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Astapenko D, Vajrychova M, Fabrik I, Kupcik R, Pimkova K, Tambor V, Radochova V, Cerny V. Impact of anesthetics on rat hippocampus and neocortex: A comprehensive proteomic study based on label-free mass spectrometry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27638. [PMID: 38509933 PMCID: PMC10950665 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia is regarded as an important milestone in medicine. However, the negative effect on memory and learning has been observed. In addition, the impact of anesthetics on postoperative cognitive functions is still discussed. In this work, in vivo experiment simulating a general anesthesia and ICU sedation was designed to assess the impact of two intravenous (midazolam, dexmedetomidine) and two inhalational (isoflurane, desflurane) agents on neuronal centers for cognition (neocortex), learning, and memory (hippocampus). More than 3600 proteins were quantified across both neocortex and hippocampus. Proteomic study revealed relatively mild effects of anesthetics, nevertheless, protein dysregulation uncovered possible different effect of isoflurane (and midazolam) compared to desflurane (and dexmedetomidine) to neocortical and hippocampal proteins. Isoflurane induced the upregulation of hippocampal NMDAR and other proteins of postsynaptic density and downregulation of GABA signaling, whereas desflurane and dexmedetomidine rather targeted mitochondrial VDAC isoforms and protein regulating apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Astapenko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University in Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vajrychova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Kupcik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Pimkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biocev, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Tambor
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Radochova
- Vivarium Department, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Cerny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Hospital Bory, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Jiang S, Xiong Y, Wang X. Engeletin ameliorates sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment by activating PPAR-gamma in neonatal mice. Neuropathology 2023; 43:431-440. [PMID: 37037475 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (SEV) is a commonly used anesthetic in pediatric surgery. Recent studies reported that repeated use of SEV contributes to cognitive impairment. Engeletin has been discovered to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. However, the detailed roles and mechanisms of engeletin in SEV-induced cognitive dysfunction of neonatal mice remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 neonatal mice were randomly divided into Ctrl, SEV, SEV + Engeletin (10 mg /kg), SEV + Engeletin (20 mg/kg), and SEV + Engeletin (40 mg/kg) groups. The Morris water maze (MWM) test suggested that engeletin treatment significantly improved SEV-induced cognitive impairment in neonatal mice. Employing ELISA and Nissl staining analysis, engeletin reduced neuroinflammation and loss of nerve cells caused by SEV, respectively. The treatment of engeletin dramatically suppressed the activation of microglia and apoptosis induced by SEV in the hippocampus of neonatal mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of PPAR-γ obviously reversed the abovementioned effects of engeletin in the hippocampus of newborn mice. In conclusion, this study verified that engeletin notably ameliorated SEV-induced cognitive deficiencies in neonatal mice at least partially by mediating the expression of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Hogarth K, Tarazi D, Maynes JT. The effects of general anesthetics on mitochondrial structure and function in the developing brain. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1179823. [PMID: 37533472 PMCID: PMC10390784 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1179823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of general anesthetics in modern clinical practice is commonly regarded as safe for healthy individuals, but exposures at the extreme ends of the age spectrum have been linked to chronic cognitive impairments and persistent functional and structural alterations to the nervous system. The accumulation of evidence at both the epidemiological and experimental level prompted the addition of a warning label to inhaled anesthetics by the Food and Drug Administration cautioning their use in children under 3 years of age. Though the mechanism by which anesthetics may induce these detrimental changes remains to be fully elucidated, increasing evidence implicates mitochondria as a potential primary target of anesthetic damage, meditating many of the associated neurotoxic effects. Along with their commonly cited role in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria also play a central role in other critical cellular processes including calcium buffering, cell death pathways, and metabolite synthesis. In addition to meeting their immense energy demands, neurons are particularly dependent on the proper function and spatial organization of mitochondria to mediate specialized functions including neurotransmitter trafficking and release. Mitochondrial dependence is further highlighted in the developing brain, requiring spatiotemporally complex and metabolically expensive processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning, making the consequence of functional alterations potentially impactful. To this end, we explore and summarize the current mechanistic understanding of the effects of anesthetic exposure on mitochondria in the developing nervous system. We will specifically focus on the impact of anesthetic agents on mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, bioenergetics, stress pathways, and redox homeostasis. In addition, we will highlight critical knowledge gaps, pertinent challenges, and potential therapeutic targets warranting future exploration to guide mechanistic and outcomes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley Hogarth
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doorsa Tarazi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason T. Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shang S, Sun F, Zhu Y, Yu J, Yu L, Shao W, Wang Z, Yi X. Sevoflurane preconditioning improves neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced rats through ROS-NLRP3 pathway. Neurosci Lett 2023; 801:137164. [PMID: 36868396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to study the influence of sevoflurane on the nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) pathways in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into five groups randomly: sham-operated, cerebral I/R, sevoflurane (Sevo), NLRP3 inhibitor-treated (MCC950), and sevoflurane and NLRP3 inducer-treated groups. Rats' neurological functions were assessed using Longa scoring after 24 h of reperfusion, after which they were sacrificed, and cerebral infarction area was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Pathological changes in damaged portions were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining, and cell apoptosis was detected by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in brain tissues were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed using a ROS assay kit. Protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were determined by western blot. RESULTS Neurological function scores, cerebral infarction areas, and neuronal apoptosis index were decreased in the Sevo and MCC950 groups than in the I/R group. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β levels decreased in the Sevo and MCC950 groups (p < 0.05). ROS and MDA levels increased, but SOD levels increased in the Sevo and MCC950 groups than in the I/R group. NLPR3-inducer nigericin eliminated the protective effects of sevoflurane on cerebral I/R injury in rats. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane could alleviate cerebral I/R-induced brain damage by inhibiting the ROS-NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Shang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Fengqiang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology , Feicheng People's Hospital, Feicheng 271600, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Jingui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lingzhi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated To Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Neuro Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282,China
| | - Xuecai Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250000, China.
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Antończyk A, Kiełbowicz Z, Niżański W, Ochota M. Comparison of 2 anesthetic protocols and surgical timing during cesarean section on neonatal vitality and umbilical cord blood parameters. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:48. [PMID: 36782240 PMCID: PMC9923906 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the mode of anesthesia, the time form the induction to the extraction of a puppy and the immediate postnatal vitality and umbilical cord blood gases parameters in cesarean section derived-puppies. Two different anesthetic protocols were used: inhalation using isoflurane (ISO) and combined-inhalation and epidural (EPI) with propofol being the induction agent. RESULTS Significant differences were found in ISO group in pH values, pCO2 levels and Apgar scores between puppies at different extraction times (< 30 vs. ≥ 30 min). In ISO group puppies extracted later were more acidic (7.16 vs. 7.22), had higher levels of pCO2 (69 vs. 57 mmHg) and lower Apgar scores at birth (1.2 vs. 2.5). On the contrary, in EPI group no differences were observed between the delivery time, umbilical blood gas parameters and puppies' vitality. Furthermore, the dams from the EPI group required lower concentrations of isoflurane (MAC 1.11 ± 0.19 vs.1.37 ± 0.16, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Multiple pregnancies frequent in dogs lead to significant differences in extraction times between the first and the last puppy during cesarean section. Obtained results showed that the mode of anesthesia and the surgical time would influence the neonatal outcome during cesarean section in dogs. The higher concentration of isoflurane with the longer time of exposure had a negative effect on the initial newborn vitality as well as the umbilical cord blood gas parameters. Therefore, when performing CS in giant dog breeds or expecting many puppies in the litter, it is worth considering epidural component that allow for lower concentrations of inhalant agents, which may contribute to a better clinical condition of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Antończyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ochota
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
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Alkazmi L, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, El-Bouseary MM, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. Dantrolene and ryanodine receptors in COVID-19: The daunting task and neglected warden. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:335-352. [PMID: 36732880 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dantrolene (DTN) is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist that inhibits Ca2+ release from stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. DTN is mainly used in the management of malignant hyperthermia. RyRs are highly expressed in immune cells and are involved in different viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because Ca2+ is necessary for viral replication, maturation and release. DTN can inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, indicating its potential role in reducing entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. DTN may increase clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and promote coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery by shortening the period of infection. DTN inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) mediated platelets aggregations and thrombosis. Therefore, DTN may inhibit thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19 through suppression of platelet NMDA receptors. Moreover, DTN has a neuroprotective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced brain injury through modulation of NMDA receptors, which are involved in excitotoxicity, neuronal injury and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In conclusion, DTN by inhibiting RyRs may attenuate inflammatory disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated cardio-pulmonary complications. Therefore, DNT could be a promising drug therapy against COVID-19. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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HAO S, CHO BO, WANG F, SHIN JY, SHIN DJ, JANG SI. Zingiber officinale attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through AKT, Nrf2, MAPK, NF-κB signaling pathway in PC12 cells. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suping HAO
- Jeonju University, Republic of Korea; Xingtai University, China
| | - Byoung Ok CHO
- Jeonju University, Republic of Korea; Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng WANG
- Jeonju University, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Seon Il JANG
- Jeonju University, Republic of Korea; Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Republic of Korea
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Anesthesia-Induced Oxidative Stress: Are There Differences between Intravenous and Inhaled Anesthetics? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8782387. [PMID: 34873432 PMCID: PMC8643269 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8782387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Agents used for the induction of anesthesia have been shown to either promote or mitigate oxidative stress. A fine balance between the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is crucial for the proper normal functioning of the cell. A basal concentration of ROS is essential for the manifestation of cellular functions, whereas disproportionate levels of ROS cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, eventually leading to necrosis and apoptosis. Increased ROS has been linked with numerous illnesses, such as cardiovascular, immune system, liver, and kidney, and has been shown to promote cancer and accelerate aging. Knowledge of the various pharmacologic agents that increase or reduce oxidative stress may promote a safer way of inducing anesthesia. Furthermore, surgery itself leads to increased ROS production and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Indeed, increased perioperative oxidative stress has been correlated with increased postoperative complications and prolonged recovery. Anesthesiologists care for patients during the whole spectrum of perioperative care and thus are in a unique position to deliver countermeasures to oxidative stress. Using preferentially an induction agent which reduces oxidative stress might lead to better clinical outcomes and fewer postoperative complications. Propofol has been shown in several studies to reduce oxidative stress, which reduces postoperative complications and leads to a faster recovery, and thus might represent the preferred induction agent in the right clinical setting.
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Hogarth K, Vanama RB, Stratmann G, Maynes JT. Singular and short-term anesthesia exposure in the developing brain induces persistent neuronal changes consistent with chronic neurodegenerative disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5673. [PMID: 33707598 PMCID: PMC7952562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential adverse impact of inhalational anesthetics on the developing brain was highlighted by the addition of a medication warning by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for their use in the pediatric population. To investigate mechanisms by which early life anesthesia exposure could induce long-term neuronal dysfunction, we exposed rats to 1 minimum alveolar concentration sevoflurane at 7 days of life. The animals were raised normally until adulthood (P300) prior to sacrifice and analysis of cortical tissue structure (TEM), mitochondrial quality control and biogenesis pathways (Western blot, ELISA, ADP/ATP content), and markers of oxidative stress, proteotoxicity and inflammation (Western blot, ELISA). We found that early life anesthesia exposure led to adverse changes in mitochondrial quality maintenance pathways, autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Although there was an escalation of oxidative stress markers and an increase in the nuclear localization of stress-related transcription factors, cellular redox compensatory responses were blunted, and oxidative phosphorylation was reduced. We found upregulation of mitochondrial stress and proteotoxicity markers, but a significant reduction of mitochondrial unfolded protein response end-effectors, contributing to an increase in inflammation. Contrary to acute exposure, we did not find an increase in apoptosis. Our findings suggest that a limited, early exposure to anesthesia may produce lasting cellular dysfunction through the induction of a sustained energy deficient state, resulting in persistent neuroinflammation and altered proteostasis/toxicity, mimicking aspects of chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley Hogarth
- Division of Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ramesh Babu Vanama
- Division of Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Greg Stratmann
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Division of Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Jiang B, Liang S, Liang G, Wei H. Could dantrolene be explored as a repurposed drug to treat COVID-19 patients by restoring intracellular calcium homeostasis? EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 24:10228-10238. [PMID: 33090434 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202010_23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dantrolene, an FDA approved drug to treat malignant hyperthermia and muscle spasm, has been demonstrated to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mediated toxicity of host cells. Ryanodine receptor overactivation and associated disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication of host cells. Dantrolene, as an inhibitor of RyRs, is expected to ameliorate these detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. Additionally, dantrolene has also been shown to inhibit multiple cell or organ damage induced by hypoxia/ischemia, mitochondria damage, oxidative stresses, inflammation, impairment of autophagy and apoptosis, etc., which are often the causes of severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. We have repurposed that dantrolene has a high potential at treating COVID-19 patients and reducing its morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Huang H, Hu C, Xu L, Zhu X, Zhao L, Min J. The Effects of Hesperidin on Neuronal Apoptosis and Cognitive Impairment in the Sevoflurane Anesthetized Rat are Mediated Through the PI3/Akt/PTEN and Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Signaling Pathways. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920522. [PMID: 32296010 PMCID: PMC7180331 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hesperidin (HPD) is a bioflavonoid found in citrus fruits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HPD on cerebral morphology and cognitive behavior in sevoflurane anesthetized neonatal rats and the molecular mechanisms involved. Material/Methods Sixty neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups, including the untreated control group, and the sevoflurane anesthesia groups untreated and treated with 25 mg/kg/day of HPD (HPD25), 50 mg/kg/day of HPD (HPD50), and 100 mg/kg/day of HPD (HPD100). The rat model was created by the administration of sevoflurane on the sixth postnatal day (P6) and for a further three days. Neonatal rats pre-treated with HPD for 19 days were given sevoflurane 30 minutes beforehand (P3 to P21). Rat hippocampal tissue specimens were investigated using the TUNEL assay for apoptosis. Hippocampal tissue homogenates underwent Western blot for the quantification of markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The neonatal rats were also investigated for behavior, learning, and memory. Results HPD significantly reduced sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, BAD, BAX, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (p<0.05). HPD significantly increased the expression of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 (p<0.05), and activated the PI3/Akt pathway. Learning and memory were significantly improved following HPD treatment (p<0.05). HPD treatment modulated the PI3/Akt/PTEN and NF-κB signaling pathways, and reduced oxidative stress (p<0.05). Conclusions In the sevoflurane anesthetized neonatal rat model, treatment with HPD reduced neuronal degeneration, hippocampal inflammation, and improvised memory, learning, and cognitive responses by modulating the PI3/Akt/PTEN and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Cuicui Hu
- Department of Operating Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jia Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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12
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Yang M, Wang Y, Liang G, Xu Z, Chu CT, Wei H. Alzheimer's Disease Presenilin-1 Mutation Sensitizes Neurons to Impaired Autophagy Flux and Propofol Neurotoxicity: Role of Calcium Dysregulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:137-147. [PMID: 30636740 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and associated autophagy dysfunction contribute to neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To study the effects of propofol on cell viability via its effects on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and the impact of autophagy, in a neuronal model of presenilin-mutated familial AD (FAD). METHODS We treated PC12 cells, stably transfected with either mutated presenilin-1 (L286V) or wild type (WT) controls, with propofol at different doses and durations, in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+, antagonists of inositol trisphosphate receptors (InsP3R, xestospongin C) and/or ryanodine receptors (RYR, dantrolene), or an inhibitor of autophagy flux (Bafilomycin). We determined cell viability, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]c), vATPase protein expression, and lysosomal acidification. RESULTS The propofol dose- and time-dependently decreased cell viability significantly more in L286V than WT cells, especially at the pharmacological dose (>50μM), and together with bafilomycin (40 nM). Clinically used concentrations of propofol (<20μM) tended to increase cell viability. Propofol significantly increased [Ca2+]c more in L286V than in WT cells, which was associated with decrease of vATPase expression and localization to the lysosome. Both toxicity and increased Ca2+ levels were ameliorated by inhibiting InsP3R/RYR. However, the combined inhibition of both receptors paradoxically increased [Ca2+]c, by inducing Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space, causing greater cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Impairment in autophagy function acts to deteriorate cell death induced by propofol in FAD neuronal cells. Cell death is ameliorated by either RYR or InsP3R antagonists on their own, but not when both are co-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhendong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Conflicting Actions of Inhalational Anesthetics, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection, Mediated by the Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020450. [PMID: 31936788 PMCID: PMC7013687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that exposure of the developing brain to inhalational anesthetics can cause neurotoxicity. However, other studies have claimed that anesthetics can exert neuroprotective effects. We investigated the mechanisms associated with the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects exerted by inhalational anesthetics. Neuroblastoma cells were exposed to sevoflurane and then cultured in 1% oxygen. We evaluated the expression of proteins related to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Next, we exposed adult mice in which binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) had been mutated, and wild-type mice, to sevoflurane, and evaluated their cognitive function. We compared our results to those from our previous study in which mice were exposed to sevoflurane at the fetal stage. Pre-exposure to sevoflurane reduced the expression of CHOP in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Anesthetic pre-exposure also significantly improved the cognitive function of adult wild-type mice, but not the mutant mice. In contrast, mice exposed to anesthetics during the fetal stage showed cognitive impairment. Our data indicate that exposure to inhalational anesthetics causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and subsequently leads to an adaptive response, the UPR. This response may enhance the capacity of cells to adapt to injuries and improve neuronal function in adult mice, but not in developing mice.
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14
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Li Z, Zhang S, Li J, Zeng H, Wang Y, Huang Y. Nerve regeneration in rat peripheral nerve allografts: Evaluation of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein in nerve storage and regeneration. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2885-2895. [PMID: 31116410 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of peripheral nerve injury has attracted increased attention. Allografting has been proposed as a potential treatment strategy for peripheral nerve injury. Moreover, cryopreservation may provide almost unlimited graft material. We investigated whether cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) could protect peripheral nerves during cryopreservation to promote regeneration postoperation. First, CIRP was highly expressed after pretreatment at 32°C. After 4 weeks of cryopreservation, the increased live cells, low Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and high nerve growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the 32°C group demonstrated high nerve graft viability. At 4 weeks postoperation, 32°C-Allo group demonstrated low plasma levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma and a diminished cellular immune response. At 20 weeks postoperation, nerve regeneration in the 32°C-Allo group was similar to that in the fresh isograft group and superior to that in the 4°C-Allo and 15°C-Allo groups. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential and the motor nerve conduction velocity of the 32°C-Allo group were equal to those of the fresh isograft group. In conclusion, CIRP induction increased Schwann cell biological activity, inhibited cell apoptosis, reduced immune rejection, and promoted recipient nerve regeneration. Thus, CIRP could exert protective effects during nerve storage and stimulate regeneration in peripheral nerve reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Nanchong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchong, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Nanchong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchong, China
| | - Huanhuan Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingru Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Wu L, Zhao H, Weng H, Ma D. Lasting effects of general anesthetics on the brain in the young and elderly: "mixed picture" of neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and cognitive impairment. J Anesth 2019; 33:321-335. [PMID: 30859366 PMCID: PMC6443620 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics are commonly used in major surgery. To achieve the depth of anesthesia for surgery, patients are being subjected to a variety of general anesthetics, alone or in combination. It has been long held an illusory concept that the general anesthesia is entirely reversible and that the central nervous system is returned to its pristine state once the anesthetic agent is eliminated from the active site. However, studies indicate that perturbation of the normal functioning of these targets may result in long-lasting desirable or undesirable effects. This review focuses on the impact of general anesthetic exposure to the brain and summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which general anesthetics may induce long-lasting undesirable effects when exposed at the developing stage of the brain. The vulnerability of aging brain to general anesthetics, specifically in the context of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer’s disease pathogeneses are also discussed. Moreover, we will review emerging evidence regarding the neuroprotective property of xenon and anesthetic adjuvant dexmedetomidine in the immature and mature brains. In conclusion, “mixed picture” effects of general anesthetics should be well acknowledged and should be implemented into daily clinical practice for better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Wu
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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16
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Jin H, Wang M, Wang J, Cao H, Niu W, Du L. Paeonol attenuates isoflurane anesthesia-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity via modulation of JNK/ERK/P38MAPK pathway and regulates histone acetylation in neonatal rat. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:81-91. [PMID: 29886761 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1487396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Volatile anesthetic such as isoflurane causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing animal brains and also induces cognitive impairments. Paeonol is a plant-derived phenolic compound possessing numerous bioactive properties. The study investigates the neuroprotective effects of paeonol against isoflurane-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive disturbances in neonatal rats.Methods: Paeonol (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight/day) was given orally to separate groups of neonatal rats from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P21 and were exposed to isoflurane (0.75%; 6 h) on P7.Results: Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was remarkably reduced by paeonol. Isoflurane-induced elevated cleaved caspase-3, Bad, and Bax expression, were down-regulated on paeonol administration. Paeonol significantly enhanced expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, xIAP, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, and survivin) and improved acetylation of HK39 and HK412. The expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs)-HDAC2 and HDAC-3 were down-regulated. Isoflurane-induced activation of JNK/p38MAPK signaling and suppressed ERK signaling and were effectively regulated by paeonol. General behavior and freezing responses of the rats were improved. Results of the Morris Water Maze tests revealed improved learning and memory retention on paeonol treatment.Conclusions: Paeonol effectively inhibited neuroapoptosis and improved isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunctions via regulating histone acetylation and JNK/ERK1/2/p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiangmei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongmin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanting Niu
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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17
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Chen P, Shang A, Wang W, Yang J. Astragaloside suppresses tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 5 signaling pathway and alleviates neurodegenerative changes in retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by isoflurane. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:1028-1037. [PMID: 30277612 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Jun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
- Department of Anesthesiology The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City Yancheng China
| | - An‐Quan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Wei‐Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City Yancheng China
| | - Jian‐Ping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
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18
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Zhu M, Li M, Zhou Y, Dangelmajer S, Kahlert UD, Xie R, Xi Q, Shahveranov A, Ye D, Lei T. Isoflurane enhances the malignant potential of glioblastoma stem cells by promoting their viability, mobility in vitro and migratory capacity in vivo. Br J Anaesth 2018; 116:870-7. [PMID: 27199319 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane is one of the most common general anaesthetics used during surgical procedures, including tumour resection. However, the effects of isoflurane on the viability and migration capacity of cancer cells, specifically in the context of brain cancer cells, remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence that isoflurane has on the function of glioblastoma stem cells (GCSs) in regards to cell proliferation, survival and migration. METHOD U251-GSCs were exposed to isoflurane at clinically relevant concentrations and incubation times. The effects on proliferation, survival and migration capacities of the cells were evaluated in vitro. The potential risk was assessed in mice by intracranial injection of U251-GSCs pretreated with isoflurane. Furthermore, the average tumour volume and migration distance of U251-GSCs from the tumour centre were calculated. RESULTS Exposure of U251-GSCs to 1.2% isoflurane for 6 h resulted in increased proliferation (P<0.05) and decreased apoptosis rate (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. In addition, isoflurane exposure caused increased migration capacity in vitro (P<0.05) and the distance migrated was increased in vivo (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Clinically relevant concentrations and incubation times of isoflurane could promote the viability and mobility of U251-GSCs, suggesting this general anaesthetic may have detrimental effects in glioblastoma by facilitating its growth and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - M Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - S Dangelmajer
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - U D Kahlert
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Xi
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - A Shahveranov
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - D Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - T Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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19
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Absence of Neuropathology With Prolonged Isoflurane Sedation in Healthy Adult Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2018; 29:439-447. [PMID: 27653221 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of isoflurane sedation for prolonged periods in the critical care environment is increasing. However, isoflurane-mediated neurotoxicity has been widely reported. The goal of the present study was to determine whether long-term exposure to low-dose isoflurane in mechanically ventilated rodents is associated with evidence of neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Experimental animals (n=11) were induced with 1.5% isoflurane, intubated, and given a neuromuscular blockade with α-cobratoxin. EEG electrodes were surgically implanted, subcutaneous precordial EKG Ag wire electrodes, and bladder, femoral artery, and femoral vein cannulas permanently placed. After these procedures, the isoflurane concentration was reduced to 0.5% and, in conjunction with the neuromuscular blockade, continued for 7 days. Arterial blood gases and chemistry were measured at 3 time points and core body temperature servoregulated and maintenance IV fluids were given during the 7 days. Experimental animals and untreated controls (n=9) were euthanized on day 7. RESULTS Immunohistochemical and cytochemical assays did not detect evidence of microgliosis, astrocytosis, neuronal apoptosis or necrosis, amyloidosis, or phosphorylated-tau accumulation. Blood glucose levels were significantly reduced on days 3/4 and 6/7 and partial pressure of oxygen was significantly reduced, but still within the normal range, on day 6/7. All other blood measurements were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS No neuropathologic changes consistent with neurotoxicity were detected in the brain after 1 week of continuous exposure to 0.5% isoflurane in healthy rats. These data suggest that even long exposures to low concentrations of isoflurane have no overt consequences on neuropathology.
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20
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Shen FY, Song YC, Guo F, Xu ZD, Li Q, Zhang B, Ma YQ, Zhang YQ, Lin R, Li Y, Liu ZQ. Cognitive Impairment and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Repeated Short-Term Sevoflurane Exposure in Early Life of Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:332. [PMID: 30116207 PMCID: PMC6083612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anaesthetics for children, but the safety of prolonged or repeated clinical use of sevoflurane in infants or children is controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of sevoflurane on rats in early life and the time scale of those effects. Our behavioral results indicated that repeated short-term exposure of new-born rats to sevoflurane caused learning and memory impairment, while a single exposure of rats to sevoflurane was relatively safe. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that repeated sevoflurane exposure impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), downregulated the expression of certain synaptogenesis-related proteins (GluR1, PSD95) and upregulated proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hippocampus. An ER stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), reversed the changes in the levels of synaptic plasticity proteins. Our results provide new evidence for the clinical concerns regarding repeated sevoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yi Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Cai Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Yang Z, Lv J, Lu X, Li X, An X, Wang J, Weng H, Li Y. Emulsified isoflurane induces release of cytochrome C in human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells via JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) signaling pathway. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 65:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Han X, Liu C, Zhang K, Guo M, Shen Z, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Cao M, Li Y. Calpain and JNK pathways participate in isoflurane - induced nucleus translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in the brain of neonatal rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 285:60-73. [PMID: 29289695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that volatile anesthetic causes caspase-dependent neuroapoptosis and persistent cognitive deficits in young animals. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) can trigger apoptosis by caspase-independent pathway. Whether isoflurane induces neuroapoptosis by activation of AIF and its possible mechanism are underdetermined. Rats at postnatal day 7 were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane for 4 h and the expression of AIF, cytochrome c, caspase-3, μ-calpain, m-calpain, Bcl-2 and Bax in the mitochondrial, cytosolic, and nuclear fraction, as well as the number of both AIF and TUNEL positive neurons in the cortices of rats were measured. Moreover, the effects of calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 on isoflurane-induced AIF release, caspase activation and cognitive deficits were assessed. We found isoflurane activated CytC-caspase-3 dependent apoptosis pathway mainly in the early phase (0-6 h after exposure). Moreover, isoflurane activated mitochondrial μ-calpain, induced AIF truncation during early phase and activated m-calpain, induced AIF release from the mitochondria to cytosol and translocation into the nucleus in the late phase (6-24 h after exposure). MDL-28170 attenuated the isoflurane-induced mitochondrial AIF truncation, release and nuclear translocation, but did not change the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and mitochondrial Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. SP600125 attenuated isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis by inhibiting both AIF and caspase-3 pathways and reduced cognitive impairment in neonatal rats. This is the first study to provide the evidence that isoflurane induced AIF-dependent neuroapoptosis by activation of mitochondrial μ-calpain and m-calpain in neonatal rats. JNK inhibition reversed isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and subsequent long-term neurocognitive impairment, acting via inhibiting activation of both AIF and caspase-3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Foshan, 528030, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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23
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Protective effects of apigenin against acrylonitrile-induced subchronic sperm injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:517-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Zhou X, Lu D, Li WD, Chen XH, Yang XY, Chen X, Zhou ZB, Ye JH, Feng X. Sevoflurane Affects Oxidative Stress and Alters Apoptosis Status in Children and Cultured Neural Stem Cells. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:790-800. [PMID: 29071560 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in immature animals has raised concerns about similar effects occurring in young children. Our study investigated two commonly used anesthetics-sevoflurane and propofol-for neurotoxicity in young children. Forty-seven children (aged 12-36 months) undergoing hypospadias repair surgery were randomized to receive sevoflurane (SG, n = 24) or propofol (PG, n = 23) general anesthesia. Venous blood was collected at three different times-immediately after induction, 2 h, and 3 days after surgery. The cellular portion was assessed for antioxidant defense and DNA damage, using enzyme assay kits and qRT-PCR, respectively, while serum was used to treat cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). MTT assay and TUNEL staining were performed, and the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis indicators were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Antioxidant defense and apoptosis status in the SG group were significantly higher than in the PG group at 2 h after surgery. Additionally, exposure of NSCs to postoperative serum of the SG group resulted in decreased cell density and viability, increased TUNEL-positive cells, elevated mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Our data shows for the first time that in young children, administration of sevoflurane, but not propofol, leads to temporally increased antioxidant defense and apoptosis status as well as damage of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dihan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-da Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Xia Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 2nd Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Ren G, Zhou Y, Liang G, Yang B, Yang M, King A, Wei H. General Anesthetics Regulate Autophagy via Modulating the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor: Implications for Dual Effects of Cytoprotection and Cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12378. [PMID: 28959036 PMCID: PMC5620053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics are both neuroprotective and neurotoxic with unclear mechanisms. General anesthetics may control cell survival via their effects on autophagy by activation of type 1 inositol triphosphate receptor (InsP3R-1). DT40 or SH-SY5Y cells with only or over 99% expression of InsP3R-1 were treated with isoflurane or propofol. Cell viability was determined by MTT reduction or LDH release assays. Apoptosis was determined by measuring Caspase-3 or by TUNEL assay. Autophagy activity was determined by measuring LC3 II and P62. We evaluated mitochondrial integrity using MitoTracker Green and cytosolic ATP levels. Fura2-AM was used to measure the concentrations of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c). Propofol significantly increased peak and integrated calcium response (P < 0.001) in cells with InsP3R-1 but not in cells with triple knockout of InsP3R. Both propofol and isoflurane increased autophagy induction (P < 0.05) in an mTOR- and InsP3R- activity dependent manner. Short exposure to propofol adequately activated InsP3-1 to provide sufficient autophagy for cytoprotection, while prolonged exposure to propofol induced cell apoptosis via impairment of autophagy flux through over activation of InsP3-1. Propofol damaged mitochondria and decreased cytosolic ATP. The effects of general anesthetics on apoptosis and autophagy are closely integrated; both are caused by differential activation of the type 1 InsP3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyi Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yachun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meirong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander King
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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26
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Liu Y, Lin D, Liu C, Zhao Y, Shen Z, Zhang K, Cao M, Li Y. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5/Collapsin response mediator protein 2 pathway may mediate sevoflurane-induced dendritic development abnormalities in rat cortical neurons. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:21-29. [PMID: 28445771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane has been reported to induce neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in the developing brains. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activity is implicated in inhaled anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. CDK5/CRMP2 signaling is involved in the cortical and hippocampal dendritic development. The aim of present study is to investigate whether the CDK5/CRMP2 pathway mediates sevoflurane-induced dendritic development abnormalities. Rat primary cortical neurons were treated with 4% sevoflurane for 6h, the CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine or the vehicle (0.3% DMSO) was administered 12h before sevoflurane or carrying gases exposure. Cortical neurons were harvested for further analysis 0h, 12h and 24h after exposure. Sevoflurane exposure for 6h did not reduce cell viability and slightly increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Sevoflurane induced abnormal CDK5 activation by increasing the expression of its activator p25 and promoted the phosphorylation of CRMP2 (Ser522). The increased phospho-CRMP2 (Ser522) was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons. Sevoflurane significantly reduced the number of primary dendrites and the number of branching points; whereas it did not influence the total dendritic length. Suppression of CDK5 activation with roscovitine attenuated neuronal apoptosis, hyperphosphorylation of CRMP2 (Ser522) and dendritic development abnormalities induced by sevoflurane. Our results indicate that activation of the CDK5/CRMP2 pathway may mediate sevoflurane-induced dendritic development abnormalities in the cortical neurons. The physiological significance of these findings remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Daowei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Foshan, 528030, China.
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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27
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Li W, Li DY, Zhao SM, Zheng ZJ, Hu J, Li ZZ, Xiong SB. Rutin attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via modulating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2056-2064. [PMID: 28565808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of infants and children undergo surgery and are exposed to anesthesia as a part of medical care each year. Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic in the pediatric population. However, previous studies have reported widespread isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairments in neonatal animal models, raising concerns over the administration of isoflurane in the pediatric population. The current study investigated the effects of rutin, a flavonoid, on isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in a neonatal rodent model. Groups of neonatal rat pups were administered rutin at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. On P7, pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 h. Rat pups in the control groups did not receive rutin, and did not receive anesthesia in one group. Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was determined by TUNEL assay. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (Bad), phospho-Bad, Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-xL and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)] signalling pathway proteins [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoERK1/2, p38, phospho-p38 and phospho-c-Jun], were determined by western blot analysis. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory of pups on P30 and P31. The present study found that rutin at the tested doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg significantly reduced (P<0.05) the isoflurane-induced elevation in apoptotic cell count. The expression levels of caspase-3, Bad, Bax and MAPK proteins, which were increased following isoflurane treatment, were rescued by rutin treatment. Furthermore, rutin prevented the increase in Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad expression following isoflurane treatment, and enhanced the memory of the rats. Rutin provided neuroprotection against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and improved the learning and memory of rats by effectively regulating the expression levels of proteins in the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - De-Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Si-Ming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Jun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Zhe Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Bai Xiong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
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28
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Li C, Dong Y, Chen D, Xie Z, Zhang Y. Mild Hypothermia Attenuates the Anesthetic Isoflurane-Induced Cytotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 28228717 PMCID: PMC5296297 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The commonly used inhalation anesthetic isoflurane has been reported to induce DNA damage and cytotoxicity. However, the methods to attenuate these effects remain largely to be determined. Mild hypothermia has neuroprotective effects. We therefore set out to assess whether mild hypothermia could protect the isoflurane-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Moreover, we investigated the underlying mechanisms by assessing the effects of mild hypothermia on the isoflurane-induced changes in ATP levels. H4 human neuroglioma cells were treated with 2% isoflurane for 3 or 6 h with and without mild hypothermia (35°C). We assessed the cell viability by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. We determined DNA damage by measuring levels of phosphorylation of the histone protein H2A variant X at Ser139 (γH2A.X), the marker of DNA damage. We also measured ATP levels in the cells. Here we showed that the treatment with 2% isoflurane for 6 h induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in the cells. Moreover, the treatment with 2% isoflurane for 3 h decreased ATP levels without inducing cytotoxicity. Mild hypothermia attenuated the isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and ATP reduction in the cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the isoflurane-induced reduction in ATP levels occurred before the isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity. Isoflurane may induce DNA damage and cause cytotoxicity through reducing ATP levels. Mild hypothermia would ameliorate isoflurane-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity by attenuating the isoflurane-induced reduction in ATP levels. These pilot studies have established a system and will promote the future investigations of anesthesia neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China; Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China; Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China; Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
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29
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Liu Z, Ma C, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Xu R, Zhang H, Lei H, Xu S. High Glucose Enhances Isoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating TRPC-Dependent Calcium Influx. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1165-1178. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in the developing brain: an update on the effects of dexmedetomidine and xenon. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 60:102-116. [PMID: 28065636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing and consistent preclinical evidence, combined with early clinical epidemiological observations, suggest potentially neurotoxic effects of commonly used anesthetic agents in the developing brain. This has prompted the FDA to issue a safety warning for all sedatives and anesthetics approved for use in children under three years of age. Recent studies have identified dexmedetomidine, the potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist, and xenon, the noble gas, as effective anesthetic adjuvants that are both less neurotoxic to the developing brain, and also possess neuroprotective properties in neonatal and other settings of acute ongoing neurologic injury. Dexmedetomidine and xenon are effective anesthetic adjuvants that appear to be less neurotoxic than other existing agents and have the potential to be neuroprotective in the neonatal and pediatric settings. Although results from recent clinical trials and case reports have indicated the neuroprotective potential of xenon and dexmedetomidine, additional randomized clinical trials corroborating these studies are necessary. By reviewing both the existing preclinical and clinical evidence on the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine and xenon, we hope to provide insight into the potential clinical efficacy of these agents in the management of pediatric surgical patients.
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31
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Liu J, Zhao Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang P. Neonatal Repeated Exposure to Isoflurane not Sevoflurane in Mice Reversibly Impaired Spatial Cognition at Juvenile-Age. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:595-605. [PMID: 27882447 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation anesthetics facilitate surgical procedures in millions of children each year. However, animal studies demonstrate that exposure to the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane may cause neuronal cell death in developing brains. The long-term cytotoxic effects of sevoflurane, the most popular pediatric anesthetic, have not been compared with isoflurane. Thus, this study was designed to compare the effects of equipotent doses of these two anesthetics on neonatal long-term neurotoxicity. Postnatal 7-day-old (P7) C57/BL male mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane or 2.2% sevoflurane 2 h a day for 3 days. Non-anesthetized mice served as controls. The effects of anesthesia on learning and memory were assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) at Postnatal days 30 (P30) and P60 respectively. The hippocampal content of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits (NMDA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and synaptophysin (Syn) were determined by Western Blot. Neuron structure and apoptosis were assessed via Nissl and TUNEL staining, respectively. The isoflurane group exhibited cognitive impairment at P30. Repeated inhalation of isoflurane or sevoflurane caused different degrees of apoptosis and damaged hippocampal neurons in neonatal mice, particularly isoflurane. In neonatal mice, repeated exposure to isoflurane, but not sevoflurane, caused spatial cognitive impairments in juvenile mice. Our findings suggest that isoflurane induces significantly greater neurodegeneration than an equipotent minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Image and Radiology, Renji Hospital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Peijun Wang
- Department of Image and Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
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32
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Feng C, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Cui W, Zheng F, Ma Y, Piao M. Isoflurane anesthesia exacerbates learning and memory impairment in zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:119-129. [PMID: 27586008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is known to play crucial roles in numerous brain functions including learning and memory. Zn deficiency is believed to be widespread throughout the world, particularly in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of studies have shown that volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane, might be potential risk factors for the development of AD. However, whether isoflurane exposure accelerates the process of AD and cognitive impairment in AD patients with Zn deficiency is yet to be documented. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of 1.4% isoflurane exposure for 2 h on learning and memory function, and neuropathogenesis in 10-month-old Zn-adequate, Zn-deficient, and Zn-treated APP/PS1 mice with the following parameters: behavioral tests, neuronal apoptosis, Aβ, and tau pathology. The results demonstrated that isoflurane exposure showed no impact on learning and memory function, but induced transient elevation of neuroapoptosis in Zn-adequate APP/PS1 mice. Exposure of isoflurane exhibited significant neuroapoptosis, Aβ generation, tau phosphorylation, and learning and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice in the presence of Zn deficiency. Appropriate Zn treatment improved learning and memory function, and prevented isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in APP/PS1 mice. Isoflurane exposure may cause potential neurotoxicity, which is tolerated to some extent in Zn-adequate APP/PS1 mice. When this tolerance is limited, like in AD with Zn deficiency, isoflurane exposure markedly exacerbated learning and memory impairment, and neuropathology, indicating that AD patients with certain conditions such as Zn deficiency may be vulnerable to volatile anesthetic isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ma
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Piao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Hua FZ, Ying J, Zhang J, Wang XF, Hu YH, Liang YP, Liu Q, Xu GH. Naringenin pre-treatment inhibits neuroapoptosis and ameliorates cognitive impairment in rats exposed to isoflurane anesthesia by regulating the PI3/Akt/PTEN signalling pathway and suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1271-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Luo F, Hu Y, Zhao W, Zuo Z, Yu Q, Liu Z, Lin J, Feng Y, Li B, Wu L, Xu L. Maternal Exposure of Rats to Isoflurane during Late Pregnancy Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory in the Offspring by Up-Regulating the Expression of Histone Deacetylase 2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160826. [PMID: 27536989 PMCID: PMC4990207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that most general anesthetics can harm developing neurons and induce cognitive dysfunction in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) has been implicated in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Our previous results showed that maternal exposure to general anesthetics during late pregnancy impaired the offspring's learning and memory, but the role of HDAC2 in it is not known yet. In the present study, pregnant rats were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane in 100% oxygen for 2, 4 or 8 hours or to 100% oxygen only for 8 hours on gestation day 18 (E18). The offspring born to each rat were randomly subdivided into 2 subgroups. Thirty days after birth, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess learning and memory in the offspring. Two hours before each MWM trial, an HDAC inhibitor (SAHA) was given to the offspring in one subgroup, whereas a control solvent was given to those in the other subgroup. The results showed that maternal exposure to isoflurane impaired learning and memory of the offspring, impaired the structure of the hippocampus, increased HDAC2 mRNA and downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) mRNA, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2 subunit B (NR2B) mRNA and NR2B protein in the hippocampus. These changes were proportional to the duration of the maternal exposure to isoflurane and were reversed by SAHA. These results suggest that exposure to isoflurane during late pregnancy can damage the learning and memory of the offspring rats via the HDAC2-CREB -NR2B pathway. This effect can be reversed by HDAC2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foquan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Weilu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States of America
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Jiamei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Yunlin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
| | - Binda Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Province Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Liuqin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Province Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 33006, China
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35
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Patel D, Lunn AD, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ, Dorrington KL. Cognitive decline in the elderly after surgery and anaesthesia: results from the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA) cohort. Anaesthesia 2016; 71:1144-52. [PMID: 27501155 PMCID: PMC5213281 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the effects on cognition of anaesthesia for surgery, especially in elderly people. We recorded cognitive decline in a cohort of 394 people (198 women) with median (IQR) age at recruitment of 72.6 (66.6–77.8) years, of whom 109 had moderate or major surgery during a median (IQR) follow‐up of 4.1 (2.0–7.6) years. Cognitive decline was more rapid in people who on recruitment were: older, p = 0.0003; male, p = 0.027; had worse cognition, p < 0.0001; or carried the ε4 allele of apoliprotein E (APOEε4), p = 0.008; and after an operation if cognitive impairment was already diagnosed, p = 0.0001. Cognitive decline appears to accelerate after surgery in elderly patients diagnosed with cognitive impairment, but not other elderly patients. ☛ CPD available at http://www.learnataagbi.org
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Affiliation(s)
- D Patel
- Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - A D Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A D Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K L Dorrington
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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36
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Char D, Ramamoorthy C, Wise-Faberowski L. Cognitive Dysfunction in Children with Heart Disease: The Role of Anesthesia and Sedation. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:221-9. [PMID: 27228360 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As physicians and caregivers of children with congenital heart disease, we are aware of the increasing need for procedures requiring anesthesia. While these procedures may be ideal for medical and cardiac surgical management, the risks and benefits must be assessed carefully. There are well known risks of cardiovascular and respiratory complications from anesthesia and sedation and a potentially under-appreciated risk of neurocognitive dysfunction. Both animal and human studies support the detrimental effects of repeated anesthetic exposure on the developing brain. Although the studies in humans are less convincing of this risk, the Society of Pediatric Anesthesia jointly with SmartTots provided a consensus statement on the use of anesthetic and sedative drugs in infants and toddlers when speaking to families. (www.pedsanesthesia.org; http://smarttots.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ConsensusStatementV910.5.2015.pdf). An excerpt of the statement is "Concerns regarding the unknown risk of anesthetic exposure to your child's brain development must be weighed against the potential harm associated with cancelling or delaying a needed procedure. Each child's care must be evaluated individually based on age, type, and urgency of the procedure and other health factors. This review provides a summary of the current evidence regarding anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and the developing brain and its implications for children with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton Char
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif, USA
| | - Chandra Ramamoorthy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif, USA
| | - Lisa Wise-Faberowski
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif, USA
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Ni C, Li C, Dong Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Xie Z. Anesthetic Isoflurane Induces DNA Damage Through Oxidative Stress and p53 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3591-3605. [PMID: 27194299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is associated with aging and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic. It remains largely unknown whether isoflurane induces DNA damage. Phosphorylation of the histone protein H2A variant X at Ser139 (γH2A.X) is a marker of DNA damage. We therefore set out to assess the effects of isoflurane on γH2A.X level in H4 human neuroglioma cells and in brain tissues of mice. Oxidative stress, caspase-activated DNase (CAD), and the p53 signaling pathway are involved in DNA damage. Thus, we determined the interaction of isoflurane with reactive oxygen species (ROS), CAD, and p53 to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. The cells were treated with 2 % isoflurane for 3 or 6 h. The mice were anesthetized with 1.4 % isoflurane for 2 h. Western blot, immunostaining and live cell fluorescence staining were used in the experiments. We showed that isoflurane increased levels of γH2A.X, cleaved caspase-3, and nucleus translocation of CAD and decreased levels of inhibitor of CAD (ICAD) and p53. Isoflurane enhanced the nucleus level of γH2A.X. Moreover, caspase inhibitor Z-VAD and ROS generation inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) attenuated the isoflurane-induced increase in γH2A.X level. However, NAC did not significantly alter the isoflurane-induced reduction in p53 level. Finally, p53 activator (actinomycin D) and inhibitor (pifithrin-α) attenuated and potentiated the isoflurane-induced increase in γH2A.X level, respectively. These findings suggest that isoflurane might induce DNA damage, as represented by increased γH2A.X level, via induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of the repair of DNA damage through the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Kim GH, Lee JJ, Lee SH, Chung YH, Cho HS, Kim JA, Kim MK. Exposure of isoflurane-treated cells to hyperoxia decreases cell viability and activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Brain Res 2016; 1636:13-20. [PMID: 26854136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane has either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects. High-dose oxygen is frequently used throughout the perioperative period. We hypothesized that hyperoxia will affect cell viability of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells that were exposed to isoflurane and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved. PC12 cells were exposed to 1.2% or 2.4% isoflurane for 6 or 24h respectively, and cell viability was evaluated. To investigate the effects of hyperoxia, PC12 cells were treated with 21%, 50%, or 95% oxygen and 2.4% isoflurane for 6h, and cell viability, TUNEL staining, ROS production, and expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), caspase-3 and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) were measured. ROS involvement was evaluated using the ROS scavenger 2-mercaptopropiopylglycine (MPG). The viability of cells exposed to 2.4% isoflurane was lower than that of cells exposed to 1.2% isoflurane. Prolonged exposure (6h vs. 24h) to 2.4% isoflurane resulted in a profound reduction in cell viability. Treatment with 95% (but not 50%) oxygen enhanced the decrease in cell viability induced by 2.4% isoflurane alone. Levels of ROS, Bax, caspase-3 and BACE were increased, whereas expression of Bcl-2 was decreased, in cells treated with 95% oxygen plus 2.4% isoflurane compared with the control and 2.4% isoflurane plus air groups. MPG attenuated the effects of oxygen and isoflurane. In conclusion, isoflurane affects cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect is augmented by hyperoxia and may involve ROS, the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway, and β-amyloid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunn Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Medical Center, South Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Jie Ae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang W, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Li S, Tan L, Gao J, Fang X, Luo A. Glycyrrhizin attenuates isoflurane-induced cognitive deficits in neonatal rats via its anti-inflammatory activity. Neuroscience 2016; 316:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hurmath FK, Mittal M, Ramaswamy P, Umamaheswara Rao GS, Dalavaikodihalli Nanjaiah N. Sevoflurane and thiopental preconditioning attenuates the migration and activity of MMP-2 in U87MG glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2016; 94:32-8. [PMID: 26875426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cell migration and diffuse infiltration into brain parenchyma are known causes of recurrence after treatment in glioblastoma (GBM), mediated in part by the interaction of glioma cells with the extracellular matrix, followed by degradation of matrix by tumor cell derived proteases, particularly the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Sevoflurane and thiopental are anesthetics commonly used in cancer surgery. However, their effect on the progression of glioma cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of these anesthetics on the migration and activity of MMP-2 in glioma cells. METHODOLOGY Cultured U87MG cells were pretreated with sevoflurane or thiopental and in vitro wound healing scratch assay was carried out to analyze their effect on migration of these cells. Gelatin zymography was carried out to examine the effect of these anesthetics on tumor cell MMP-2 activity using the conditioned media 24 h after pretreatment. Cell viability was analyzed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS U87MG cells exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane or different concentrations of thiopental significantly decreased migration and activity of MMP-2 compared to control. No effect was seen on the viability of these cells after pretreatment with sevoflurane or thiopental. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that both sevoflurane and thiopental have inhibitory effect on the migration and MMP-2 activity in glioma cells. Thus, it is important that the choice of anesthetics to be used during glioma surgery takes into account their inhibitory properties against the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Kamaluddin Hurmath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Mohit Mittal
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Palaniswamy Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - G S Umamaheswara Rao
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
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Ramklass R, Hauser N, Levin AI. Anaesthesia associated developmental neurotoxicity (AADN) 2015. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2015.1126980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Preischemic Administration of Sevoflurane Does not Exert Dose-dependent Effects on the Outcome of Severe Forebrain Ischemia in Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2015; 27:216-21. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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miRNA expression profile and involvement of Let-7d-APP in aged rats with isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119336. [PMID: 25799420 PMCID: PMC4370901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in different nervous system diseases. We sought to determine the role of miRNAs in isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in aged rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of 18 month were randomly assigned to control group (exposed to mock anesthesia), 2-hour group and 6-hour group (exposed to 2% isoflurane for 2 and 6 hours respectively). By Morris Water Maze, 6-hour group showed impaired learning and memory ability while 2-hour group not. As shown by miRNA array, control group and 2-hour group showed a similar miRNA expression profile. And 38 miRNAs are differently expressed in 6-hour group compared to the other 2 groups, including 21 up-regulated miRNAs and 17 down-regulated miRNAs. And 4 of the differentially expressed miRNAs were validated independently by qRT-PCR. Let-7d was downregulated in 6-hour group. Additionally, we demonstrated that amyloid precursor protein (APP) was a direct target of let-7d by Fluorescent report assay. Increased expression of APP and amyloid-β (Aβ) were found in the hippocampi of 6-hour group. Downregulation of let-7d might contribute to isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment through upregulating its target APP, and increasing the production of Aβ subsequently.
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Jiang J, Jiang H. Effect of the inhaled anesthetics isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3-12. [PMID: 25738734 PMCID: PMC4438950 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in individuals >65 years of age is 13% and ~66 million individuals in this age group undergo surgery annually under anesthesia. It is therefore important to determine whether commonly used inhaled anesthetics induce cytotoxicity, which may lead to neurodegeneration. Findings from several studies suggest that the anesthetics, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, may activate caspases, increase the synthesis and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein, and induce hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, all of which are cellular responses consistent with the neuropathogenesis of AD. Other studies have arrived at different and occasionally contradictory conclusions. The present review attempts to resolve this discrepancy by reviewing previous studies, which have investigated the effects of commonly used inhaled anesthetics on the synthesis and accumulation of Aβ, tau pathology and cognitive function. The possible underlying mechanism was also reviewed. However, several aspects of this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Further studies are required to fully examine anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and elucidate the effect of inhaled anesthetics on the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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α2-Adrenergic stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus destabilizes the anesthetic state. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16385-96. [PMID: 25471576 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1135-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) shares reciprocal inhibitory inputs with wake-active neuronal nuclei, including the locus ceruleus. Electrophysiologically, sleep-promoting neurons in the VLPO are directly depolarized by the general anesthetic isoflurane and hyperpolarized by norepinephrine, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter. However, the integration of these competing influences on the VLPO, a sleep- and anesthetic-active structure, has yet to be evaluated in either brain slices in vitro or the intact organism. Single-cell multiplex RT-PCR conducted on both isoflurane-activated, putative sleep-promoting VLPO neurons and neighboring, state-indifferent VLPO neurons in mouse brain slices revealed widespread expression of α2A-, α2B- and α2C-adrenergic receptors in both populations. Indeed, both norepinephrine and the highly selective α2 agonist dexmedetomidine each reversed the VLPO depolarization induced by isoflurane in slices in vitro. When microinjected directly into the VLPO of a mouse lightly anesthetized with isoflurane, dexmedetomidine increased behavioral arousal and reduced the depressant effects of isoflurane on barrel cortex somatosensory-evoked potentials but failed to elicit spectral changes in spontaneous EEG. Based on these observations, we conclude that local modulation of α-adrenergic activity in the VLPO destabilizes, but does not fully antagonize, the anesthetic state, thus priming the brain for anesthetic emergence.
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Sun Y, Zhang Y, Cheng B, Dong Y, Pan C, Li T, Xie Z. Glucose may attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation in H4 human neuroglioma cells. Anesth Analg 2015; 119:1373-80. [PMID: 25068691 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The commonly used inhaled anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to induce caspase-3 activation. However, the underlying mechanism(s) and targeted intervention(s) remain largely to be determined. Isoflurane may induce caspase-3 activation via causing accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Therefore, we performed a hypothesis-generation study to determine whether glucose could attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation, ROS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ATP reduction in cultured cells. METHODS H4 human neuroglioma cells (H4 cells) were treated with 2% isoflurane or the control condition plus saline or 50 mM glucose for 6 or 3 hours. Caspase-3 activation, cell viability, levels of ROS and ATP, and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined at the end of the experiments by Western blot analysis and fluorescence assay. RESULTS We found that the glucose treatment might attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and reduction of cell viability in H4 cells. Moreover, the glucose treatment mitigated the isoflurane-induced increase in ROS levels and reduction in ATP levels in H4 cells. Unexpectedly, we observed that the glucose treatment might not inhibit the isoflurane-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in H4 cells. CONCLUSIONS Pending further studies, these results suggested that glucose might attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation through a mitochondria-independent reduction in ROS levels and enhancement in ATP levels. These findings have established a system and suggest that it is worth performing more research to further investigate whether glucose can attenuate anesthesia neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Sun
- From the *Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and †Department of Anesthesia, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Distinctive recruitment of endogenous sleep-promoting neurons by volatile anesthetics and a nonimmobilizer. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:999-1009. [PMID: 25057841 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies demonstrate that anesthetic-induced unconsciousness is accompanied by activation of hypothalamic sleep-promoting neurons, which occurs through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. However, the correlation between drug exposure, neuronal activation, and onset of hypnosis remains incompletely understood. Moreover, the degree to which anesthetics activate both endogenous populations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic sleep-promoting neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) and median preoptic nuclei remains unknown. METHODS Mice were exposed to oxygen, hypnotic doses of isoflurane or halothane, or 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), a nonimmobilizer. Hypothalamic brain slices prepared from anesthetic-naive mice were also exposed to oxygen, volatile anesthetics, or F6 ex vivo, both in the presence and absence of tetrodotoxin. Double-label immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive nuclei in the GABAergic subpopulation of neurons in the VLPO and the median preoptic areas to test the hypothesis that volatile anesthetics, but not nonimmobilizers, activate sleep-promoting neurons in both nuclei. RESULTS In vivo exposure to isoflurane and halothane doubled the fraction of active, c-Fos-expressing GABAergic neurons in the VLPO, whereas F6 failed to affect VLPO c-Fos expression. Both in the presence and absence of tetrodotoxin, isoflurane dose-dependently increased c-Fos expression in GABAergic neurons ex vivo, whereas F6 failed to alter expression. In GABAergic neurons of the median preoptic area, c-Fos expression increased with isoflurane and F6, but not with halothane exposure. CONCLUSIONS Anesthetic unconsciousness is not accompanied by global activation of all putative sleep-promoting neurons. However, within the VLPO hypnotic doses of volatile anesthetics, but not nonimmobilizers, activate putative sleep-promoting neurons, correlating with the appearance of the hypnotic state.
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General anesthetic isoflurane modulates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor calcium channel opening. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:528-37. [PMID: 24878495 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological evidence suggests that inhalational general anesthetics induce neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo through overactivation of inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca-release channels, but it is not clear whether these effects are due to direct modulation of channel activity by the anesthetics. METHODS Using single-channel patch clamp electrophysiology, the authors examined the gating of rat recombinant type 3 InsP3R (InsP3R-3) Ca-release channels in isolated nuclei (N = 3 to 15) from chicken lymphocytes modulated by isoflurane at clinically relevant concentrations in the absence and presence of physiological levels of the agonist inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). The authors also examined the effects of isoflurane on InsP3R-mediated Ca release from the endoplasmic reticulum and changes in intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]i). RESULTS Clinically relevant concentrations (approximately 1 minimal alveolar concentration) of the commonly used general anesthetic, isoflurane, activated InsP3R-3 channels with open probability similar to channels activated by 1 µM InsP3 (Po ≈ 0.2). This isoflurane modulation of InsP3R-3 Po depended biphasically on [Ca]i. Combination of isoflurane with subsaturating levels of InsP3 in patch pipettes resulted in at least two-fold augmentations of InsP3R-3 channel Po compared with InsP3 alone. These effects were not noted in the presence of saturating [InsP3]. Application of isoflurane to DT40 cells resulted in a 30% amplification of InsP3R-mediated [Ca]i oscillations, whereas InsP3-induced increase in [Ca]i and cleaved caspase-3 activity were enhanced by approximately 2.5-fold. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the InsP3R may be a direct molecular target of isoflurane and plays a role in the mechanisms of anesthetic-mediated pharmacological or neurotoxic effects.
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Peng J, Drobish JK, Liang G, Wu Z, Liu C, Joseph DJ, Abdou H, Eckenhoff MF, Wei H. Anesthetic preconditioning inhibits isoflurane-mediated apoptosis in the developing rat brain. Anesth Analg 2014; 119:939-946. [PMID: 25099925 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that preconditioning (PC) with a short exposure to isoflurane (ISO) would reduce neurodegeneration induced by prolonged exposure to ISO in neonatal rats, as previously shown in neuronal cell culture. METHODS We randomly divided 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats into 3 groups: control, 1.5% ISO, and PC + 1.5% ISO. The control group was exposed to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 minutes and then to carrier gas again for 6 hours the following day. The 1.5% ISO group was exposed to carrier gas for 30 minutes and then to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. The PC + 1.5% ISO group was preconditioned with a 30-minute 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. Blood and brain samples were collected 2 hours after the exposures for determination of neurodegenerative biomarkers, including caspase-3, S100β, caspase-12, and an autophagy biomarker Beclin-1. RESULTS Prolonged exposure to ISO significantly increased cleaved caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats compared with the group preconditioned with ISO and the controls using Western blot assays. However, significant differences were not detected for other markers of neuronal injury. CONCLUSIONS The ISO-mediated increase in cleaved caspase-3 in the postnatal day 7 rat brain is ameliorated by PC with a brief anesthetic exposure, and differences were not detected in other markers of neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Vitamin C Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Caspase-3 Activation and Cognitive Impairment. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1580-1589. [PMID: 25367886 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetic isoflurane has been reported to induce caspase-3 activation. The underlying mechanism(s) and targeted intervention(s), however, remain largely to be determined. Vitamin C (VitC) inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. We therefore employed VitC to further determine the up-stream mechanisms and the down-stream consequences of the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation. H4 human neuroglioma cells overexpressed human amyloid precursor protein (H4-APP cells) and rat neuroblastoma cells were treated either with (1) 2% isoflurane or (2) with the control condition, plus saline or 400 μM VitC for 3 or 6 h. Western blot analysis and fluorescence assay were utilized at the end of the experiments to determine caspase-3 activation, levels of reactive oxygen species and ATP, and mitochondrial function. The interaction of isoflurane (1.4% for 2 h) and VitC (100 mg/kg) on cognitive function in mice was also assessed in the fear conditioning system. Here, we show for the first time that the VitC treatment attenuated the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation. Moreover, VitC mitigated the isoflurane-induced increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, and the reduction in ATP levels in the cells. Finally, VitC ameliorated the isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in the mice. Pending confirmation from future studies, these results suggested that VitC attenuated the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and cognitive impairment by inhibiting the isoflurane-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction in ATP levels. These findings would promote further research into the underlying mechanisms and targeted interventions of anesthesia neurotoxicity.
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