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Lauritzen JS, Sigulinsky CL, Anderson JR, Kalloniatis M, Nelson NT, Emrich DP, Rapp C, McCarthy N, Kerzner E, Meyer M, Jones BW, Marc RE. Rod-cone crossover connectome of mammalian bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol 2016; 527:87-116. [PMID: 27447117 PMCID: PMC5823792 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The basis of cross-suppression between rod and cone channels has long been an enigma. Using rabbit retinal connectome RC1, we show that all cone bipolar cell (BC) classes inhibit rod BCs via amacrine cell (AC) motifs (C1-6); that all cone BC classes are themselves inhibited by AC motifs (R1-5, R25) driven by rod BCs. A sparse symmetric AC motif (CR) is presynaptic and postsynaptic to both rod and cone BCs. ON cone BCs of all classes drive inhibition of rod BCs via motif C1 wide-field GABAergic ACs (γACs) and motif C2 narrow field glycinergic ON ACs (GACs). Each rod BC receives ≈10 crossover AC synapses and each ON cone BC can target ≈10 or more rod BCs via separate AC processes. OFF cone BCs mediate monosynaptic inhibition of rod BCs via motif C3 driven by OFF γACs and GACs and disynaptic inhibition via motifs C4 and C5 driven by OFF wide-field γACs and narrow-field GACs, respectively. Motifs C4 and C5 form halos of 60-100 inhibitory synapses on proximal dendrites of AI γACs. Rod BCs inhibit surrounding arrays of cone BCs through AII GAC networks that access ON and OFF cone BC patches via motifs R1, R2, R4, R5 and a unique ON AC motif R3 that collects rod BC inputs and targets ON cone BCs. Crossover synapses for motifs C1, C4, C5, and R3 are 3-4× larger than typical feedback synapses, which may be a signature for synaptic winner-take-all switches. J. Comp. Neurol. 527:87-116, 2019. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal L Sigulinsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - James R Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science and Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Noah T Nelson
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel P Emrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher Rapp
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nicholas McCarthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ethan Kerzner
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah School of Computing, Salt Lake City Utah, USA
| | - Miriah Meyer
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah School of Computing, Salt Lake City Utah, USA
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert E Marc
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Vision Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Marc RE, Jones BW, Watt CB, Anderson JR, Sigulinsky C, Lauritzen S. Retinal connectomics: towards complete, accurate networks. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:141-62. [PMID: 24016532 PMCID: PMC4045117 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Connectomics is a strategy for mapping complex neural networks based on high-speed automated electron optical imaging, computational assembly of neural data volumes, web-based navigational tools to explore 10(12)-10(15) byte (terabyte to petabyte) image volumes, and annotation and markup tools to convert images into rich networks with cellular metadata. These collections of network data and associated metadata, analyzed using tools from graph theory and classification theory, can be merged with classical systems theory, giving a more completely parameterized view of how biologic information processing systems are implemented in retina and brain. Networks have two separable features: topology and connection attributes. The first findings from connectomics strongly validate the idea that the topologies of complete retinal networks are far more complex than the simple schematics that emerged from classical anatomy. In particular, connectomics has permitted an aggressive refactoring of the retinal inner plexiform layer, demonstrating that network function cannot be simply inferred from stratification; exposing the complex geometric rules for inserting different cells into a shared network; revealing unexpected bidirectional signaling pathways between mammalian rod and cone systems; documenting selective feedforward systems, novel candidate signaling architectures, new coupling motifs, and the highly complex architecture of the mammalian AII amacrine cell. This is but the beginning, as the underlying principles of connectomics are readily transferrable to non-neural cell complexes and provide new contexts for assessing intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Marc
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
| | - Bryan W. Jones
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
| | - Carl B. Watt
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
| | - James R. Anderson
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
| | - Crystal Sigulinsky
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
| | - Scott Lauritzen
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology / John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City UT 84132
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Perry B, George JS. Dopaminergic modulation and rod contribution in the generation of oscillatory potentials in the tiger salamander retina. Vision Res 2006; 47:309-14. [PMID: 17184809 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The roles of rod and cone input and of dopamine in the generation of oscillatory potentials were studied in tiger salamander retina. Under scotopic conditions, oscillations were elicited with a green, but not a red stimulus. With mesopic background illumination, both stimuli caused oscillations. Addition of quinpirole to a mesopic retina eliminated oscillations while SKF-38393 had no effect. Similarly, addition of sulpiride to a light-adapted retina elicited oscillatory activity, but SCH 22390 had no effect. These results suggest that oscillatory potentials are elicited through activation of the rod pathway and are modulated by dopamine through D2-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Perry
- Applied Modern Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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Miller RF, Staff NP, Velte TJ. Form and Function of on-off Amacrine Cells in the Amphibian Retina. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:3171-90. [PMID: 16481463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00090.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
on-off amacrine cells were studied with whole cell recording techniques and intracellular staining methods using intact retina-eyecup preparations of the tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum) and the mudpuppy ( Necturus maculosus). Morphological characterization of these cells included three-dimensional reconstruction methods based on serial optical sections obtained with a confocal microscope. Some cells had their detailed morphology digitized with a computer-assisted tracing system and converted to compartmental models for computer simulations. The dendrites of on-off amacrine cells have spines and numerous varicosities. Physiological recordings confirmed that on-off amacrine cells generate both large- and small-amplitude impulses attributed, respectively, to somatic and dendritic generation sites. Using a multichannel model for impulse generation, computer simulations were carried out to evaluate how impulses are likely to propagate throughout these structures. We conclude that the on-off amacrine cell is organized with multifocal dendritic impulse generating sites and that both dendritic and somatic impulse activity contribute to the functional repertoire of these interneurons: locally generated dendritic impulses can provide regional activation, while somatic impulse activity results in rapid activation of the entire dendritic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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