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Rabies virus glycoprotein- and transferrin-functionalized liposomes to elevate epigallocatechin gallate and FK506 activity and mediate MAPK against neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kuo YC, Tsai HC, Rajesh R. Glutathione Liposomes Carrying Ceftriaxone, FK506, and Nilotinib to Control Overexpressed Dopamine Markers and Apoptotic Factors in Neurons. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3242-3255. [PMID: 34189904 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in liposomal formulation carrying multiple neuroprotective drugs, such as ceftriaxone (CEF), FK506, and nilotinib, can point toward an approach to obviating the difficulties in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. We prepared functionalized liposomes decorated with glutathione (GSH) to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cardiolipin (CL) to link up apoptotic neurons. Further, the effect of CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes on a PD model established by SH-SY5Y cells with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity was investigated. An increment of the mole percentage of dihexadecyl phosphate and CL increased the particle size and the absolute value of ζ potential, improved the entrapment efficiency of CEF, FK506, and nilotinib, and reduced the drug-releasing rate. The toxicity studies revealed that CEF, FK506, and nilotinib-encapsulated liposomes could enhance the survival of SH-SY5Y cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence revealed that incorporation of CL in a lipid bilayer ameliorated the docking of CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes at α-synuclein (α-syn), indicating a better targeting capability of the liposomes to degenerated neurons. Treatment with CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes reduced the expression of Bax and α-syn and promoted the expression of Bcl-2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the dopamine transporter. GSH- and CL-conjugated liposomes showed combined activity of targeting the BBB and α-syn and augmented the efficiency of the three drugs in rescuing dopaminergic neurons for neurodegenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - He-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rajendiran Rajesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Dorman HJD, Lantto TA, Raasmaja A, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant, pro-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of parsley. Food Funct 2011; 2:328-37. [PMID: 21779571 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves were macerated with a mixture of methanol: water: acetic acid to produce a crude extract which was then defatted with (40°-60°) petrol. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using a battery of in vitro assays, viz., iron(iii) reduction, iron(ii) chelation and free radical scavenging assays. Evaluation of the pro-oxidant activity of the extract was based upon its effects upon DNA fragmentation and protein carbonylation. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of the extract were determined in non-cancerous CV1-P fibroblast and cancerous A375 melanoma cells using MTT and LDH tests and caspase 3-like activity assay. The highest concentration, 2.0 mg ml(-1), decreased the viability of both cell lines, however, the cancerous melanoma cells were slightly susceptible to the effects. The observed cytotoxicity was not due to the caspase 3 activity. In conclusion, the toxicity might be explained by the pro-oxidative activity of components within the extract against proteins and/or DNA but it is not related to caspase 3-dependent apoptosis within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Damien Dorman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A. Possible nitric oxide modulation in protective effect of FK-506 against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced behavioral, oxidative, neurochemical, and mitochondrial alterations in rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:377-92. [DOI: 10.3109/01480541003642050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gill MB, Perez-Polo JR. Bax shuttling after rotenone treatment of neuronal primary cultures: Effects on cell death phenotypes. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2047-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kumar P, Kumar A. Neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine and FK506 against 3-nitropropionic acid induced cognitive dysfunction and glutathione redox in rat: Possible role of nitric oxide. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:302-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ossola B, Kääriäinen TM, Raasmaja A, Männistö PT. Time-dependent protective and harmful effects of quercetin on 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology 2008; 250:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Microglial activation is not prevented by tacrolimus but dopamine neuron damage is reduced in a rat model of Parkinson's disease progression. Brain Res 2008; 1216:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hypoxia Ischemia-Mediated Cell Death in Neonatal Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2379-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lack of robust protective effect of quercetin in two types of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian models in rats and dopaminergic cell cultures. Brain Res 2008; 1203:149-59. [PMID: 18329008 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the ability of a flavonoid quercetin to prevent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced oxygen radical formation and cytotoxicity in vitro and neurotoxicity in vivo. Quercetin (10-100 microM) had an acute significant antioxidant effect against the 6-OHDA-induced (30 microM) oxygen radical formation in catecholaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, in these cells, quercetin at 10-50 microM had a significant protective effect against 6-OHDA though at 100 microM it was itself harmful to the cells. The possible effect of quercetin in preventing neurotoxicity in unilateral medial forebrain bundle (full nigral lesion) or striatal (partial lesion) 6-OHDA rat lesion models of Parkinson's disease was studied in three treatment schedules: a 7-day pre- or post-treatment or their combination. Rotational responses to apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were assessed at weeks 1 and 2 post-lesion. Quercetin had no consistent neuroprotective effect in either model at 50-200 mg/kg once a day or 100 mg/kg twice a day. Furthermore, no protection was observed in tyrosine hydroxylase positive nigral cell numbers, striatal fiber density or in striatal levels of dopamine. These in vitro and in vivo results cast doubt on the theory that quercetin exerts reliable neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. In vitro, quercetin seems to be protective at low doses but damaging at high doses.
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Puttonen KA, Lehtonen S, Lampela P, Männistö PT, Raasmaja A. Different viabilities and toxicity types after 6-OHDA and Ara-C exposure evaluated by four assays in five cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:182-9. [PMID: 17764891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability studies are useful when screening novel drugs for the diseases that are related to either increased cell death or enhanced cell survival. There are numerous assays but the results that they produce are rarely unanimous. Here we compared the performance of (1) morphological microscopic assay with double DNA staining, (2) propidium iodide-digitonin assay, (3) MTT-assay, and (4) ATP-assay in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), rat glioma (C6), rabbit smooth muscle (SMC), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and monkey fibroblast cells (CV1-P) exposed to cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We found that neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were most sensitive to both toxins and the results in all viability tests correlated well. All the other cell lines were much more resistant, particularly to Ara-C but also to 6-OHDA. Toxicity of the compounds was best revealed by MTT and ATP assays, measuring the metabolic activity of the cells, and only occasionally by morphological observations or with the propidium iodide-digitonin assay which is based on the cell membrane integrity. In this research, Ara-C induced pure apoptosis whereas the toxicity type of 6-OHDA was dose-dependent. The use of several viability tests and cell lines is recommended when studying cell death, particularly apoptosis, and performance of antiapoptotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Puttonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Paraquat-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: involvement of p53 and mitochondria. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:289-299. [PMID: 18253895 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701738467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat is a suspected etiologic factor in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat was therefore used to reproduce Parkinsonian syndromes in lab animals, in which it produces dopaminergic pathogenesis. However, the factors or mechanisms by which paraquat kills dopaminergic neurons are not fully understood. Based on reported evidence that paraquat increases p53 protein levels and inhibits mitochondrial function, it was hypothesized that paraquat induces cell death in dopaminergic neurons through a mechanism in which p53 and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are linked. To explore this possibility, dopaminergic SY5Y cells were treated with paraquat for 48 h and p53 responses were investigated, as well as biomarkers of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Paraquat significantly increased protein levels of p53 and one of its target genes, Bax. By 24 h, paraquat decreased mitochondrial complex I activity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In addition, paraquat increased the activities of caspases 9 and 3. Finally, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation occurred 48 h after treatment. The decrease of mitochondrial functions, the release of cytochrome c, the increase of caspase 9 and 3 activities, and DNA damage that were produced by paraquat were inhibited by a specific p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. These findings support the conclusion that paraquat produced apoptosis in SY5Y cells through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway associated with p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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Chiou SH, Ku HH, Tsai TH, Lin HL, Chen LH, Chien CS, Ho LLT, Lee CH, Chang YL. Moclobemide upregulated Bcl-2 expression and induced neural stem cell differentiation into serotoninergic neuron via extracellular-regulated kinase pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:587-98. [PMID: 16702990 PMCID: PMC1751873 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Moclobemide (MB) is an antidepressant drug that selectively and reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase-A. Recent studies have revealed that antidepressant drugs possess the characters of potent growth-promoting factors for the development of neurogenesis and improve the survival rate of serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine; 5-HT) neurons. However, whether MB comprises neuroprotection effects or modulates the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) needs to be elucidated. 2. In this study, firstly, we used the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay to demonstrate that 50 microM MB can increase the cell viability of NSCs. The result of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the induction of MB can upregulate the gene expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. By using caspases 8 and 3, ELISA and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, our data further confirmed that 50 microM MB-treated NSCs can prevent FasL-induced apoptosis. 3. The morphological findings also supported the evidence that MB can facilitate the dendritic development and increase the neurite expansion of NSCs. Moreover, we found that MB treatment increased the expression of Bcl-2 in NSCs through activating the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. 4. By using the triple-staining immunofluorescent study, the percentages of serotonin- and MAP-2-positive cells in the day 7 culture of MB-treated NSCs were significantly increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, our data supported that MB treatment increased functional production of serotonin in NSCs via the modulation of ERK1/2. In sum, the study results support that MB can upregulate Bcl-2 expression and induce the differentiation of NSCs into serotoninergic neuron via ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Hung-Hai Ku
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Larry L -T Ho
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsen Lee
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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