Preliminary results of MRI-assisted high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for uterine cervical cancer

KORTUC, a novel hydrogen peroxide‑based radiosensitizer for the enhancement of brachytherapy in patients with unresectable recurrent uterine cervical cancer

Kochi Oxydol Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinoma (KORTUC) is a novel radiosensitizer invented by Professor Ogawa at Kochi University (Japan) in 2006. The current study aimed to report the experience of the present authors with the use of KORTUC treatment in combination with interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT), with or without external beam (EB) radiotherapy (RT), in patients with locally recurrent cervical cancer (LRCC), who were likely to have a high risk of poor prognosis. Between April 2012 and January 2020, 14 female patients (15 tumoral lesions) with LRCC underwent KORTUC with ISBT. Their previous treatments included surgery (n=4), radiation therapy (n=8) and surgery plus RT (n=3). The primary lesions were located in the vaginal stump (n=5), pelvic wall (n=3), cervix (n=3), vaginal wall (n=2) and lymph nodes (n=2). At 2 h before RT, KORTUC was injected intratumorally via direct colposcopy. The dose of KORTUC ranged from 4-12 ml, adjusted for the tumor size. For patients who underwent ISBT, KORTUC was administered before and after insertion of the applicator before irradiation. Intratumoral injection of KORTUC was completed without any technical or safety issues in all 15 patients; it was well tolerated with no adverse events observed. KORTUC also showed preferable efficacy; a clinical complete response was observed in 87% of patients and the initial response rate was 100%. The 2-year local control rate in patients who underwent ISBT + KORTUC was 79%, whereas it was 63% in the re-irradiation group which was significantly lower (P=0.02) than that in the non-irradiation group (100%). Based on this finding, KORTUC with external irradiation is considered to be an optimal treatment strategy for patients with newly diagnosed LRCC this disease. Additionally, KORTUC may be an effective radiation response enhancer in multiple cancer types in which locoregional control after RT alone remains poor.

Retrospective analysis of local recurrence pattern by computed tomography image-guided intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer in a single Japanese institution

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment results with focus on local control (LC) by computed tomography (CT)-guided intracavity brachytherapy and interstitial brachytherapy (ICBT/ISBT) for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Patients with LACC undergoing ICBT/ISBT at least once in our institution between January 2017 and June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The primary endpoint was local control (LC), and the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and late toxicities. Differences between patient subgroups for prognostic factors in LC, PFS, and OS were analyzed using the log-rank test. The recurrence patterns of LC were also investigated.

RESULTS

Forty-four patients were included in the present study. The median high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) at the initial brachytherapy was 48.2 cc. The median total dose of HR-CTV D90 (EQD2) was 70.7 Gy. The median followup period was 39.4 months. The 3-year LC, PFS and OS rates in all patients were 88.2%, 56.6%, and 65.4% (95% CI 50.3-78.0%), respectively. Corpus invasion and large HR-CTV (70 cc or more) were significant prognostic factors in LC, PFS, and OS. Marginal recurrences at the fundus of the uterus were detected in 3 of 5 patients in whom local recurrence was observed. Late toxicities of Grade 3 or higher were detected in 3 patients (6.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

Favorable LC was achieved by performing CT-guided ICBT/ISBT for LACC. The brachytherapy strategy for patients with corpus invasion or large HR-CTV may need to be reconsidered.

Phase I/II prospective clinical trial for the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this trial were to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy (HBT) for locally advanced cervical cancer patients in the phase I/II prospective clinical trial.

METHODS

Patients with FIGO stage IB2-IVA uterine cervical cancer pretreatment width of which was ≥5 cm measured by magnetic resonance imaging were eligible for this clinical trial. The protocol therapy included 30-30.6 Gy in 15-17 fractions of whole pelvic radiotherapy concurrent with weekly CDDP, followed by 24 Gy in 4 fractions of HBT and pelvic radiotherapy with a central shield up to 50-50.4 Gy in 25-28 fractions. The primary endpoint of phase II part was 2-year pelvic progression-free survival (PPFS) rate higher than historical control of 64%.

RESULTS

Between October 2015 and October 2019, 73 patients were enrolled in the initial registration and 52 patients proceeded to the secondary registration. With the median follow-up period of 37.3 months (range, 13.9-52.9 months), the 2- PPFS was 80.7% (90% confidence interval [CI]=69.7%-88%). Because the lower range of 90% CI of 2-year PPFS was 69.7%, which was higher than the historical control ICBT data of 64%, therefore, the primary endpoint of this study was met.

CONCLUSION

The effectiveness of HBT were demonstrated by a prospective clinical study. Because the dose goal determined in the protocol was lower than 85 Gy, there is room in improvement for local control. A higher dose might have been needed for tumors with poor responses.

Salvage image-guided freehand interstitial brachytherapy for pelvic sidewall recurrence after hysterectomy for uterine malignancies

PURPOSE

Pelvic sidewall recurrence after hysterectomy for uterine malignances has a poor prognosis, and the salvage therapy for this type of recurrence is still challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of freehand high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT) through the perineum using transrectal ultrasonography for this disease.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We retrospectively evaluated 42 patients with pelvic sidewall recurrence after hysterectomy for uterine cervical and endometrial cancers. We investigated patients' characteristics, the 2-year local control and survival rates, and late adverse events of the rectum and bladder.

RESULTS

The 2-year overall survival, local control, and progression-free survival rates were 73.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.8-89.3%), 69.4% (95% CI, 55.4-80.1%), and 37.3% (95% CI, 24.6-56.5%), respectively. In Cox multivariate analysis, tumor size at recurrence (<45 mm vs. ≥45 mm) (p = 0.04) and disease-free periods after hysterectomy (<10 months vs. ≥10 months) (p < 0.01) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. Lymph node metastasis at recurrence (p < 0.01) was also a significant prognostic factor for progression-free survival. Three patients experienced Grade 3-4 late proctitis (7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Transperineal freehand salvage HDR-ISBT using transrectal ultrasonography was demonstrated to be a curative treatment option for patients with pelvic sidewall recurrence following hysterectomy. Based on the findings of this study, we emphasize the importance of HDR-ISBT for pelvic sidewall recurrence.

3D-Image-Guided Multi-Catheter Interstitial Brachytherapy for Bulky and High-Risk Stage IIB-IVB Cervical Cancer

Simple Summary

The prognosis of locally advanced cervical cancer still remains poor. Recently, image-guided brachytherapy ameliorated local control and pelvic control in these patients. Additionally, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) demonstrated more favorable outcomes than that with intracavity brachytherapy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CT-MRI-guided multi-catheter ISBT for bulky (≥4 cm) and high-risk stage IIB-IVB cervical cancer. Total of 18 patients with squamous cell carcinoma received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with ISBT were assessed. Four (22.2%), seven (38.9%), and seven (38.9%) patients were diagnosed with stage II, III, and IV cervical cancer, respectively. The four-year local control, pelvic control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 100%, 100%, 81.6%, and 87.8%, respectively. Although three (16.7%) patients experienced grade 3 late adverse events, no one had procedure-related complications. CT-MRI-guided multi-catheter ISBT could be a promising treatment strategy for locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of computed tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MRI)-guided multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy for patients with bulky (≥4 cm) and high-risk, stage IIB–IVB advanced cervical cancer. Eighteen patients who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy with multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy between September 2014 and August 2020 were enrolled. The prescribed dose of external beam radiotherapy was 45–50.4 Gy, and the brachytherapy high-dose-rate aim was 25–30 Gy per 5 fractions. The endpoints were four-year local and pelvic control rates, four-year disease-free and overall survival rates, and the adverse events rate. The median follow-up period was 48.4 months (9.1–87.5 months). Fifteen patients received concurrent cisplatin therapy (40 mg/m², q1week). Four (22.2%), seven (38.9%), and seven (38.9%) patients had stage II, III, and IV cervical cancer, respectively. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases were observed in 11 (61.1%) and 2 (11.1%) patients, respectively. The median pre-treatment volume was 87.5 cm³. The four-year local control, pelvic control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 100%, 100%, 81.6%, and 87.8%, respectively. Three (16.7%) patients experienced grade 3 adverse events, and none experienced grade 4–5 adverse events. CT-MRI-guided multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy could be a promising treatment strategy for locally advanced cervical cancer.

Dosimetric predictors of local control and complications in gynecologic transperineal implant patients: The medical college of wisconsin experience

PURPOSE

Investigate the relationship between dosimetric parameters with local control (LC) and complications following transperineal high-dose rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) for gynecologic (GYN) malignancies.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Between 2001 and 2016, 59 patients were treated for primary or recurrent GYN malignancies. Most patients received external beam irradiation, followed by transperineal ISBT via the Syed-Neblett applicator set with CT-based planning. Treatment plans were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate for an association among LC or toxicity with the equivalent dose at 2 Gy per fraction (EQD2) for the clinical target volume (CTV), 0.1 cc (D0.1cc), and 2 cc (D2cc) volumes of the organs at risk (OAR), low/high dose volumes for the OAR and CTV, and ratio of dose at the core vs. the implant periphery.

RESULTS

The median follow-up among survivors was 24 months. 34% of patients had a component of local failure and in 12%, this was isolated. Late grade 3 (G3) toxicity occurred in 15% of patients. There were no G4-5 toxicities. Rectal D0.1cc > 75 Gy trended toward significance in predicting the development of non-fistula late G2-3 rectal complications. Bladder D0.1cc > 94 Gy significantly predicted for the development of late G2-3 vesicovaginal fistula formation. The ratio of the total dose at the vaginal surface to the needle periphery above 121% trended in predicting for any complication or fistula formation.

CONCLUSIONS

HDR ISBT combined with EBRT achieved LC in 66% of patients with advanced or recurrent GYN cancers. Rectal and bladder D0.1cc doses may be predictive of complications as may the ratio of the implant dose at the core vs. periphery.

Changing Landscape of Radiation Therapy for Advanced Cervical Cancer With a Focus on Interstitial Brachytherapy: A Canadian Practice Patterns Survey

PURPOSE

To document the evolution of radical radiation therapy and interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) utilization practice patterns across Canada, including use of imaging, technical details, and usage of anesthesia/analgesia, and to compare advanced (AC) versus nonadvanced (nAC) brachytherapy (BT) center practices.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

All Canadian centers with BT services were identified. One gynecology radiation oncologist per center was sent a 64-item questionnaire regarding the center's practice for patients with cervical cancer. Centers were categorized based on availability of advanced BT expertise (AC) versus those referring patients to other centers for advanced BT techniques (nAC). Aggregate responses are reported and compared with practice patterns identified in our previous survey. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data, and the Fisher exact test, Fisher-Freeman-Halton, or Mann-Whitney-Wilcox test was used for comparisons.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven of 38 respondents completed the survey (response rate: 97.4%). Compared with 2015, there has been an increase in utilization of magnetic resonance imaging as the sole imaging modality for BT planning: 3 of 26 (11%) versus 12 of 37 (32%; P = .03). The number of centers with the ability to perform ISBT increased in 2020 compared with 2015 (26/37 [70%] vs 13/26 [50%], P = .710); this trend is likely due to an increase in use of hybrid (Vienna, Utrecht, Venezia) applicators (36% [2015] vs 84% [2020]; P = .175). Fifteen (40%) centers had the ability to perform perineal-ISBT (P-ISBT). Sixteen and 21 centers were identified as AC and nAC, respectively. All 16 AC centers had the ability to perform ISBT, compared with only 10 nAC centers (P < .001). A higher proportion of AC centers had fellowship-trained radiation oncologists performing brachytherapy, compared with nAC centers (94% vs 14%, P < .001). In terms of anesthesia, conscious sedation was the only available choice at low-patient-volume centers (8/37, 21%) performing intracavitary BT only. Those performing ISBT had choice of general, spinal, and epidural anesthesia.

CONCLUSIONS

In Canada, high-quality, modern management radiation therapy practices are consistently offered to patients with cervical cancer. There is a trend toward increased utilization of ISBT. Accumulation of evidence toward the use of ISBT, increased utilization of high-quality imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, and availability of hybrid applicators are potential contributors for this upward trend.

Three-dimensional image-guided combined intracavitary and interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy in cervical cancer: A systematic review

PURPOSE

To evaluate the local control and toxicities of three-dimensional image-guided combined intracavitary and interstitial (IC/IS) high-dose-rate brachytherapy (BT) in cervical cancer through a systematic review.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A systematic review of relevant studies was performed through the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases through May 10, 2020. Articles reporting on IC/IS technology, volumetric doses to high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) and organs at risk (OARs), tumor control and/or treatment-related side effects were identified. The key information, including the type of applicator, implantation technology, characteristics of implantation, volumetric doses, tumor control, and/or treatment-related side effects, was extracted. A probit model analysis between HR-CTV D90 and tumor local control was performed.

RESULTS

Twelve studies encompassing 520 patients were included in the probit model between HR-CTV D90 and the local control rate. The probit model showed a significant relationship between the HR-CTV D90 value and the local control probability, p = 0.003. The prescribed dose of 85 Gy_EQD2,10 would in theory warrant an 87.4% (95% confidence interval 82.5%-90.5%) local control rate.

CONCLUSION

IC/IS BT is an appropriate method to achieve a high therapeutic ratio for tumors with large volumes or poor responses after external irradiation in cervical cancer. The probit model showed that the dose escalation of HR-CTV D90 was helpful to improve the local tumor control rate.

Interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy using cobalt-60 source for cervical cancer: dosimetric and clinical outcomes from a single institute

PURPOSE

To record and report dosimetric and clinical outcomes of interstitial brachytherapy using cobalt-60 (60Co) source in cervical cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventy patients who underwent external beam radiotherapy with dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions, followed by interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) 6.5 Gy × 4 fractions were included into this study. The ISBT applicators were inserted under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. Computed tomography (CT) simulation was performed and axial CT images were transferred to treatment planning system. High-risk clinical target volume (CTVHR) and organs at risks (OARs) were contoured. Four fractions of 6.5 Gy were prescribed to CTVHR using inverse planning technique. Patients were followed-up for 3 years. Dosimetric parameters and clinical outcomes were recorded and compared with available literature.

RESULTS

Seventy patients with FIGO stage IIB-IVA were included in the study. The median EQD2 of 2 cm3 of bladder, rectum, sigmoid and D90 CTVHR were 70 Gy (53-75 Gy), 64 Gy (51-71 Gy), 48 Gy (44-72 Gy), and 77 Gy (70-86 Gy), and dose homogeneity index (DHI), dose non-uniformity ratio (DNR), coverage index (CI), overdose volume index (OI), and conformal index (COIN) were 0.58 (0.39-0.78), 0.42 (0.22-0.61), 0.87 (0.59-0.97), 0.19 (0.09-0.30) and 0.74 (0.52-0.85), respectively. Local control rate at 2 years was 87.14%. Eight patients had local recurrence and one patient had lung metastasis. Also, two patients with local recurrence had recto-vaginal fistula. Two patients had grade 2 proctitis (2.8%) and one patient developed grade 3 proctitis (1.4%). There was no grade 2 or higher bladder toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

The dosimetric parameters, local control and toxicities of high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy in cervical cancer patients treated by 60Co radioactive source are similar, compared to available literature using iridium-192 (192Ir) source.

Small bowel perforation caused by applicator implantation in high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for recurrent pelvic tumor: a case report

High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT) is widely used for the treatment of pelvic tumors. However, there are a few reports on complications of applicator implantation in HDR-ISBT. We describe a case of small bowel perforation caused by applicator implantation in an 82-year-old male patient with recurrence tumor in the pelvis treated with HDR-ISBT. Eventually, the patient underwent laparotomy and partial intestinal resection. We recognized the site where the applicator was inserted into a part of the tumor on the mucosal surface. Pathological examination confirmed that the tumor had infiltrated the small intestine directly and that the infiltrated part had reached the submucosa.

This is the first published report about small bowel perforation caused by applicator implantation. In cases where intestinal infiltration of the tumor is suspected, HDR-ISBT should be performed with maximum caution.

Dose-effect response in image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to integrate and update the dose-effect relationship between volumetric dose and local control for cervical cancer brachytherapy.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We identified studies that reported high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) D₉₀ and local control probability by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases through Oct 27, 2019. The regression analyses were performed using a probit model between HR-CTV D₉₀, D₁₀₀, intermediate-risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV) D₉₀, and dose to Point A vs. local control probability. Subgroup analyses were performed according to stratification: time of local control, income level of the country or region, stage of cancer, pathology, mean volume of HR-CTV, dose rate, image modality, concurrent chemoradiotherapy proportion, interstitial proportion, and mean overall treatment time.

RESULTS

Thirty-three studies encompassing 2893 patients were included. The probit model showed a significant relationship between the HR-CTV D₉₀ value and the local control probability, p < 0.0001. The D₉₀ corresponding to a probability of 90% local control was 83.7 Gy_EQD2,10 (80.6-87.8 Gy_EQD2,10). Of the 33 studies included in our analysis, eight studies, including 1172 patients, reported the IR-CTV D₉₀ value, ranging from 59.1 Gy_EQD2,10 to 72.3 Gy_EQD2,10. The probit model also showed a significant relationship between the IR-CTV D₉₀ value and the local control probability, p = 0.0464. The 60 Gy_EQD2,10 for IR-CTV D₉₀ corresponded to an 86.1% local control probability (82.0%-89.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

A significant dependence of local control on HR-CTV D₉₀ and IR-CTV D₉₀ was found. A tumor control probability of >90% can be expected at doses >84 Gy_EQD2,10 and 69 Gy_EQD2,10, respectively, based on an updated meta-regression analysis.

Long-term effectiveness and safety of image-based, transperineal combined intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy in treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of image-based combined intracavitary-interstitial brachytherapy (IC-ISBT) using a transperineal template in locally advanced cervical cancer treatment.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A total of 94 patients of cervical cancer stage IIB-IVA underwent image-based transperineal interstitial brachytherapy without tandem (ISBT) or with tandem (IC-ISBT) between June 2008 and June 2018 at our institution. After pelvic chemoradiation, 42 patients underwent ISBT and 52 IC-ISBT. Dosimetric data, clinical response, and toxicity records of these patients were reviewed.

RESULTS

Clinical stage distribution was as follows: IIB: 22.4% (21), IIIA: 10.6% (10), IIIB: 56.4% (53), and IVA: 10.6% (10). Mean high-risk clinical target volume was 75.72 cc, and mean cumulative equivalent of 2 Gy per fraction for high-risk clinical target volume was 81 Gy. The median followup was 35.5 months. Overall 3- and 5-year local control, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 84% and 84%, 69.1% and 62.9%, and 80.9% and 71.5%, respectively. Local control (90.4% vs. 76.2%; p = 0.048) and DFS (78.8% vs. 57.1%; p = 0.04) were significantly better in the patients of IC-ISBT arm. IC-ISBT (hazard ratio: 0.763; 95% confidence interval 0.217, 1.38; p = 0.046) and D90 dose >85 Gy (hazard ratio: 0.957; 95% confidence interval 0.927, 1.07; p = 0.037) were predictors of better DFS on univariate analysis. Overall survival was not affected significantly by any of the factors. Grade 3 and 4 late complications were recorded in 3.2% (3) of patients and were similar in both arms (p = 0.86). However, the mean rectum 2 cc dose was significantly lower in the IC-ISBT arm (p = 0.038).

CONCLUSIONS

Combined IC-ISBT is a safe and effective approach to treat ICBT unsuitable cases. It integrates the benefits of ICBT to the adaptability of ISBT around various targets and should be practiced whenever feasible to provide superior outcomes in locally advanced cervical cancer.

[Accuracy of different image registration methods in image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the accuracy of different methods for image registration in image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) for cervical cancer.

METHODS

The last treatment planning CT images (CT1) and the first treatment planning CT images (CT2) were acquired from 15 patients with cervical cancer and registered with different match image qualities (retained/removed catheter source in images) and different match regions [target only (S Group)/ interested organ structure (M Group)/body (L Group)] in Velocity3.2 software. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between the clinical target volumes (CTV) of the CT1 and CT2 images (CTVCT1 and CTVCT2, respectively) and between the organs-at-risk (OAR) of the two imaging datasets (OARCT1 and OARCT2, respectively) were used to evaluate the image registration accuracy.

RESULTS

The auto-segmentation volume of the catheter source using Velocity software based on the CT threshold was the closest to the actual volume within the CT value range of 1700-1800 HU. In the retained group, the DSC for the OARs of was better than or equal to that of the removed group, and the DSC value of the rectum was significantly improved (P < 0.05). For comparison of different match regions, the high-risk target volume (HRCTV) and the low-risk target volume (IRCTV) had the best precision for registration of the target area, which was significantly greater than that of M group and L group (P < 0.05). The M group had better registration accuracy of the target area and the best accuracy for the OARs. The DSC values of the bladder and rectum were significantly better than those of the other two groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The CT value range of 1700-1800 HU is optimal for automatic image segmentation using Velocity software. Automatic segmentation and shielding the volume of the catheter source can improve the image quality. We recommend the use of interested organ structures regions for image registration in image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer brachytherapy in Canada: A focus on interstitial brachytherapy utilization

PURPOSE

Brachytherapy (BT) techniques for cervical cancer in Canada have changed over the last decade, with evolution to high-dose-rate and image-guided BT. However, there are currently no national data on the use of interstitial BT (IBT). The purpose of this study was to document IBT utilization in Canadian centers, as well as update details of cervical cancer BT practices.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

All Canadian centers with gynecologic BT services (n = 33) were identified, and one gynecology radiation oncologist per center was sent a 33-item e-mail questionnaire regarding their center's practice for cervical cancer BT in 2015. Responses were reported and compared with practice patterns identified in a 2012 Canadian survey.

RESULTS

The response rate was 85% (28/33 centers). The majority (93%) of respondents used high-dose-rate BT, similar to the 2012 survey; 96% of centers had transitioned to three-dimensional (MRI/CT)-based planning in 2015 vs. 75% in 2012 (p = 0.03); 57% centers incorporated MRI for treatment planning in 2015 compared to 38% in 2012 (p = 0.15); the majority (13/16) using a combination of MRI and CT; 50% (14/28 centers) had the capacity to perform IBT, whereas 71% of those that did not referred patients to other centers. Of centers performing IBT, the majority (11/14) used template-based techniques with a median of 6 (range 2-20) needles/catheters and an average of 4 (range 1-5) fractions. Catheters were placed using: strategy based on pre-op imaging (21%), intra-op ultrasound (50%), intra-op MRI (7%), and intra-op CT (21%). The most common dose/fractionation schedules were 6 Gy × 5 fractions (40%), 8 Gy × 3 fractions (19%), and 7 Gy × 4 fractions (15%).

CONCLUSIONS

In Canada, treatment of cervical cancer continues to evolve. IBT has been adopted by half of the responding centers. As more centers move to MRI-based image-guided treatment planning, IBT will become an even more integral part of cervical cancer treatment.

The role of interstitial brachytherapy in the management of primary radiation therapy for uterine cervical cancer

Purpose

The aim of this study was to report the clinical results of uterine cervical cancer patients treated by primary radiation therapy including brachytherapy, and investigate the role of interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT).

Material and methods

All consecutive uterine cervical cancer patients who were treated by primary radiation therapy were reviewed, and those who were treated by ISBT were further investigated for clinical outcomes and related toxicities.

Results

From December 2008 to October 2014, 209 consecutive uterine cervical cancer patients were treated with primary radiation therapy. Among them, 142 and 42 patients were treated by intracavitary and hybrid brachytherapy, respectively. Twenty-five patients (12%) were treated by high-dose-rate (HDR)-ISBT. Five patients with distant metastasis other than para-aortic lymph node were excluded, and 20 patients consisted of the analysis. Three-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC) rate were 44.4%, 38.9%, and 87.8%, respectively. Distant metastasis was the most frequent site of first relapse after HDR-ISBT. One and four patients experienced grade 3 and 2 rectal bleeding, one grade 2 cystitis, and two grade 2 vaginal ulcer.

Conclusions

Feasibility and favorable local control of interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer was demonstrated through a single institutional experience with a small number of patients.

Development and clinical implementation of a new template for MRI-based intracavitary/interstitial gynecologic brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: from CT-based MUPIT to the MRI compatible Template Benidorm. Ten years of experience

PURPOSE

To study outcome and toxicity in 59 patients with locally advanced cervix carcinoma treated with computed tomography (CT)-based Martinez universal perineal interstitial template (MUPIT) and the new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible template Benidorm (TB).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From December 2005 to October 2015, we retrospectively analyzed 34 patients treated with MUPIT and 25 treated with the TB. Six 4 Gy fractions were prescribed to the clinical target volume (CTV) combined with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The organs at risk (OARs) and the CTV were delineated by CT scan in the MUPIT implants and by MRI in the TB implants. Dosimetry was CT-based for MUPIT and exclusively MRI-based for TB. Dose values were biologically normalized to equivalent doses in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2).

RESULTS

Median CTV volumes were 163.5 cm3 for CT-based MUPIT (range 81.8-329.4 cm3) and 91.9 cm3 for MRI-based TB (range 26.2-161 cm3). Median D90 CTV (EBRT + BT) was 75.8 Gy for CT-based MUPIT (range 69-82 Gy) and 78.6 Gy for MRI-based TB (range 62.5-84.2 Gy). Median D2cm3 for the rectum was 75.3 Gy for CT-based MUPIT (range 69.8-132.1 Gy) and 69.9 Gy for MRI-based TB (range 58.3-83.7 Gy). Median D2cm3 for the bladder was 79.8 Gy for CT-based MUPIT (range 71.2-121.1 Gy) and 77.1 Gy for MRI-based TB (range 60.5-90.8 Gy). Local control (LC) was 88%. Overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS), and LC were not statistically significant in either group. Patients treated with CT-based MUPIT had a significantly higher percentage of rectal bleeding G3 (p = 0.040) than those treated with MRI-based TB, 13% vs. 2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Template Benidorm treatment using MRI-based dosimetry provides advantages of MRI volume definition, and allows definition of smaller volumes that result in statistically significant decreased rectal toxicity compared to that seen with CT-based MUPIT treatment.

A phase I/II clinical trial for the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

Background

This paper describes about a study protocol of phase I/II multicenter prospective clinical trial evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy (HBT) for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer patients.

Methods and design

Patients with histologically confirmed FIGO stage IB2, IIA2, IIB, and IIIB uterine cervical carcinoma width of which is larger than 5 cm assessed by MRI will be entered to this clinical trial. Protocol therapy is 30-30.6 Gy in 15-17 fractions of whole pelvic radiotherapy concurrent with weekly CDDP (40 mg/m²), followed by 24 Gy in 4 fractions of HBT and central shield EBRT up to 50-50.4 Gy in 25-28 fractions. Tumor width is assessed again within one week before the first HBT and if the tumor width is larger than 4 cm, patients proceed to the secondary registration. In phase I section, feasibility of this will be investigated. If less than 10 % out of 20 patients experienced greater than grade 3 acute non-hematologic adverse effects, the study proceeds to phase II part. In phase II part a total of 55 patients will be accrued and the efficacy of the HBT will be investigated comparing with historical control data. If the lower margin of 90 % confidence interval of the 2-year pelvic progression-free survival of the HBT trial is higher than 64 %, the HBT is considered to be more effective than conventional ICBT.

Discussion

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the HBT for locally advanced cervical cancer. This trial will clarify the indication, feasibility, and efficacy of this new technique.

Trial registration

UMIN000019081; Registration date: 2015/9/30

Late rectal toxicity determined by dose-volume parameters in computed tomography-based brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

The aim of this study was to observe the relationship between dose–volume histogram (DVH) parameters and rectal late side effects (LSE) in computed tomography (CT)‐based brachytherapy (BT) for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. In total, 144 cervical cancer patients received external beam radiotherapy and CT‐based BT. The data from 111 survival cases with pelvic local control (LC) were used to analyze the relationship between DVH parameters and rectal LSE. The total doses, manifesting 2, 1, and 0.1 cm³ (D_2cc, D_1cc, and D_0.1cc) of the rectum, and D₉₀ for high‐risk clinical target volume (HR CTV) were computed and normalized to 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) using a linear‐quadratic model. The rectal LSE were evaluated by the late effects in normal tissues‐subjective, objective, management, and analytic (LENT‐SOMA) scale. A dose–response relationship was evaluated by probit analyses. For all patients, the total rate of rectal LSE was 56%, and the rate of ≥Grade 2 LSE was 27.4%. For the 111 survival cases with pelvic LC, the total mean for D_2cc was 71.23 ± 5.54 Gy for the rectum, and the D_2cc, D_1cc, and D_0.1cc values for Grades 2 and 3 were higher than those for Grades 0 and 1. In addition, the number of complications increased, and the complications became more severe as the dose increased, with a dose of 73.5 Gy resulting in a 10% probability of ≥Grade 3 LSE. In conclusion, DVH parameters could predict the incidence and grades of rectal LSE in CT‐based BT. D_2cc showed an excellent predictive value, and 73.5 Gy for D_2cc of the rectum might be considered as an alternative dose limit.

Simulation analysis of optimized brachytherapy for uterine cervical cancer: Can we select the best brachytherapy modality depending on tumor size?

PURPOSE

To choose the optimal brachytherapeutic modality for uterine cervical cancer, we performed simulation analysis.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

For each high-risk clinical target volume (HR CTV), we compared four modalities [classical conventional intracavitary brachytherapy (ConvICBT), Image-guided ICBT (IGICBT), intracavitary/interstitial brachytherapy (ICISBT), and interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) with perineal approach] using dose-volume histograms using eight sizes of HR CTV (2 × 2 × 2 cm to 7 × 4 × 4 cm) and organs at risk model.

RESULTS

In ConvICBT, the doses covered 90% of the HR CTV [D90(HR CTV)] decreased from 197% prescribed dose (PD) for the HR CTV size (2 × 2 × 2 cm) to 73% PD for 5 × 4 × 4 cm, whereas the other three modalities could achieve 100% PD for all HR CTV sizes. The minimum doses received by the maximally irradiated 2-cm(3) volumes for organs at risks of IGICBT demonstrated lower values than those of ConvICBT for the HR CTV size of 4 × 3 × 3 cm or smaller. ICISBT demonstrated lower values than those of IGICBT for 4 × 3 × 3 cm or larger. ISBT demonstrated lowest values for 5 × 4 × 4 cm or larger.

CONCLUSIONS

HR CTV size of 4 × 3 × 3 cm seems to be a threshold volume in this simulation analysis, and IGICBT is a better choice for smaller HR CTV than the threshold volume. On larger HR CTV, ICISBT or ISBT is the better choice.