakdown of the inner autophagosomal membrane is much slower in neurons than in nonneuronal cell types, highlighting the importance of this late maturation step. Together, rigorous quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling elucidate the dynamics of autophagosome-lysosome interaction and autophagosomal maturation in the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Saurabh S. Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Elena F. Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,*Address correspondence to: Elena F. Koslover ()
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6
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Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Hitchhiking Across Kingdoms: Cotransport of Cargos in Fungal, Animal, and Plant Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2022; 38:155-178. [PMID: 35905769 PMCID: PMC10967659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins interact with cargos via adaptor proteins and move along filamentous actin or microtubule tracks. In contrast to this canonical mode, hitchhiking is a newly discovered mode of intracellular transport in which a cargo attaches itself to an already-motile cargo rather than directly associating with a motor protein itself. Many cargos including messenger RNAs, protein complexes, and organelles hitchhike on membrane-bound cargos. Hitchhiking-like behaviors have been shown to impact cellular processes including local protein translation, long-distance signaling, and organelle network reorganization. Here, we review instances of cargo hitchhiking in fungal, animal, and plant cells and discuss the potential cellular and evolutionary importance of hitchhiking in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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7
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Park S, Kim H, Wang Y, Eom DS, Allard J. Zebrafish airinemes optimize their shape between ballistic and diffusive search. eLife 2022; 11:75690. [PMID: 35467525 PMCID: PMC9098217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to diffusive signals, cells in tissue also communicate via long, thin cellular protrusions, such as airinemes in zebrafish. Before establishing communication, cellular protrusions must find their target cell. Here we demonstrate that the shapes of airinemes in zebrafish are consistent with a finite persistent random walk model. The probability of contacting the target cell is maximized for a balance between ballistic search (straight) and diffusive search (highly curved, random). We find that the curvature of airinemes in zebrafish, extracted from live cell microscopy, is approximately the same value as the optimum in the simple persistent random walk model. We also explore the ability of the target cell to infer direction of the airineme's source, finding that there is a theoretical trade-off between search optimality and directional information. This provides a framework to characterize the shape, and performance objectives, of non-canonical cellular protrusions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Park
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Hyunjoong Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Dae Seok Eom
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Jun Allard
- dDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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8
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Abstract
Transport of intracellular components relies on a variety of active and passive mechanisms, ranging from the diffusive spreading of small molecules over short distances to motor-driven motion across long distances. The cell-scale behavior of these mechanisms is fundamentally dependent on the morphology of the underlying cellular structures. Diffusion-limited reaction times can be qualitatively altered by the presence of occluding barriers or by confinement in complex architectures, such as those of reticulated organelles. Motor-driven transport is modulated by the architecture of cytoskeletal filaments that serve as transport highways. In this review, we discuss the impact of geometry on intracellular transport processes that fulfill a broad range of functional objectives, including delivery, distribution, and sorting of cellular components. By unraveling the interplay between morphology and transport efficiency, we aim to elucidate key structure-function relationships that govern the architecture of transport systems at the cellular scale. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Agrawal
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Zubenelgenubi C Scott
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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9
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Large-Scale, Wavelet-Based Analysis of Lysosomal Trajectories and Co-Movements of Lysosomes with Nanoparticle Cargos. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020270. [PMID: 35053385 PMCID: PMC8774281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes—that is, acidic organelles known for degradation/recycling—move through the cytoplasm alternating between bursts of active transport and short, diffusive motions or even pauses. While their mobility is essential for lysosomes’ fusogenic and non-fusogenic interactions with target organelles, their movements have not been characterized in adequate detail. Here, large-scale statistical analysis of lysosomal movement trajectories reveals that lysosome trajectories in all examined cell types—both cancer and noncancerous ones—are superdiffusive and characterized by heavy-tailed distributions of run and flight lengths. Consideration of Akaike weights for various potential models (lognormal, power law, truncated power law, stretched exponential, and exponential) indicates that the experimental data are best described by the lognormal distribution, which, in turn, can be related to one of the space-search strategies particularly effective when “thorough” search needs to balance search for rare target(s) (organelles). In addition, automated, wavelet-based analysis allows for co-tracking the motions of lysosomes and the cargos they carry—particularly the nanoparticle aggregates known to cause selective lysosome disruption in cancerous cells. The methods we describe here could help study nanoparticle assemblies, viruses, and other objects transported inside various vesicle types, as well as coordinated movements of organelles/particles in the cytoplasm. Custom-written code that includes integrated workflow for our analyses is made available for academic use.
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10
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Mogre SS, Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL, Koslover EF. Optimizing microtubule arrangements for rapid cargo capture. Biophys J 2021; 120:4918-4931. [PMID: 34687720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions such as autophagy, cell signaling, and vesicular trafficking involve the retrograde transport of motor-driven cargo along microtubules. Typically, newly formed cargo engages in slow undirected movement from its point of origin before attaching to a microtubule. In some cell types, cargo destined for delivery to the perinuclear region relies on capture at dynein-enriched loading zones located near microtubule plus ends. Such systems include extended cell regions of neurites and fungal hyphae, where the efficiency of the initial diffusive loading process depends on the axial distribution of microtubule plus ends relative to the initial cargo position. We use analytic mean first-passage time calculations and numerical simulations to model diffusive capture processes in tubular cells, exploring how the spatial arrangement of microtubule plus ends affects the efficiency of retrograde cargo transport. Our model delineates the key features of optimal microtubule arrangements that minimize mean cargo capture times. Namely, we show that configurations with a single microtubule plus end abutting the distal tip and broadly distributed other plus ends allow for efficient capture in a variety of different scenarios for retrograde transport. Live-cell imaging of microtubule plus ends in Aspergillus nidulans hyphae indicates that their distributions exhibit these optimal qualitative features. Our results highlight important coupling effects between the distribution of microtubule tips and retrograde cargo transport, providing guiding principles for the spatial arrangement of microtubules within tubular cell regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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11
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Scott ZC, Brown AI, Mogre SS, Westrate LM, Koslover EF. Diffusive search and trajectories on tubular networks: a propagator approach. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:80. [PMID: 34143351 PMCID: PMC8213674 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several organelles in eukaryotic cells, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, form interconnected tubule networks extending throughout the cell. These tubular networks host many biochemical pathways that rely on proteins diffusively searching through the network to encounter binding partners or localized target regions. Predicting the behavior of such pathways requires a quantitative understanding of how confinement to a reticulated structure modulates reaction kinetics. In this work, we develop both exact analytical methods to compute mean first passage times and efficient kinetic Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate trajectories of particles diffusing in a tubular network. Our approach leverages exact propagator functions for the distribution of transition times between network nodes and allows large simulation time steps determined by the network structure. The methodology is applied to both synthetic planar networks and organelle network structures, demonstrating key general features such as the heterogeneity of search times in different network regions and the functional advantage of broadly distributing target sites throughout the network. The proposed algorithms pave the way for future exploration of the interrelationship between tubular network structure and biomolecular reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubenelgenubi C Scott
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aidan I Brown
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Laura M Westrate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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12
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Spits M, Heesterbeek IT, Voortman LM, Akkermans JJ, Wijdeven RH, Cabukusta B, Neefjes J. Mobile late endosomes modulate peripheral endoplasmic reticulum network architecture. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50815. [PMID: 33554435 PMCID: PMC7926257 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle contacting virtually every other organelle for information exchange and control of processes such as transport, fusion, and fission. Here, we studied the role of the other organelles on ER network architecture in the cell periphery. We show that the co‐migration of the ER with other organelles, called ER hitchhiking facilitated by late endosomes and lysosomes is a major mechanism controlling ER network architecture. When hitchhiking occurs, emerging ER structures may fuse with the existing ER tubules to alter the local ER architecture. This couples late endosomal/lysosomal positioning and mobility to ER network architecture. Conditions restricting late endosomal movement—including cell starvation—or the depletion of tether proteins that link the ER to late endosomes reduce ER dynamics and limit the complexity of the peripheral ER network architecture. This indicates that among many factors, the ER is controlled by late endosomal movement resulting in an alteration of the ER network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Spits
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris T Heesterbeek
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard M Voortman
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy J Akkermans
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Wijdeven
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Salogiannis J, Christensen JR, Songster LD, Aguilar-Maldonado A, Shukla N, Reck-Peterson SL. PxdA interacts with the DipA phosphatase to regulate peroxisome hitchhiking on early endosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:492-503. [PMID: 33476181 PMCID: PMC8101442 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In canonical microtubule-based transport, adaptor proteins link cargoes to dynein and kinesin motors. Recently, an alternative mode of transport known as “hitchhiking” was discovered, where cargoes achieve motility by hitching a ride on already-motile cargoes, rather than attaching to a motor protein. Hitchhiking has been best studied in two filamentous fungi, Aspergillus nidulans and Ustilago maydis. In U. maydis, ribonucleoprotein complexes, peroxisomes, lipid droplets (LDs), and endoplasmic reticulum hitchhike on early endosomes (EEs). In A. nidulans, peroxisomes hitchhike using a putative molecular linker, peroxisome distribution mutant A (PxdA), which associates with EEs. However, whether other organelles use PxdA to hitchhike on EEs is unclear, as are the molecular mechanisms that regulate hitchhiking. Here we find that the proper distribution of LDs, mitochondria, and preautophagosomes do not require PxdA, suggesting that PxdA is a peroxisome-specific molecular linker. We identify two new pxdA alleles, including a point mutation (R2044P) that disrupts PxdA’s ability to associate with EEs and reduces peroxisome movement. We also identify a novel regulator of peroxisome hitchhiking, the phosphatase DipA. DipA colocalizes with EEs and its association with EEs relies on PxdA. Together, our data suggest that PxdA and the DipA phosphatase are specific regulators of peroxisome hitchhiking on EEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Salogiannis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Livia D Songster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Maldonado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nandini Shukla
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 043210.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 043210
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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14
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S Mogre S, Brown AI, Koslover EF. Getting around the cell: physical transport in the intracellular world. Phys Biol 2020; 17:061003. [PMID: 32663814 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aba5e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells face the challenging task of transporting a variety of particles through the complex intracellular milieu in order to deliver, distribute, and mix the many components that support cell function. In this review, we explore the biological objectives and physical mechanisms of intracellular transport. Our focus is on cytoplasmic and intra-organelle transport at the whole-cell scale. We outline several key biological functions that depend on physically transporting components across the cell, including the delivery of secreted proteins, support of cell growth and repair, propagation of intracellular signals, establishment of organelle contacts, and spatial organization of metabolic gradients. We then review the three primary physical modes of transport in eukaryotic cells: diffusive motion, motor-driven transport, and advection by cytoplasmic flow. For each mechanism, we identify the main factors that determine speed and directionality. We also highlight the efficiency of each transport mode in fulfilling various key objectives of transport, such as particle mixing, directed delivery, and rapid target search. Taken together, the interplay of diffusion, molecular motors, and flows supports the intracellular transport needs that underlie a broad variety of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States of America
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