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Granado N, Ares-Santos S, Tizabi Y, Moratalla R. Striatal Reinnervation Process after Acute Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Degeneration in Mice. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:627-639. [PMID: 29934756 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an amphetamine derivate, may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Human and animal studies have shown that METH produces persistent dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal pathway, despite initial partial recovery. To determine the processes leading to early compensation, we studied the detailed morphology and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers (TH-ir) classified by their thickness (types I-IV) before and after METH. Applying three established neurotoxic regimens of METH: single high dose (1 × 30 mg/kg), multiple lower doses (3 × 5 mg/kg) or (3 × 10 mg/kg), we show that METH primarily damages type I fibers (the thinner ones), and to a much lesser extend types II-IV fibers including sterile axons. The striatal TH terminal partial recovery process, consisting of a progressive regrowth increases in types II, III, and IV fibers, demonstrated by co-localization of GAP-43, a sprouting marker, was observed 3 days post-METH treatment. In addition, we demonstrate the presence of growth-cone-like TH-ir structures, indicative of new terminal generation as well as improvement in motor functions after 3 days. A temporal relationship was observed between decreases in TH-expression and increases in silver staining, a marker of degeneration. Striatal regeneration was associated with an increase in astroglia and decrease in microglia expression, suggesting a possible role for the neuroimmune system in regenerative processes. Identification of regenerative compensatory mechanisms in response to neurotoxic agents could point to novel mechanisms in countering the neurotoxicity and/or enhancing the regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ares-Santos
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Boix J, von Hieber D, Connor B. Gait Analysis for Early Detection of Motor Symptoms in the 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:39. [PMID: 29559901 PMCID: PMC5845681 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-supported gait analysis has proven to be effective for the comprehensive assessment of gait changes in rodent models of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, full characterization of individual gait parameters is required for specific neurological or neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Gait disturbances in particular present as the most constraining set of symptoms in PD, finally depriving patients from most activities of normal daily living. In this study, we have characterized the gait pattern abnormalities observed in two rat models of PD: the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) 6-OHDA lesion model and the striatal 6-OHDA lesion model. Our data indicates significant changes in 21 different gait parameters in the MFB lesion cohort. We observed a steady decline in the overall walking speed and cadence, as well as significant alterations in the gait parameters stride length, initial dual stance, paw print position, step cycle, swing phase of the step cycle, stand index, phase dispersion, print length, and print area in at least one of the paws. These alterations correlated with the extent of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neuronal loss observed in this group. These alterations were detected as early as 1 week post lesion. In contrast, limited gait dysfunction was detected in the striatal lesion cohort related to the low level of TH neuronal loss detected in this group. In this study we have demonstrated that gait analysis is a reliable method for the detection of motor deficiencies in a MFB 6-OHDA lesion model of PD and may prove a clinically relevant, low impact method of testing functional impairment as early as 1 week post lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Restoration of intestinal function in an MPTP model of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30269. [PMID: 27471168 PMCID: PMC4965866 DOI: 10.1038/srep30269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease often experience non-motor symptoms including constipation, which manifest prior to the onset of debilitating motor signs. Understanding the causes of these non-motor deficits and developing disease modifying therapeutic strategies has the potential to prevent disease progression. Specific neuronal subpopulations were reduced within the myenteric plexus of mice 21 days after intoxication by the intraperitoneal administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and was associated with a reduction in stool frequency, indicative of intestinal dysfunction. Oral administration of the divalent copper complex, CuII(atsm), which has been shown to be neuroprotective and restore motor performance to MPTP lesioned mice, improved stool frequency and was correlated with restoration of neuronal subpopulations in the myenteric plexus of MPTP lesioned mice. Restoration of intestinal function was associated with reduced enteric glial cell reactivity and reduction of markers of inflammation. Therapeutics that have been shown to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system, such as CuII(atsm), therefore also provide symptom relief and are disease modifying in the intestinal tract, suggesting that there is a common cause of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis in the enteric nervous system and central nervous system.
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Quantitative Evaluation of Changes in the Striatal Astrocyte Axons in Simulated Parkinsonism. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:505-9. [PMID: 26899846 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three parkinsonism models using neurotoxin 6-OHDA and pesticides rotenone and paraquat were reproduced in Wistar rats and parameters of astrocyte processes in the striatum (axon number and length, area occupied by them, and axon branching pattern) detected by immunohistochemical reaction for acid glial fibrillary protein were studied by computer morphometry. By these parameters, three morphological types of astrocytes were distinguished. Two variants of changes were found in the used parkinsonism models: 1) more intense branching and even elongation of all axons and 2) reduction of small and elongation of the main remaining stems, which manifested in polarization of glial cell. Type 1 reaction was obviously associated with compensatory increase in astrocyte interaction with neurons, while type 2 reflected astrocyte response to injury and impaired glioneuronal interactions.
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Raspa A, Marchini A, Pugliese R, Mauri M, Maleki M, Vasita R, Gelain F. A biocompatibility study of new nanofibrous scaffolds for nervous system regeneration. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:253-65. [PMID: 26607419 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03698d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) is still a challenging goal to achieve. The pathophysiological features of chronic SCI are glial scar and cavity formation: an effective therapy will require contribution of different disciplines such as materials science, cell biology, drug delivery and nanotechnology. One of the biggest challenges in SCI regeneration is to create an artificial scaffold that could mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and support nervous system regeneration. Electrospun constructs and hydrogels based on self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have been recently preferred. In this work SAPs and polymers were assembled by using a coaxial electrospinning setup. We tested the biocompatibility of two types of coaxially electrospun microchannels: the first one made by a core of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PCL-PLGA) and a shell of an emulsion of PCL-PLGA and a functionalized self-assembling peptide Ac-FAQ and the second one made by a core of Ac-FAQ and a shell of PCL-PLGA. Moreover, we tested an annealed scaffold by PCL-PLGA microchannel heat-treatment. The properties of coaxial scaffolds were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed via viability and differentiation assays with neural stem cells (NSCs); whereas in vivo inflammatory response was evaluated following scaffold implantation in rodent spinal cords. Emulsification of the outer shell turned out to be the best choice in terms of cell viability and tissue response: thus suggesting the potential of using functionalized SAPs in coaxial electrospinning for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raspa
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy. and IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG 71013, Italy
| | - A Marchini
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - R Pugliese
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy. and IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG 71013, Italy
| | - M Mauri
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - M Maleki
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy. and IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG 71013, Italy
| | - R Vasita
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar-382030, Gujarat, India
| | - F Gelain
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy. and IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG 71013, Italy
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Zhou J, Qu XD, Li ZY, Wei-Ji, Liu Q, Ma YH, He JJ. Salvianolic acid B attenuates toxin-induced neuronal damage via Nrf2-dependent glial cells-mediated protective activity in Parkinson's disease models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101668. [PMID: 24991814 PMCID: PMC4081637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B (SalB), a bioactive compound isolated from the plant-derived medicinal herb Danshen, has been shown to exert various anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in several neurological disorders. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential protective effects and associated molecular mechanisms of SalB in Parkinson’s disease (PD) models. To determine the neuroprotective effects of SalB in vitro, MPP+- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuronal injury was achieved using primary cultures with different compositions of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. Our results showed that SalB reduced both LPS- and MPP+-induced toxicity of dopamine neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, SalB treatment inhibited the release of microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulted in an increase in the expression and release of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) from astrocytes. Western blot analysis illustrated that SalB increased the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). The knockdown of Nrf2 using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) partially reversed the SalB-induced GDNF expression and anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, SalB treatment significantly attenuated dopaminergic (DA) neuronal loss, inhibited neuroinflammation, increased GDNF expression and improved the neurological function in MPTP-treated mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that SalB protects DA neurons by an Nrf-2 -mediated dual action: reducing microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation and inducing astrocyte activation-dependent GDNF expression. Importantly the present study also highlights critical roles of glial cells as targets for developing new strategies to alter the progression of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei-Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Calatrava-Ferreras L, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Miranda C, Jiménez-Escrig A, Díaz-Gil JJ, Bazán E. Neuroprotective activity of peripherally administered liver growth factor in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67771. [PMID: 23861803 PMCID: PMC3701531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen purified some years ago that promotes proliferation of different cell types and the regeneration of damaged tissues, including brain tissue. Considering the possibility that LGF could be used as a therapeutic agent in Parkinson’s disease, we analyzed its potential neuroregenerative and/or neuroprotective activity when peripherally administered to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. For these studies, rats subjected to nigrostriatal lesions were treated intraperitoneally twice a week with LGF (5 microg/rat) for 3 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after the last LGF treatment. The results show that LGF stimulates sprouting of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals and increases tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression, as well as dopamine levels in the denervated striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In this structure, LGF activates microglia and raises tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein levels, which have been reported to have a role in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Besides, LGF stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and CREB, and regulates the expression of proteins which are critical for cell survival such as Bcl2 and Akt. Because LGF partially protects dopamine neurons from 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra, and reduces motor deficits in these animals, we propose LGF as a novel factor that may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Miranda
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Díaz-Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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L’Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Morale M, Cossetti C, D’Adamo P, Zardini E, Andreoni L, Ihekwaba A, Serra P, Franciotta D, Martino G, Pluchino S, Marchetti B. Reactive astrocytes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling link nigrostriatal injury to repair in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 41:508-27. [PMID: 21056667 PMCID: PMC3558878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to reactive glia as a pivotal factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury, but whether astrocytes and microglia activation may exacerbate dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron demise and/or contribute to DAergic repair is presently the subject of much debate. Here, we have correlated the loss and recovery of the nigrostriatal DAergic functionality upon acute MPTP exposure with extensive gene expression analysis at the level of the ventral midbrain (VM) and striata (Str) and found a major upregulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and wingless-type MMTV integration site1 (Wnt1), a key transcript involved in midbrain DAergic neurodevelopment. Wnt signaling components (including Frizzled-1 [Fzd-1] and β-catenin) were dynamically regulated during MPTP-induced DAergic degeneration and reactive glial activation. Activated astrocytes of the ventral midbrain were identified as candidate source of Wnt1 by in situ hybridization and real-time PCR in vitro. Blocking Wnt/Fzd signaling with Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) counteracted astrocyte-induced neuroprotection against MPP(+) toxicity in primary mesencephalic astrocyte-neuron cultures, in vitro. Moreover, astroglial-derived factors, including Wnt1, promoted neurogenesis and DAergic neurogenesis from adult midbrain stem/neuroprogenitor cells, in vitro. Conversely, lack of Wnt1 transcription in response to MPTP in middle-aged mice and failure of DAergic neurons to recover were reversed by pharmacological activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in vivo, thus suggesting MPTP-reactive astrocytes in situ and Wnt1 as candidate components of neuroprotective/neurorescue pathways in MPTP-induced nigrostriatal DAergic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L’Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - C. Tirolo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - N. Testa
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - S. Caniglia
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - M.C. Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - C. Cossetti
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - P. D’Adamo
- Molecular Genetics of Mental Retardation Unit, San Raffaele Institute, Via Olgettina, 58 I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - E. Zardini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Neurological Instititute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - L. Andreoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Neurological Instititute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A.E.C. Ihekwaba
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - P.A. Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Medical School, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - D. Franciotta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Medical School, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G. Martino
- San Raffaele Institute, Neuroimmunology Unit, DIBIT2 and Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Via Olgettina, 58 I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S. Pluchino
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - B. Marchetti
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Nisbet DR, Rodda AE, Horne MK, Forsythe JS, Finkelstein DI. Neurite infiltration and cellular response to electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds implanted into the brain. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4573-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gantois I, Fang K, Jiang L, Babovic D, Lawrence AJ, Ferreri V, Teper Y, Jupp B, Ziebell J, Morganti-Kossmann CM, O'Brien TJ, Nally R, Schütz G, Waddington J, Egan GF, Drago J. Ablation of D1 dopamine receptor-expressing cells generates mice with seizures, dystonia, hyperactivity, and impaired oral behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4182-7. [PMID: 17360497 PMCID: PMC1820729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611625104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is characterized by death of striatal projection neurons. We used a Cre/Lox transgenic approach to generate an animal model in which D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1a)+ cells are progressively ablated in the postnatal brain. Striatal Drd1a, substance P, and dynorphin expression is progressively lost, whereas D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) and enkephalin expression is up-regulated. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis demonstrated early elevation of the striatal choline/creatine ratio, a finding associated with extensive reactive striatal astrogliosis. Sequential MRI demonstrated a progressive reduction in striatal volume and secondary ventricular enlargement confirmed to be due to loss of striatal cells. Mutant mice had normal gait and rotarod performance but displayed hindlimb dystonia, locomotor hyperactivity, and handling-induced electrographically verified spontaneous seizures. Ethological assessment identified an increase in rearing and impairments in the oral behaviors of sifting and chewing. In line with the limbic seizure profile, cell loss, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and down-regulated dynorphin expression were seen in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. This study specifically implicates Drd1a+ cell loss with tail suspension hindlimb dystonia, hyperactivity, and abnormal oral function. The latter may relate to the speech and swallowing disturbances and the classic sign of tongue-protrusion motor impersistence observed in Huntington's disease. In addition, the findings of this study support the notion that Drd1a and Drd2 are segregated on striatal projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gantois
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Ke Fang
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Luning Jiang
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Daniela Babovic
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Ferreri
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Yaroslav Teper
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Jenna Ziebell
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia; and
| | | | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel Nally
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Günter Schütz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gary F. Egan
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - John Drago
- *Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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O'Dell SJ, Gross NB, Fricks AN, Casiano BD, Nguyen TB, Marshall JF. Running wheel exercise enhances recovery from nigrostriatal dopamine injury without inducing neuroprotection. Neuroscience 2006; 144:1141-51. [PMID: 17157992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forced use of the forelimb contralateral to a unilateral injection of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine can promote recovery of motor function in that limb and can significantly decrease damage to dopamine terminals. The present study was conducted to determine (1) whether a form of voluntary exercise, wheel running, would improve motor performance in rats with such lesions, and (2) whether any beneficial effects of wheel running are attributable to ameliorating the dopaminergic damage. In experiment 1, rats were allowed to run in exercise wheels or kept in home cages for 2 1/2 weeks, then given stereotaxic infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left striatum. The rats were replaced into their original environments (wheels or home cages) for four additional weeks, and asymmetries in forelimb use were quantified at 3, 10, 17, and 24 days postoperatively. After killing, dopaminergic damage was assessed by both quantifying 3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester ([(125)I]RTI-55) binding to striatal dopamine transporters and counting tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. Exercised 6-hydroxydopamine-infused rats showed improved motor outcomes relative to sedentary lesioned controls, effects that were most apparent at postoperative days 17 and 24. Despite this behavioral improvement, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced loss of striatal dopamine transporters and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nigral cells in exercised and sedentary groups did not differ. Since prior studies suggested that forced limb use improves motor performance by sparing nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine damage, experiment 2 used a combined regimen of forced plus voluntary wheel running. Again, we found that the motor performance of exercised rats improved more rapidly than that of sedentary controls, but that there were no differences between these groups in the damage produced by 6-hydroxydopamine. It appears that voluntary exercise can facilitate recovery from partial nigrostriatal injury, but it does so without evident sparing of dopamine nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Dell
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 1452 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Gresle MM, Jarrott B, Jones NM, Callaway JK. Injury to axons and oligodendrocytes following endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious rats. Brain Res 2006; 1110:13-22. [PMID: 16905121 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Injury to axons and oligodendrocytes has been poorly characterized in most animal models of stroke, and hence has been difficult to target therapeutically. It is therefore necessary to characterize axonal and oligodendroglial injury in these models, in order to rationally design putative protective compounds that minimize this injury. This study aims to characterize injury to axons and oligodendrocytes in the endothelin-1 (ET-1) model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in conscious rats. Transient forebrain ischemia was induced in conscious adult male Long Evans rats by the perivascular microinjection of ET-1. Quantitative histopathology was performed on forebrain sections at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after ET-1 administration, using ballistic light analyses and immunohistochemistry for amyloid precursor protein (APP), SMI32, and Tau-1. Ballistic light analyses of cortical and striatal lesions revealed that the infarct volume was maximal in these regions by 6 h. APP and SMI32 immunohistochemistry demonstrated that axonal injury was maximal by 6 h in this model; however, some injured axons appeared to maintain good structural integrity up to 72 h after insult. Density measurements for Tau-1-immunopositive oligodendrocytes were significantly elevated within the corpus callosum from 48 h, but reductions in total oligodendrocyte numbers were not apparent up 72 h after ET-1 injection. These results indicate that axonal and oligodendroglial injury should be investigated as potential targets for delayed therapeutic intervention after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Gresle
- Howard Florey Institute, Brain Injury and Repair Program, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Tripanichkul W, Sripanichkulchai K, Finkelstein DI. Estrogen down-regulates glial activation in male mice following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxication. Brain Res 2006; 1084:28-37. [PMID: 16564034 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests beneficial effect of estrogen for Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the exact mechanisms implicated remain obscured. Activated glia observed in MPTP mouse model and in PD may participate in the cascade of deleterious events that ultimately leads to dopaminergic nigral neuronal death. In vitro studies demonstrate that estrogen can modify the microglial and astroglial expression of inflammatory mediator, such as cytokines and chemokines implicated in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. To determine whether estrogen-elicited neuroprotection in PD is mediated through glia, adult male C57Bl/6 mice were treated with 17beta-estradiol (E2) for a total of 11 days. Following 5 days of pretreatment with E2, they were injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on the sixth day. The brains were collected on day 11. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative study were used to assess the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and that of activated astrocytes and activated microglia in the SNpc and the striatum. Pretreatment with E2 decreased the loss of TH-IR nigral neurons and diminished the deficit of TH-IR striatal fibers triggered by MPTP. The neuroprotective effect of E2 was coincident with an attenuation of a glial response within the nigra and the striatum. These findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of E2 evidenced in MPTP mouse model might mediate through an inhibition of reactive glia. However, direct neuroprotective effects of E2 upon TH-IR neurons cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Tripanichkul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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