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Povedano M, Paipa A, Barceló M, Woodward MK, Ortega S, Domínguez R, Aragonés ME, Horrillo R, Costa M, Páez A. Plasma exchange with albumin replacement and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:3211-3221. [PMID: 34791571 PMCID: PMC9018657 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Plasma exchange (PE) is used to treat a range of neurological disorders. Based on results demonstrated in Alzheimer’s disease, we theorized that PE with albumin replacement (PE-A) might alter the metabolic profile of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by removing disease-inducing molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PE-A on disease progression in ALS. Methods In this open-label, non-controlled, single-arm, prospective pilot study, 13 adults with ALS had 6 months’ treatment with PE-A 5% and 6 months’ follow-up. Primary endpoints were changes from baseline in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score and forced vital capacity (FVC) through 48 weeks. A post hoc analysis compared individual patient data with the expected ALSFRS-R progression slope. Results The median ALSFRS-R score declined throughout the study, although the rate of decline was slower than expected in seven patients at treatment end and in five patients at study end. Six patients remained in the same baseline slope progression category, and four patients improved their slope category at treatment end. Median FVC decreased significantly during the study. Treatment was well tolerated. Of 330 PE-A procedures, 0.9% were associated with potentially related adverse events. Conclusion Although functional impairment progressed, about two-thirds of patients showed a slower than expected rate of decline at treatment end. Most patients had unaltered (54.5%) or reduced (36.4%) ALSFRS-R slope progression at treatment end. Further evaluation of PE-A in controlled studies involving more patients is warranted. EudraCT number 2013-004842-40. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02479802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Povedano
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Paipa
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Barceló
- Grifols Bioscience Research Group, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Ortega
- Department of Apheresis, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Horrillo
- Grifols Bioscience Research Group, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Páez
- Grifols Bioscience Research Group, Grifols, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Kazama M, Kato Y, Kakita A, Noguchi N, Urano Y, Masui K, Niida-Kawaguchi M, Yamamoto T, Watabe K, Kitagawa K, Shibata N. Astrocytes release glutamate via cystine/glutamate antiporter upregulated in response to increased oxidative stress related to sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathology 2020; 40:587-598. [PMID: 33305472 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A vast body of evidence implicates increased oxidative stress and extracellular glutamate accumulation in the pathomechanism of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) carries extracellular cystine uptake and intracellular glutamate release (cystine/glutamate exchange) in the presence of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the involvement of xCT in ALS. Immunohistochemical observations in the spinal cord sections demonstrated that xCT was mainly expressed in astrocytes, with staining more intense in 12 sporadic ALS patients as compared to 12 age-matched control individuals. Western blot and densitometric analyses of the spinal cord samples revealed that the relative value of xCT/β-actin optical density ratio was significantly higher in the ALS group as compared to the control group. Next, we conducted cell culture experiments using a human astrocytoma-derived cell line (1321N1) and a mouse motor neuron/neuroblastoma hybrid cell line (NSC34). In 1321N1 cells, the normalized xCT expression levels in cell lysates were significantly increased by H2 O2 treatment. Glutamate concentrations in 1321 N1 cell culture-conditioned media were significantly elevated by H2 O2 treatment, and the H2 O2 -driven elevations were completely canceled by the xCT inhibitor erastin pretreatment. In motor neuron-differentiated NSC34 cells (NSC34d cells), both the normalized xCT expression levels in the cell lysates and glutamate concentrations in the cell-conditioned media were constant with or without H2 O2 treatment. The present results provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that astrocytes upregulate xCT expression to release glutamate in response to increased oxidative stress associated with ALS, contributing to extracellular glutamate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Kazama
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kenta Masui
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Niida-Kawaguchi
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Abstract
Motor neuron disorders are highly debilitating and mostly fatal conditions for which only limited therapeutic options are available. To overcome this limitation and develop more effective therapeutic strategies, it is critical to discover the pathogenic mechanisms that trigger and sustain motor neuron degeneration with the greatest accuracy and detail. In the case of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), several genes have been associated with familial forms of the disease, whilst the vast majority of cases develop sporadically and no defined cause can be held responsible. On the contrary, the huge majority of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) occurrences are caused by loss-of-function mutations in a single gene, SMN1. Although the typical hallmark of both diseases is the loss of motor neurons, there is increasing awareness that pathological lesions are also present in the neighbouring glia, whose dysfunction clearly contributes to generating a toxic environment in the central nervous system. Here, ALS and SMA are sequentially presented, each disease section having a brief introduction, followed by a focussed discussion on the role of the astrocytes in the disease pathogenesis. Such a dissertation is substantiated by the findings that built awareness on the glial involvement and how the glial-neuronal interplay is perturbed, along with the appraisal of this new cellular site for possible therapeutic intervention.
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4
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Sesame Lignans Suppress Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071582. [PMID: 31336975 PMCID: PMC6682928 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesame lignans, which are biologically active compounds present in sesame seeds and oil, are known to have neuroprotective effects in several models of brain dysfunction. However, the effects of sesame lignans on age-related brain dysfunction are not clear and were thus investigated in the present study using a senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP10). Two-month-old male SAMP10 mice were administrated a basal diet with 0% or 0.05% sesame lignans for two months, or with 0%, 0.02%, or 0.05% sesame lignans for 10 months and subjected to step-through passive avoidance tasks and forced swim tests. Reactive carbonyl species (RCs) were evaluated as markers of oxidative stress using a recently developed comprehensive analytical method. Both learning time in passive avoidance tasks and immobile time in forced swim tests became longer with aging (p < 0.05). However, the administration of sesame lignans significantly ameliorated age-related effects in both tests (p < 0.05). Age-related increases in RCs such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the cerebral cortex and liver were reduced in mice fed sesame lignans. These results suggest that sesame lignans can prevent age-related brain dysfunction via anti-oxidative activity.
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Yang B, Fritsche KL, Beversdorf DQ, Gu Z, Lee JC, Folk WR, Greenlief CM, Sun GY. Yin-Yang Mechanisms Regulating Lipid Peroxidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31275232 PMCID: PMC6591372 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids in the central nervous system (CNS) are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Besides providing physical properties to cell membranes, these PUFAs are metabolically active and undergo turnover through the “deacylation-reacylation (Land's) cycle”. Recent studies suggest a Yin-Yang mechanism for metabolism of ARA and DHA, largely due to different phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) mediating their release. ARA and DHA are substrates of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases resulting in an array of lipid mediators, which are pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving. The PUFAs are susceptible to peroxidation by oxygen free radicals, resulting in the production of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) from ARA and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) from DHA. These alkenal electrophiles are reactive and capable of forming adducts with proteins, phospholipids and nucleic acids. The perceived cytotoxic and hormetic effects of these hydroxyl-alkenals have impacted cell signaling pathways, glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functions in chronic and inflammatory diseases. Due to the high levels of DHA and ARA in brain phospholipids, this review is aimed at providing information on the Yin-Yang mechanisms for regulating these PUFAs and their lipid peroxidation products in the CNS, and implications of their roles in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Psychological Sciences, and the Thompson Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - William R Folk
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - C Michael Greenlief
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Catani MV, Gasperi V, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Essential Dietary Bioactive Lipids in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:37-60. [PMID: 28637354 PMCID: PMC5984567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under physiological conditions, neurons and glia are in a healthy, redox-balanced environment; when injury perturbs this equilibrium, a neuroinflammatory state is established by activated microglia that triggers pro-inflammatory responses and alters the oxidant/antioxidant balance, thus leading to neuronal loss and neurodegeneration. In neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis), the brain is in a constitutively self-sustaining cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress that prompts and amplifies brain damage. Recent Advances: Recently, an increasing amount of scientific data highlight the ability of specific nutrients to cross the blood-brain barrier, and to modulate inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Therefore, nutritional approaches may contribute to restore the lost equilibrium among factors accounting for neurodegeneration. CRITICAL ISSUES Herein, we critically examine how essential lipids (including fatty acids, liposoluble vitamins and phytosterols) might contribute to accelerate or prevent the onset and progression of such pathologies. In particular, we highlight that experimental and clinical findings, although promising, are still inadequate to draw definitive conclusions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS More research is warranted in order to establish the real impact of lipid intake on brain health, especially when redox balance and inflammatory responses have been already compromised. In the future, it would be hoped to gain a detailed knowledge of chemical modifications and dynamic properties of such nutrients, before planning to exploit them as potential therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 37-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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7
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Soulage CO, Sardón Puig L, Soulère L, Zarrouki B, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Pillon NJ. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is induced by 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a by-product of n-3 fatty acid peroxidation. Diabetologia 2018; 61:688-699. [PMID: 29299636 PMCID: PMC6448972 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and its progression towards type 2 diabetes. The peroxidation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids produces 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE), a lipid aldehyde with potent electrophilic properties able to interfere with many pathophysiological processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of 4-HHE in the development of insulin resistance. METHODS 4-HHE concentration was measured in plasma from humans and rats by GC-MS. Insulin resistance was estimated in healthy rats after administration of 4-HHE using hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps. In muscle cells, glucose uptake was measured using 2-deoxy-D-glucose and signalling pathways were investigated by western blotting. Intracellular glutathione was measured using a fluorimetric assay kit and boosted using 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T). RESULTS Circulating levels of 4-HHE in type 2 diabetic humans and a rat model of diabetes (obese Zucker diabetic fatty rats), were twice those in their non-diabetic counterparts (33 vs 14 nmol/l, p < 0.001), and positively correlated with blood glucose levels. During hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps in rats, acute intravenous injection of 4-HHE significantly altered whole-body insulin sensitivity and decreased glucose infusion rate (24.2 vs 9.9 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.001). In vitro, 4-HHE impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and signalling (protein kinase B/Akt and IRS1) in L6 muscle cells. Insulin-induced glucose uptake was reduced from 186 to 141.9 pmol mg-1 min-1 (p < 0.05). 4-HHE induced carbonylation of cell proteins and reduced glutathione concentration from 6.3 to 4.5 nmol/mg protein. Increasing intracellular glutathione pools using D3T prevented 4-HHE-induced carbonyl stress and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION 4-HHE is produced in type 2 diabetic humans and Zucker diabetic fatty rats and blunts insulin action in skeletal muscle. 4-HHE therefore plays a causal role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and might constitute a potential therapeutic target to taper oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe O Soulage
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Sardón Puig
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CPE Lyon, Université de Lyon 1, UMR 5246, CNRS, ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bader Zarrouki
- Bioscience Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4a, IV, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zárate R, el Jaber-Vazdekis N, Tejera N, Pérez JA, Rodríguez C. Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:25. [PMID: 28752333 PMCID: PMC5532176 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the development of new technologies applied to lipidomics has revitalized the analysis of lipid profile alterations and the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism, together with their involvement in the occurrence of human disease. Of particular interest is the study of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), notably EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3), and ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), and their transformation into bioactive lipid mediators. In this sense, new families of PUFA-derived lipid mediators, including resolvins derived from EPA and DHA, and protectins and maresins derived from DHA, are being increasingly investigated because of their active role in the "return to homeostasis" process and resolution of inflammation. Recent findings reviewed in the present study highlight that the omega-6 fatty acid ARA appears increased, and omega-3 EPA and DHA decreased in most cancer tissues compared to normal ones, and that increments in omega-3 LC-PUFAs consumption and an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 2-4:1, are associated with a reduced risk of breast, prostate, colon and renal cancers. Along with their lipid-lowering properties, omega-3 LC-PUFAs also exert cardioprotective functions, such as reducing platelet aggregation and inflammation, and controlling the presence of DHA in our body, especially in our liver and brain, which is crucial for optimal brain functionality. Considering that DHA is the principal omega-3 FA in cortical gray matter, the importance of DHA intake and its derived lipid mediators have been recently reported in patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The present study reviews the relationships between major diseases occurring today in the Western world and LC-PUFAs. More specifically this review focuses on the dietary omega-3 LC-PUFAs and the omega-6/omega-3 balance, in a wide range of inflammation disorders, including autoimmune diseases. This review suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation of omega-3 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zárate
- Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute (ICIC), Ave. La Trinidad 61, Torre A. Arévalo, 7th floor, 38204 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Nabil el Jaber-Vazdekis
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - José A. Pérez
- Department of Animal Biology, Soil Science and Geology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Biology, Soil Science and Geology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Phospholipase A₂-Generated Lipid Mediators in the Brain: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Neuroscientist 2016; 12:245-60. [PMID: 16684969 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405285923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. These metabolites have a variety of physiological effects by themselves and also are substrates for the synthesis of more potent lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). At low concentrations, these mediators act as second messengers. They affect and modulate several cell functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, and cell proliferation, but at high concentrations, these lipid mediators cause neurotoxicity. Among the metabolites generated by PLA2, 4-HNE is the most cytotoxic metabolite and is associated with the apoptotic type of neural cell death. Levels of 4-HNE are markedly increased in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, ischemia, spinal cord trauma, and head injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate the vast literature on metabolites generated by PLA2 for a wider audience. The authors hope that this discussion will jump-start more studies not only on the involvement of PLA2 in neurological disorders but also on the importance of PLA2-generated lipid mediators in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Noge K, Becerra JX. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-hexenal produced by Heteroptera induces permanent locomotive impairment in crickets that correlates with free thiol depletion. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:319-24. [PMID: 25941628 PMCID: PMC4412884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteropterans produce 4-keto-2-aldehydes that function as anti-predatory defenses. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-hexenal (OHE) induces permanent locomotive impairments in crickets. Covalent binding of OHE to biologically active thiols is a potential cause affecting insect locomotion.
Heteropterans produce 2-alkenals and 4-keto-2-alkenals that function as defense substances or pheromones. However, in spite of advances in heteropteran chemistry, it is still unclear how these compounds affect insect physiology. We found that exposure to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal (OHE) induced permanent paralysis and death in crickets, an experimental model. The depletion of free thiols in leg tissues of OHE-treated crickets and the in vitro adduct formation of OHE with a thiol compound suggest that covalent binding of OHE to biologically active thiols is a potential cause affecting crickets’ locomotion.
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Key Words
- 1-BuSH, 1-butanethiol
- 2-Alkenals
- 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal
- Anti-predatory defense
- DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid)
- GC/MS, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- GC–MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- HHE, 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-hexenal
- HNE, 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal
- Insect locomotion
- Lipid-peroxidation product
- OHE, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal
- ONE, 4-oxo-(E)-2-nonenal
- Paralysis
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Noge
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Judith X Becerra
- Department of Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Cacabelos D, Ayala V, Ramírez-Nunez O, Granado-Serrano AB, Boada J, Serrano JCE, Cabré R, Nadal-Rey G, Bellmunt MJ, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Dietary Lipid Unsaturation Influences Survival and Oxidative Modifications of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Model in a Gender-Specific Manner. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:669-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Yip PK, Pizzasegola C, Gladman S, Biggio ML, Marino M, Jayasinghe M, Ullah F, Dyall SC, Malaspina A, Bendotti C, Michael-Titus A. The omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid accelerates disease progression in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61626. [PMID: 23620776 PMCID: PMC3631166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by loss of motor neurons that currently has no cure. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have many health benefits including neuroprotective and myoprotective potential. We tested the hypothesis that a high level of dietary EPA could exert beneficial effects in ALS. The dietary exposure to EPA (300 mg/kg/day) in a well-established mouse model of ALS expressing the G93A superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutation was initiated at a pre-symptomatic or symptomatic stage, and the disease progression was monitored until the end stage. Daily dietary EPA exposure initiated at the disease onset did not significantly alter disease presentation and progression. In contrast, EPA treatment initiated at the pre-symptomatic stage induced a significantly shorter lifespan. In a separate group of animals sacrificed before the end stage, the tissue analysis showed that the vacuolisation detected in G93A-SOD1 mice was significantly increased by exposure to EPA. Although EPA did not alter motor neurone loss, EPA reversed the significant increase in activated microglia and the astrocytic activation seen in G93A-SOD1 mice. The microglia in the spinal cord of G93A-SOD1 mice treated with EPA showed a significant increase in 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a highly toxic aldehydic oxidation product of omega-3 fatty acids. These data show that dietary EPA supplementation in ALS has the potential to worsen the condition and accelerate the disease progression. This suggests that great caution should be exerted when considering dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplements in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping K. Yip
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Pizzasegola
- Department Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Stacy Gladman
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Luigia Biggio
- Department Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Marino
- Department Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maduka Jayasinghe
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farhan Ullah
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Dyall
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- North-East London and Essex MND Care Centre, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Department Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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13
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Benedusi V, Martorana F, Brambilla L, Maggi A, Rossi D. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) controls natural protective mechanisms against lipid peroxidation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35899-911. [PMID: 22910911 PMCID: PMC3476258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.366419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as critical neuroprotective factors in several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To gain new mechanistic insights into the role of these receptors in the context of ALS, here we investigated how PPAR transcriptional activity varies in hSOD1G93A ALS transgenic mice. We demonstrate that PPARγ-driven transcription selectively increases in the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. This phenomenon correlates with the up-regulation of target genes, such as lipoprotein lipase and glutathione S-transferase α-2, which are implicated in scavenging lipid peroxidation by-products. Such events are associated with enhanced PPARγ immunoreactivity within motor neuronal nuclei. This observation, and the fact that PPARγ displays increased responsiveness in cultured hSOD1G93A motor neurons, points to a role for this receptor in neutralizing deleterious lipoperoxidation derivatives within the motor cells. Consistently, in both motor neuron-like cultures and animal models, we report that PPARγ is activated by lipid peroxidation end products, such as 4-hydroxynonenal, whose levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord from ALS patients. We propose that the accumulation of critical concentrations of lipid peroxidation adducts during ALS progression leads to the activation of PPARγ in motor neurons. This in turn triggers self-protective mechanisms that involve the up-regulation of lipid detoxification enzymes, such as lipoprotein lipase and glutathione S-transferase α-2. Our findings indicate that anticipating natural protective reactions by pharmacologically modulating PPARγ transcriptional activity may attenuate neurodegeneration by limiting the damage induced by lipid peroxidation derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Benedusi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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Awada M, Soulage CO, Meynier A, Debard C, Plaisancié P, Benoit B, Picard G, Loizon E, Chauvin MA, Estienne M, Peretti N, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Genot C, Michalski MC. Dietary oxidized n-3 PUFA induce oxidative stress and inflammation: role of intestinal absorption of 4-HHE and reactivity in intestinal cells. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2069-2080. [PMID: 22865918 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m026179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA is now widely advised for public health and in medical practice. However, PUFA are highly prone to oxidation, producing potentially deleterious 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals. Even so, the impact of consuming oxidized n-3 PUFA on metabolic oxidative stress and inflammation is poorly described. We therefore studied such effects and hypothesized the involvement of the intestinal absorption of 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE), an oxidized n-3 PUFA end-product. In vivo, four groups of mice were fed for 8 weeks high-fat diets containing moderately oxidized or unoxidized n-3 PUFA. Other mice were orally administered 4-HHE and euthanized postprandially versus baseline mice. In vitro, human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells were incubated with 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals. Oxidized diets increased 4-HHE plasma levels in mice (up to 5-fold, P < 0.01) compared with unoxidized diets. Oxidized diets enhanced plasma inflammatory markers and activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) in the small intestine along with decreasing Paneth cell number (up to -19% in the duodenum). Both in vivo and in vitro, intestinal absorption of 4-HHE was associated with formation of 4-HHE-protein adducts and increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Consumption of oxidized n-3 PUFA results in 4-HHE accumulation in blood after its intestinal absorption and triggers oxidative stress and inflammation in the upper intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Awada
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; INRA, U1235 CarMeN laboratory, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Anne Meynier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Cyrille Debard
- INSERM, U1060, CarMeN laboratory, F-69921 Oullins, France; and
| | | | - Bérengère Benoit
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Grégory Picard
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | - Noël Peretti
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Claude Genot
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; INRA, U1235 CarMeN laboratory, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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15
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Han B, Hare M, Wickramasekara S, Fang Y, Maier CS. A comparative 'bottom up' proteomics strategy for the site-specific identification and quantification of protein modifications by electrophilic lipids. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5724-33. [PMID: 22842153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a mass spectrometry-based comparative "bottom up" proteomics approach that combines d(0)/d(4)-succinic anhydride labeling with commercially available hydrazine (Hz)-functionalized beads (Affi-gel Hz beads) for detection, identification and relative quantification of site-specific oxylipid modifications in biological matrices. We evaluated and applied this robust and simple method for the quantitative analysis of oxylipid protein conjugates in cardiac mitochondrial proteome samples isolated from 3- and 24-month-old rat hearts. The use of d(0)/d(4)-succinic anhydride labeling, Hz-bead based affinity enrichment, nanoLC fractionation and MALDI-ToF/ToF tandem mass spectrometry yielded relative quantification of oxylipid conjugates with residue-specific modification information. Conjugation of acrolein (ACR), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-noneal (ONE) to cysteine, histidine and lysine residues were identified. HHE conjugates were the predominant subset of Michael-type adducts detected in this study. The HHE conjugates showed higher levels in mitochondrial preparations from young heart congruent with previous findings by others that the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio is higher in young heart mitochondrial membranes. Although this study focuses on protein adducts of reactive oxylipids, the method might be equally applicable to protein carbonyl modifications caused by metal catalyzed oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Han
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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16
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Pillon NJ, Vella RE, Soulère L, Becchi M, Lagarde M, Soulage CO. Structural and Functional Changes in Human Insulin Induced by the Lipid Peroxidation Byproducts 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:752-62. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Pillon
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Roxane E. Vella
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, INSA-LYON, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Becchi
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- CNRS UMS 3444, CCMP, F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Christophe O. Soulage
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
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17
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Negre-Salvayre A, Auge N, Ayala V, Basaga H, Boada J, Brenke R, Chapple S, Cohen G, Feher J, Grune T, Lengyel G, Mann GE, Pamplona R, Poli G, Portero-Otin M, Riahi Y, Salvayre R, Sasson S, Serrano J, Shamni O, Siems W, Siow RCM, Wiswedel I, Zarkovic K, Zarkovic N. Pathological aspects of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1125-71. [PMID: 20836660 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) product accumulation in human tissues is a major cause of tissular and cellular dysfunction that plays a major role in ageing and most age-related and oxidative stress-related diseases. The current evidence for the implication of LPO in pathological processes is discussed in this review. New data and literature review are provided evaluating the role of LPO in the pathophysiology of ageing and classically oxidative stress-linked diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and atherosclerosis (the main cause of cardiovascular complications). Striking evidences implicating LPO in foetal vascular dysfunction occurring in pre-eclampsia, in renal and liver diseases, as well as their role as cause and consequence to cancer development are addressed.
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18
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Long EK, Picklo MJ. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a product of n-3 fatty acid peroxidation: make some room HNE.. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1-8. [PMID: 20353821 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation yields multiple aldehyde species. Of these, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), derived from n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is one of the most studied products of lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, oxidative damage to n-3 PUFA, e.g. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid, is now recognized as an important effector of oxidative stress and is of particular interest in n-3 rich tissues such as brain and retina. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) is a major alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde product of n-3 PUFA oxidation and, like HNE, is an active biochemical mediator resulting from lipid peroxidation. HHE adducts are elevated in disease states, in some cases, at higher levels than the corresponding HNE adduct. HHE has properties in common with HNE, but there are important differences particularly with respect to adduction targets and detoxification pathways. In this review, the biochemistry and cell biology of HHE will be discussed. From this review, it is clear that further study is needed to determine the biochemical and physiological roles of HHE and its related aldehyde, trans-4-oxo-2-hexenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9037, USA
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19
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Nagashima R, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, Ogita K. Mechanism Underlying the Protective Effect of Tempol and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester on Acoustic Injury: Possible Involvement of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway and Connexin26 in the Cochlear Spiral Ligament. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:50-62. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10113fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Hisaka S, Kato Y, Kitamoto N, Yoshida A, Kubushiro Y, Naito M, Osawa T. Chemical and immunochemical identification of propanoyllysine derived from oxidized n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1463-71. [PMID: 19272447 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is known that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, are rapidly oxidized in vitro. Nvarepsilon-(propanoyl)lysine (propionyllysine, or PRL) is formed from the reaction of the oxidized products of n-3 PUFAs and lysine. To evaluate the oxidized n-3 PUFA-derived protein modifications in vivo, we have developed detection methods using a novel monoclonal antibody against PRL as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The antibody obtained specifically recognized PRL. A strong positive staining in atherosclerotic lesions of hypercholesterolemic rabbits was observed. We have also simultaneously identified and quantified both urinary PRL and urinary Nvarepsilon-(hexanoyl)lysine, using LC/MS/MS using isotope dilution methods. The level of urinary PRL (21.6+/-10.6 micromol/mol of creatinine) significantly correlated with the other oxidative stress markers, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, dityrosine, and isoprostanes. The increase in the excretion of amide adducts into the urine of diabetic patients was also confirmed compared to healthy subjects. These results suggest that PRL may be good marker for n-3 PUFA-derived oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Hisaka
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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21
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Long EK, Smoliakova I, Honzatko A, Picklo MJ. Structural characterization of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by GC/MS is dependent upon ionization method. Lipids 2008; 43:765-74. [PMID: 18592287 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes are toxic products of lipid peroxidation. Detection and characterization of these aldehydes is important in many human disease states as well as in the food industry. Our study shows that electron ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and positive-ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (PICI-MS), but not electron capture negative ionization-mass spectrometry (ECNI-MS), can be used to detect the C4-hydroxylation state of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl hydroxylamine alone. EI-MS and PICI-MS spectra of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals contained a fragment with m/z 252, whereas spectra of 2-alkenals contained a fragment with m/z 250. These fragments are consistent with fragmentation between C3 and C4 with transfer of two hydrogens from C4 and the C4 hydroxyl group in the case of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals. In addition, EI-MS and PICI-MS were able to distinguish 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals and 2-alkenals from 4-keto-2-alkenals and 4-hydroxyalkanals. On the other hand, ECNI-MS provided complex spectra regarding C4-hydroxylation state. Furthermore, the syn- and anti-configurations of PFB-oximes had different resultant spectra using ECNI-MS, but not with EI-MS or PICI-MS. These data indicate that EI-MS and PICI-MS are more amenable for structural analysis of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes than ECNI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9024, USA.
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22
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Long EK, Murphy TC, Leiphon LJ, Watt J, Morrow JD, Milne GL, Howard JRH, Picklo MJ. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is a neurotoxic product of docosahexaenoic (22:6; n-3) acid oxidation. J Neurochem 2008; 105:714-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Shibata N, Kawaguchi-Niida M, Yamamoto T, Toi S, Hirano A, Kobayashi M. Effects of the PPARgamma activator pioglitazone on p38 MAP kinase and IkappaBalpha in the spinal cord of a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathology 2008; 28:387-98. [PMID: 18312546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the involvement of programmed cell death and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To assess molecular pathological effects of the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonist pioglitazone in ALS, we verified changes in the population of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the ventral horns of spinal cord lumbar segments from the pioglitazone-treated and non-treated groups of mice carrying a transgene for G93A mutant human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) (ALS mice) and non-transgenic littermates (control mice), performed immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses of PPARgamma, active form of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38) and inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-alpha (IkappaBalpha) in the spinal cords, and compared the results between the different groups. Image analysis revealed that optical density of NeuN-immunoreactive neurons was significantly lower in the non-treated groups of presymptomatic and advanced ALS mice than in the non-treated groups of age-matched control mice and was recovered with pioglitazone treatment, and that optical densities of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes and Iba1-immunoreactive microglia were significantly higher in the non-treated group of advanced ALS mice than in the non-treated group of control mice and were recovered with pioglitazone treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that immunoreactivities for PPARgamma and p-p38 were mainly localized in neurons, and that IkappaBalpha immunoreactivity was mainly localized in astrocytes and microglia. Immunoblot analysis showed that pioglitazone treatment resulted in no significant change in nuclear PPARgamma-immunoreactive density, a significant decrease in cytosolic p-p38-immunoreactive density, and a significant increase in cytosolic IkappaBalpha-immunoreactive density. Our results suggest that pioglitazone protects motor neurons against p38-mediated neuronal death and NF-kappaB-mediated glial inflammation via a PPARgamma-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Woman's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Shibata N, Kawaguchi M, Uchida K, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Nakano R, Fujimura H, Sakoda S, Ihara Y, Nobukuni K, Takehisa Y, Kuroda S, Kokubo Y, Kuzuhara S, Honma T, Mochizuki Y, Mizutani T, Yamada S, Toi S, Sasaki S, Iwata M, Hirano A, Yamamoto T, Kato Y, Sawada T, Kobayashi M. Protein-bound crotonaldehyde accumulates in the spinal cord of superoxide dismutase-1 mutation-associated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its transgenic mouse model. Neuropathology 2007; 27:49-61. [PMID: 17319283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence documents oxidative stress involvement in ALS. We previously demonstrated accumulation of a protein-bound form of the highly toxic lipid peroxidation product crotonaldehyde (CRA) in the spinal cord of sporadic ALS patients. In the present study, to the determine the role for CRA in the disease processes of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) mutation-associated familial ALS (FALS), we performed immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative cell count analyses of protein-bound CRA (P-CRA) in the spinal cord of SOD1-mutated FALS and its transgenic mouse model. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased P-CRA immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the FALS patients and the transgenic mice compared to their respective controls. In the FALS patients, P-CRA immunoreactivity was localized in almost all of the chromatolytic motor neurons, neurofilamentous conglomerates, spheroids, cordlike swollen axons, reactive astrocytes and microglia, and the surrounding neuropil in the affected areas represented by the anterior horns. In the transgenic mice, P-CRA immunoreactivity was localized in only a few ventral horn glia in the presymptomatic stage, in almost all of the vacuolated motor neurons and cordlike swollen axons and some of the ventral horn reactive astrocytes and microglia in the onset stage, and in many of the ventral horn reactive astrocytes and microglia in the advanced stage. Cell count analysis on mouse spinal cord sections disclosed a statistically significant increase in the density of P-CRA-immunoreactive glia in the ventral horns of the young to old G93A mice compared to the age-matched control mice. The present results indicate that enhanced CRA formation occurs in motor neurons and reactive glia in the spinal cord of SOD1-mutated FALS and its transgenic mouse model as well as sporadic ALS, sug- gesting implications for CRA in the pathomechanism common to these forms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Neurological Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Han B, Stevens JF, Maier CS. Design, synthesis, and application of a hydrazide-functionalized isotope-coded affinity tag for the quantification of oxylipid-protein conjugates. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3342-54. [PMID: 17385840 DOI: 10.1021/ac062262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An isotopically coded affinity probe was developed and evaluated for the characterization and quantification of proteins adducted by 2-alkenals derived from lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes. Lipid-derived 2-alkenals, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), have the ability to react with cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues in proteins, thus causing protein damage and loss of protein function. Such modifications of proteins are difficult to characterize in biological samples by mass spectrometry due to the complexity of protein extracts and the low abundance of adducted proteins. The novel aldehyde-reactive, hydrazide-functionalized, isotope-coded affinity tag (HICAT) described in this study was found effective for the selective isolation, detection, and quantification of Michael-type adducts of 2-alkenals with proteins using a combination of affinity isolation, nanoLC, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS). The chemical and mass spectrometric properties of the new probe are demonstrated on a model protein treated with HNE. The efficacy of HICAT for the analysis of complex samples was tested using preparations of mitochondrial proteins that were modified in vitro with HNE. The potential of the HICAT strategy for the identification, characterization, and quantification of in vivo oxylipid-protein conjugates is demonstrated on cardiac mitochondrial protein preparations, in which, for example, the ADP/ATP translocase 1 was found adducted to the 2-alkenals, acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, at Cys-256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Han
- Department of Chemistry, and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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26
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Tsuchiya Y, Yamaguchi M, Chikuma T, Hojo H. Degradation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase triggered by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 438:217-22. [PMID: 15907785 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) may be responsible for various pathophysiological events under oxidative stress, since they injure cellular components such as proteins and DNA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is a key enzyme of glycolysis and has been reported to be a multifunctional enzyme, is one of the enzymes inhibited by HNE. Previous studies showed that GAPDH is degraded when incubated with acetylleucine chloromethyl ketone (ALCK), resulting in the liberation of a 23-kDa fragment. In this study, we examined whether GAPDH incubated with HNE or other aldehydes of lipid peroxidation products are degraded similarly to that with ALCK. The U937 cell extract was incubated with these aldehydes at 37 degrees C and analyzed by Western blotting using anti-GAPDH antibodies. Incubation with HNE or 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) decreased GAPDH activity and GAPDH protein level, and increased the 23-kDa fragment, in time- and dose-dependent manners, but that with other aldehydes did not. Gel filtration using the Superose 6 showed that the GAPDH-degrading activity was eluted in higher molecular fractions than proteasome activity. The enzyme activity was detected at the basic range of pH and inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, but not by other protease inhibitors including a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, and a tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP II) inhibitor, AAF-CMK. These results suggest that GAPDH modified by HNE and HHE is degraded by a giant serine protease, releasing the 23-kDa fragment, not by proteasome or TPP II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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