Episodic blockade of cranial nerve VIII provokes asymmetric changes in lobule X of the rat

Reduced Balance Restoration Capacities Following Unilateral Vestibular Insult in Elderly Mice

Acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) is characterized by severe posturo-locomotor and vestibulo-oculomotor impairment and accompanies several types of peripheral vestibulopathies (PVP). We know very little about its etiology, how its various symptoms are expressed and how it evolves with age. Robust repair capabilities of primary vestibular synapses have recently been shown to restore behavioral functionality. In this study, we used a mouse model of an excitotoxically induced unilateral vestibular lesion to compare the ability to restore balance and posture between old and young adult mice. We compared the temporal evolution of the evoked vestibular syndrome using a battery of behavioral tests to follow the evolution of postural-locomotor alterations and equilibrium. For the first time, we show that young adult (3 months) and elderly (22 months) mice are together able to restore normal postural-locomotor function following transient unilateral excitotoxic vestibular insult, though with different time courses. This animal study paves way for future, more detailed studies of how the early postural and locomotor disturbances following a unilateral insult are compensated for by various plasticity mechanisms, and in particular how age influences these mechanisms.

Episodic vestibular disruption following ablation of the inferior olive in rats: Behavioral correlates

The experiments herein investigate whether the behavioral responses to transient and episodic vestibular disruption and permanent ablation are distinct in the absence of climbing fiber input. Subjects in group 1 received an IP injection of PBS followed by an IP injection of niacinamide. Seven days later these rats received the first of 3 serial transtympanic injections of TTX on the same side with 7 days between each injection. Following each TTX injection rats displayed unilateral vestibular symptoms that persisted beyond 48h. Spontaneous barrel rolling behavior was not observed. Group 2 subjects received an IP injection of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP)+niacinamide followed by the same TTX regimen as group 1. Following each TTX injection vestibular symptoms (severe body twisting and persistent spontaneous barrel rolling) emerged rapidly (<15min) and resolved by 72h. Group 3 subjects received an IP injection of 3-AP+niacinamide and 7 days later a single unilateral transtympanic injection of sodium arsanilate. Rats in group 3 developed vestibular symptoms similar to those observed in group 2 although there was no resolution of these symptoms. The results indicate that TTX has a rapid rate of infiltration and blockade of the VIIIth nerve that persists for >48h and then completely resolves. The contrast in vestibular symptoms between groups 1 and 2 suggest that climbing fibers are recruited soon after onset of vestibular disruption and play a role in attenuating the severity of vestibular symptoms associated with transient/episodic vestibular disruption.

Reversible and controlled peripheral vestibular loss by continuous infusion of ropivacaine (Narop) into the round window niche of rats

This paper describes a method for achieving a peripheral vestibular blockade in rats by instillation of local anaesthetics over the round window membrane through a permanently implanted cannula. Being rapidly reversible, the effect of the anaesthetic drug is easily controlled by a single continuous infusion, which can be repeated at any time. The method offers a unique opportunity to study the consequence of single or repeated transient vestibular loss without any use of general anaesthetics, which may be a severe confounding factor. Such studies might shed light on balance disorders related to permanent vestibular loss or episodic vestibular dysfunction. To evaluate the method, spontaneous horizontal eye movements were recorded during the first 4 h of continuous infusion. Unilateral infusion of ropivacaine gave rise to a high-frequency spontaneous nystagmus, reaching levels that have not been documented after a surgical labyrinthectomy under general anaesthesia. This vestibulo-oculomotor behaviour is consistent with a previous report using a single intratympanic instillation of lidocaine to achieve a short-lasting vestibular blockade. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the initial high-frequency nystagmus decreased during the first 100 min of infusion before stabilizing at the same level as recorded when the effect of general anaesthesia has worn off after a surgical ablation. When the transient vestibular blockade was repeated by a second infusion during the following day, the nystagmus frequency saturated on a significantly lower level than during the first blockade. Also, serial single infusions, with recovery between each functional vestibular loss, gave rise to a less severe nystagmus. It is suggested that this phenomenon is an expression of the behavioural concept of 'vestibular habituation', the neural substrate of which is rather unknown.

CGRP Expression in the Vestibular Periphery after Transient Blockage of Bilateral Vestibular Input

This study aimed to establish an animal model of reversible bilateral vestibular disorders that is suitable for examining the mechanisms of vestibular plasticity, and to observe the changes in the plasticity of vestibular efferent systems. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was infused continuously for 7 days into the bilateral perilymph of guinea pig cochlea. We assessed the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) for evaluating the vestibular function. We also investigated the changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in vestibular end organs to observe the changes in the plasticity of vestibular systems. The VOR was completely eliminated by TTX administration and returned to the preoperative levels within 120 h after TTX discontinuation. An obvious increase in the number of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers was observed within the neurosensory epithelia of the maculae and cristae. An animal model of reversible bilateral vestibular disorders was established and used for investigating the plasticity of the vestibular nervous system.

Fos responses to short-term adaptation of the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex before and after vestibular compensation in the Mongolian gerbil

Fos expression in vestibular brainstem and cerebellar regions was evaluated during vestibular adaptation in the Mongolian gerbil. In addition, vestibular adaptation was evaluated in both normal and compensated animals, as vestibular compensation reorganizes the vestibular pathway constraining adaptive processes. Behaviorally, discordant optokinetic and vestibular input induced appropriate high and low gain in horizontal angular vestibuloocular reflex responses. In normal animals, low gain adaptation was more complete than high gain. However, in compensated animals, only low gain adaptation produced adaptive responses both toward and away from the lesion with appropriate gain shifts. High gain adaptation in compensated animals failed to result in gain adaptation for head movements toward the side of the lesion. Fos expression during acute vestibular adaptation in normal animals was found in the flocculus/paraflocculus, the dorsal cap of the inferior olive (IOK), and the prepositus hypoglossi (PrH). Floccular Fos labeling was increased under both high and low gain conditions. IOK and PrH labeling was increased and correlated during low gain conditions, but was reduced and uncorrelated during high gain conditions. The pattern of Fos labeling in compensated animals was asymmetric-favoring the ipsilesional flocculus and contralesional vestibular brainstem. Both compensated high and low gain adaptation groups displayed increased floccular and IOK Fos labeling, but only compensated high gain adaptation produced increased Fos labeling in the medial vestibular nucleus. The behavioral and Fos labeling results are consistent with visual-vestibular adaptation requiring direct vestibular input.

Otolith organ or semicircular canal stimulation induces c-fos expression in unipolar brush cells and granule cells of cat and squirrel monkey

Immediate early gene expression in the cerebellar vermis of cats and squirrel monkeys was stimulated by prolonged whole body rotations. Continuous, earth-horizontal axis rotations that excited only otoliths or high velocity vertical axis rotations that excited only semicircular canals resulted in c-fos immunoreactive nuclei concentrated in the granular layer of lobules X and ventral IX (the nodulus and ventral uvula), which represent the medial parts of the vestibulo-cerebellum. Large clusters of labeled nuclei consisting mainly of granule cells and calretinin-positive unipolar brush cells were present in the granular layer, whereas Purkinje cell nuclei were unlabeled, and labeled basket and stellate cell nuclei were scattered in the molecular layer. In other vermal lobules there was a significant but less dense label than in the nodulus and ventral uvula. Generally, the extent of c-fos labeling of molecular layer interneurons was in relation to nuclear labeling of granular layer neurons: labeling of both basket and stellate cells accompanied nuclear labeling of neurons throughout the depth of the granular layer, whereas only stellate cells were labeled when nuclear labeling was restricted to the superficial granular layer. Yaw horizontal or roll vertical rotations each stimulated c-fos expression in the cat medial vestibulo-cerebellum to approximately the same extent. Low-velocity rotations resulted in much less c-fos expression. Similar, albeit less intense, patterns of c-fos activation were observed in monkeys. Concentrated c-fos expression in the medial vestibulo-cerebellum after exposure to a strong head velocity signal that could originate from either otolith or canal excitation suggests that granule and unipolar brush cells participate in a neuronal network for estimating head velocity, irrespective of the signal source.

VOR and Fos response during acute vestibular compensation in the Mongolian gerbil in darkness and in light

We measured binocular horizontal eye movements in the gerbil following unilateral labyrinthectomy during the acute phase (1-24 h) of vestibular compensation. Regardless of whether the animals compensated in the light or the dark, VOR gain progressively reduced following the lesion, and normal oculomotor symmetry was disrupted. Initially, the VOR was comparable at 1 h post-lesion for both visual conditions. However, by 3 h post-lesion the VOR response for head turns away from the lesion continued to drop in animals compensating in the dark. By 24 h, both groups displayed reduced VOR gains, but animals compensating in the light had improved frequency response characteristics. Optokinetic responses became unstable but were generally elevated compared to pre-lesion levels. Animals with vision had reduced optokinetic gains by 24 h, while the OKR response for animals in the dark remained elevated. Brainstem Fos labeling generally increased from 1 to 3 h, then decreased by 24 h. However, at 1 h, Fos labeling in the inferior olivary dorsal cap and prepositus contralateral to the lesion was significantly increased in animals compensating in the light. In both visual conditions, flocculus and paraflocculus Purkinje cell labeling was also observed, and some of the Fos-labeled cells in the medial vestibular nucleus were commissural. Fos in the dorsal cap and prepositus could be attributed to the presence of visual input. While the visually related prepositus Fos labeling preceded improved VOR performance, the dorsal cap appeared to be involved in resolving visual and motor deficits from spontaneous nystagmus.