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Gao RJ, Zhang AM, Jia QH, Dang ZT, Tian T, Zhang JR, Cao N, Tang XC, Ma KT, Li L, Si JQ. The promoting role of Cx43 on the proliferation and migration of arterial smooth muscle cells for angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 70:102072. [PMID: 34428599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that endothelin-1 and angiotensin II (AngII) can increase gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by activating Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. However, not only the precise interaction of AngII with Connexin43(Cx43) and the associated functions remain unclear, but also the regulatory role of Cx43 on the AngII-mediated promotion proliferation and migration of VSMCs is poorly understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our research applicated pressure myography measurements, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses to investigate the changes in physiological indicators in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and AngII-stimulated proliferation and migration of A7r5 SMCs(Rat vascular smooth muscle cells). The aim was to elucidate the role of CX43 in hypertension induced by AngII. RESULTS Chronic ramipril (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) management for SHRs significantly attenuated blood pressure and blood vessel wall thickness, also reduced contraction rate in the cerebral artery. The cerebral artery contraction rates, mRNA and protein expression of Cx43, osteopontin (OPN) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression in the SHR + ramipril and SHR + ramipril + carbenoxolone (CBX, Cx43 specific blocker) groups were significantly lower than those in the SHR group. Cx43 protein expression and Ser368 phosphorylated Cx43 protein levels increased significantly in AngII-stimulated A7r5 cells. However, the levels of phosphorylated Cx43 decreased after pre-treatment with candesartan (AT1 receptor blocker), GF109203X (protein kinase C (PKC) blocker) and U0126 (mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2(MEK/ERK1/2)-specific blocker) in AngII-stimulated A7r5 cells. Cx43 was widely distributed in the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm of the SMCs. Furthermore, pre-treatment of the AngII- stimulated A7r5 cells with Gap26 (Cx43 blocker) significantly inhibited cell migration and decreased the expression levels of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, P-MEK1/2, and P-ERK1/2. CONCLUSION Our research confirms that Cx43 plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation and migration of VSMCs via MEK/ERK and PKC signal pathway in AngII-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Juan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Ai-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Qi-Hua Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Zi-Ting Dang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Department of Commerce, Shanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang, 712046, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Jing-Rong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xue-Chun Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China; Department of Physiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China.
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2
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Yeung PKK, Lai AKW, Son HJ, Zhang X, Hwang O, Chung SSM, Chung SK. Aldose reductase deficiency leads to oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and autophagic abnormality in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 50:119-133. [PMID: 27960106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungicide exposure causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD). Benomyl inhibits enzymes responsible for detoxifying the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Aldose reductase (AR) is known as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) reductase that generates BH4, a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) involved in dopamine synthesis. AR also acts as an aldehyde reductase involved in detoxifying 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. In PD patients, the level of AR is significantly lower in the cerebellum. To determine if AR deficiency contributes to PD, AR wild-type (AR+/+) and knockout (AR-/-) mice were administrated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl -1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The MPTP-treated AR-/- mice showed more severe behavioral deficits and brain damage than that of AR+/+ mice. Contrary to expectation, under normal or MPTP-treated condition, AR-/- mice showed a significant elevation of BH4 and dopamine in the midbrain, suggesting that either AR does not contribute to BH4 production, or other BH4 synthetic pathways are induced. The AR-/- brain showed upregulation of peroxynitrite, inducible nitric oxide synthase and downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), which indicate an increase in oxidative stress. In line with the animal data, pretreating the SH-SY5Y cells with AR inhibitors (Fidarestat or Epalrestat) before MPP+ treatment, increased severe cell death and mitochondrial fragmentation with downregulation of SOD were observed when compared to the MPP+ treatment alone. Cycloxygenase 2 (COX2), which can lead to the oxidation of dopamine, was upregulated in AR-/- brains. Autophagic proteins, beclin-1 and LC3B were also downregulated. The loss of dopaminergic neurons was associated with activation of p-ERK1/2. These findings suggest that AR plays an important role in protecting dopaminergic neuron against neurotoxic metabolites in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angela K W Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hyo Jin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Onyou Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen S M Chung
- Division of Science and Technology, United International College, Zhuhai, Guandong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Lee E, Choi SY, Yang JH, Lee YJ. Preventive effects of imperatorin on perfluorohexanesulfonate-induced neuronal apoptosis via inhibition of intracellular calcium-mediated ERK pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:399-406. [PMID: 27382356 PMCID: PMC4930908 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early life neuronal exposure to environmental toxicants has been suggested to be an important etiology of neurodegenerative disease development. Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), one of the major perfluoroalkyl compounds, is widely distributed environmental contaminants. We have reported that PFHxS induces neuronal apoptosis via ERK-mediated pathway. Imperatorin is a furanocoumarin found in various edible plants and has a wide range of pharmacological effects including neuroprotection. In this study, the effects of imperatorin on PFHxS-induced neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms are examined using cerebellar granule cells (CGC). CGC were isolated from seven-day old rats and were grown in culture for seven days. Caspase-3 activity and TUNEL staining were used to determine neuronal apoptosis. PFHxS-induced apoptosis of CGC was significantly reduced by imperatorin and PD98059, an ERK pathway inhibitor. PFHxS induced a persistent increase in intracellular calcium, which was significantly blocked by imperatorin, NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801 and the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers, diltiazem and nifedipine. The activation of caspase-3 by PFHxS was also inhibited by MK801, diltiazem and nifedipine. PFHxS-increased ERK activation was inhibited by imperatorin, MK801, diltiazem and nifedipine. Taken together, imperatorin protects CGC against PFHxS-induced apoptosis via inhibition of NMDA receptor/intracellular calcium-mediated ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lee
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 38540, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yang
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
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4
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Lee YJ, Choi SY, Yang JH. NMDA receptor-mediated ERK 1/2 pathway is involved in PFHxS-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 491-492:227-34. [PMID: 24534200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) is one of the major perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) found in human blood and its possible neurotoxicity has been suggested. However, the neuronal responses to PFHxS are not much known. Many studies have demonstrated that the early exposure to environmental chemicals increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease in later life. In this study, the effects of PFHxS on the neuronal cell death and the underlying mechanisms were examined using PC12 cells as a model of dopaminergic neuron. The treatment with PFHxS reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. PFHxS increased cell apoptosis which was measured by caspase-3 activity and TUNEL staining. MK801, a NMDA receptor antagonist reduced PFHxS-induced apoptosis. PFHxS increased the activations of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK with different temporal activations. The treatment with PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, significantly reduced apoptosis, whereas SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, had no effect. JNK inhibition by SP600125 significantly increased apoptosis. PFHxS exposure also increased ROS formation, which was completely blocked by antioxidants, Trolox or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). However, neither Trolox nor NAC reduced PFHxS-increased apoptosis, suggesting that ROS may not be a critical mediator for PFHxS-induced apoptosis of cells. Moreover, ERK activation induced by PFHxS was blocked by MK801 but not antioxidants. Taken together, these results have demonstrated that PFHxS induces the apoptosis of dopaminergic neuronal cells, where NMDA receptor-mediated ERK pathway plays a pro-apoptotic role and JNK plays an anti-apoptotic role. Our results may contribute to understanding cellular mechanisms for PFHxS-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae H Yang
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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5
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Gurling M, Talavera K, Garriga G. The DEP domain-containing protein TOE-2 promotes apoptosis in the Q lineage of C. elegans through two distinct mechanisms. Development 2014; 141:2724-34. [PMID: 24961802 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblast divisions in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans often give rise to a larger neuron and a smaller cell that dies. We have previously identified genes that, when mutated, result in neuroblast divisions that generate daughter cells that are more equivalent in size. This effect correlates with the survival of daughter cells that would normally die. We now describe a role for the DEP domain-containing protein TOE-2 in promoting the apoptotic fate in the Q lineage. TOE-2 localized at the plasma membrane and accumulated in the cleavage furrow of the Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts, suggesting that TOE-2 might position the cleavage furrow asymmetrically to generate daughter cells of different sizes. This appears to be the case for Q.a divisions where loss of TOE-2 led to a more symmetric division and to survival of the smaller Q.a daughter. Localization of TOE-2 to the membrane is required for this asymmetry, but, surprisingly, the DEP domain is dispensable. By contrast, loss of TOE-2 led to loss of the apoptotic fate in the smaller Q.p daughter but did not affect the size asymmetry of the Q.p daughters. This function of TOE-2 required the DEP domain but not localization to the membrane. We propose that TOE-2 ensures an apoptotic fate for the small Q.a daughter by promoting asymmetry in the daughter cell sizes of the Q.a neuroblast division but by a mechanism that is independent of cell size in the Q.p division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gurling
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karla Talavera
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gian Garriga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Lin T, Chen Y, Ding Z, Luo G, Liu J, Shen J. Novel insights into the synergistic interaction of a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor and TRAIL: the activation of the ASK1-ERK-Sp1 pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63966. [PMID: 23696862 PMCID: PMC3655947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces cell death in various types of cancer cells but has little or no effects on normal cells. Unfortunately, not all cancer cells respond to TRAIL; therefore, TRAIL sensitizing agents are currently being explored. Here, we reported that 6-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyltelluro)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (DTCD), a cyclodextrin-derived diorganyl telluride which has been identified as an excellent inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), could sensitize TRAIL resistant human ovarian cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. In vitro, DTCD enhanced TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells through up-regulation of DR5. Luciferase analysis and CHIP assays showed that DTCD increased DR5 promoter activity via Sp1 activation. Additionally, DTCD stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, while the ERK inhibitor PD98059 blocked DTCD-induced DR5 expression and suppressed binding of Sp1 to the DR5 promoter. We further demonstrated that DTCD could induce the release of ASK1 from its complex with Trx-1, and recovered its kinase activity. Meanwhile, suppression of ASK1 by RNA interference led to decreased ERK phosphorylation induced by DTCD. The underlying mechanisms reveal that Trx-1 is heavily oxidized in response to DTCD treatment, in accordance with the fact that DTCD could inhibit the activity of TrxR that reduces oxidized Trx-1. Moreover, using an A2780 xenograft model, DTCD plus TRAIL significantly inhibited the growth of tumor in vivo. Our results suggest that Trx/TrxR system inhibition may play a critical role in apoptosis by combined treatment with DTCD and TRAIL, and raise the possibility that their combination may be a promising strategy for ovarian carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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Lee YJ, Lee HG, Yang JH. Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells is mediated by ERK 1/2 pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1597-1602. [PMID: 22990021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is considered as a neurotoxicant to mammalian species. However, the underlying mechanism of its neurotoxicity is largely unknown. In the present study, we examined roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in PFOS-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Cerebellar granule cells were isolated from 7-d old rats and maintained in culture for additional 7 d. Cells were exposed to PFOS and caspase-3 activity and nuclear morphology were evaluated by enzyme activity assay and Hoechst 33342 staining, respectively, to determine its effects on apoptosis. The treatment with PFOS resulted in caspase-3 activation and nuclear condensation and fragmentation. PFOS exposure selectively increased activation of ERK that remained above control over 6 h. The inhibitor of ERK pathway, PD98059, substantially blocked caspase-3 activation induced by PFOS, whereas inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPK, SP600125 and SB203580, respectively, had no effect. PKC inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimide I and Gö6976, dampened caspase-3 activity and ERK activation induced by PFOS. Collectively, it is suggested that PKC and ERK play proapoptotic roles in PFOS-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells and PKC act as an upstream regulator of ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kysenius K, Muggalla P, Mätlik K, Arumäe U, Huttunen HJ. PCSK9 regulates neuronal apoptosis by adjusting ApoER2 levels and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1903-16. [PMID: 22481440 PMCID: PMC11114498 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secreted protease proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipid (LDL) receptor family members LDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein receptor 2 (ApoER2), and promotes their degradation in intracellular acidic compartments. In the liver, LDLR is a major controller of blood LDL levels, whereas VLDLR and ApoER2 in the brain mediate Reelin signaling, a critical pathway for proper development of the nervous system. Expression level of PCSK9 in the brain is highest in the cerebellum during perinatal development, but is also increased in the adult brain after ischemia. The mechanism of PCSK9 function and its involvement in neuronal apoptosis is poorly understood. We show here that RNAi-mediated knockdown of PCSK9 significantly reduced the death of potassium-deprived cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), as shown by reduced levels of nuclear phosphorylated c-Jun and activated caspase-3, as well as condensed apoptotic nuclei. ApoER2 protein levels were increased in PCSK9 RNAi cells. Knockdown of ApoER2 but not of VLDLR was sufficient to reverse the protection provided by PCSK9 RNAi, suggesting that proapoptotic signaling of PCSK9 is mediated by altered ApoER2 function. Pharmacological inhibition of signaling pathways associated with lipoprotein receptors suggested that PCSK9 regulates neuronal apoptosis independently of NMDA receptor function but in concert with ERK and JNK signaling pathways. PCSK9 RNAi also reduced staurosporine-induced CGN apoptosis and axonal degeneration in the nerve growth factor-deprived dorsal root ganglion neurons. We conclude that PCSK9 potentiates neuronal apoptosis via modulation of ApoER2 levels and related anti-apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kysenius
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pranuthi Muggalla
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kert Mätlik
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urmas Arumäe
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri J. Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Numakawa T, Matsumoto T, Numakawa Y, Richards M, Yamawaki S, Kunugi H. Protective Action of Neurotrophic Factors and Estrogen against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:405194. [PMID: 21776259 PMCID: PMC3135156 DOI: 10.1155/2011/405194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important for maintenance of neuronal function, though elevated levels lead to neuronal cell death. A complex series of events including excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) overload, and mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration. As expected, many antioxidants like phytochemicals and vitamins are known to reduce oxidative toxicity. Additionally, growing evidence indicates that neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and estrogens significantly prevent neuronal damage caused by oxidative stress. Here, we review and discuss recent studies addressing the protective mechanisms of neurotrophic factors and estrogen within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoya Matsumoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yumiko Numakawa
- Peptide-prima Co., Ltd., 1-25-81, Nuyamazu, Kumamoto 861-2102, Japan
| | - Misty Richards
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
- The Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Yang TC, Lai CC, Shiu SL, Chuang PH, Tzou BC, Lin YY, Tsai FJ, Lin CW. Japanese encephalitis virus down-regulates thioredoxin and induces ROS-mediated ASK1-ERK/p38 MAPK activation in human promonocyte cells. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:643-51. [PMID: 20430109 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes severe neurological disease with high mortality. Molecular mechanisms of JEV pathogenesis such as upstream apoptotic processes and pathways are not yet completely resolved or understood. In this study, JEV replication in human promonocyte cells induced time-dependent apoptosis and activated virus dose-dependent caspases 3, 8 and 9. Proteomic analysis demonstrated up- and down-regulated (more or less than 1.5-fold) proteins in JEV-infected promonocyte cells. Biological process categorization showed processes of antioxidation, free radical removal, and sulfur redox metabolism entailed many identified up- and down-regulated proteins. Down-regulation of thioredoxin, confirmed by using Western blotting, was involved in the apoptosis process of the oxidative stress response pathway. JEV infection caused increased intracellular ROS production and activation of ASK1-ERK/p38 MAPK signaling. ERK/p38 MAPK inhibitor PD98059 treatment definitely suppressed this apoptosis. Down-regulation of thioredoxin, increased intracellular ROS, and activation of ASK1-ERK/p38 MAPK signaling all were associated with JEV-induced apoptosis. These results are suggestive of an oxidative stress-pathway as a key element of JE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuey-Ching Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Jantas D, Lasoń W. Anti-apoptotic effect of memantine against staurosporine- and low-potassium-induced cell death in cerebellar granule cells: a development-dependent effect. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:827-937. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Gabbiani C, Casini A, Messori L. Thioredoxin reductase: A target for gold compounds acting as potential anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Chongthammakun V, Sanvarinda Y, Chongthammakun S. Reactive oxygen species production and MAPK activation are implicated in tetrahydrobiopterin-induced SH-SY5Y cell death. Neurosci Lett 2009; 449:178-82. [PMID: 19013215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an obligatory cofactor for dopamine (DA) synthesis, has been shown to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon its autoxidation and induce selective dopaminergic cell death in many in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The precise molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal death upon BH4 exposure, however, have not yet been well elucidated. The present study aims to examine the intracellular ROS production and the signal transduction pathways underlying the toxic effects of BH4 on human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. The results show that BH4 treatment at concentrations ranging from 50microM to 400microM induces neuronal death in a dose-dependent manner. In concomitant with the elevation of intracellular ROS formation, BH4-induced activation of MAPK, p38 and ERK1/2 in SH-SY5Y cells is attenuated by pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors, SB203580 or PD98059. These data indicate that MAPK activation and oxidative stress are involved in BH4-induced dopaminergic cell death, possibly through the autoxidation of BH4 and subsequent ROS production.
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Jia Y, Castellanos J, Wang C, Sinha-Hikim I, Lue Y, Swerdloff RS, Sinha-Hikim AP. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in male germ cell apoptosis in the rat. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:771-80. [PMID: 19109224 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.072843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed germ cell death is critical for functional spermatogenesis. Increased germ cell apoptosis can be triggered by various regulatory stimuli, including testicular hyperthermia or deprivation of gonadotropins and intratesticular testosterone. We have previously shown the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 14 in apoptotic signaling of male germ cells across species after hormone deprivation. This study investigates the role of MAPK14 in germ cell apoptosis in rats triggered by testicular hyperthermia. The contributions of the MAPK1/3 and the MAPK8 to male germ cell death were also examined after this intervention. We show that 1) testicular hyperthermia results in induction of both MAPK1/3 and MAPK14 but not MAPK8; 2) inhibition of MAPK1/3 has no effect on the incidence of heat-induced germ cell apoptosis, suggesting that MAPK1/3 signaling may be dispensable for heat-induced male germ cell apoptosis; and 3) activation of MAPK14 and BCL2 phosphorylation are critical for heat-induced male germ cell apoptosis in rats. Thus, unlike the hormone deprivation model, heat stress through activation of the MAPK14 signaling promotes germ cell apoptosis by provoking BCL2 phosphorylation, leading to its inactivation and the subsequent activation of the mitochondria-dependent death pathway. These novel findings point to a critical role of MAPK14 in stage- and cell-specific activation of male germ cell apoptosis triggered by hormone deprivation or heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509, USA
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15
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p-Nonylphenol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 431:256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and up-regulation of LINGO-1 are involved in LINGO-1 antagonist regulated survival of cerebellar granular neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:727-35. [PMID: 18183482 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LINGO-1 has been critically implicated in the central regulation of CNS axon regeneration and oligodendrocyte maturation. We have recently demonstrated that pretreatment with LINGO-1 antagonist (LINGO-1-Fc) inhibited low potassium-induced cerebellar granular neurons (CGNs) apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective mechanism of LINGO-1-Fc by Western blot and in situ GST pull-down assay. CGN cultures were preincubated in medium with LINGO-1-Fc or control protein at the concentration of 10 mug/ml for 2 h and then switched to low potassium medium in the presence of corresponding proteins. Cultures were harvested at indicated time intervals for successive analysis. Several apoptosis-associated signaling factors, GSK-3beta, ERK1/2, and Rho GTPases, were observed to be activated in response to potassium deprivation and the activation/dephosphorylation of GSK-3beta was suppressed by LINGO-1-Fc pretreatment compared with control group. Besides, the endogenous LINGO-1 expression level of CGN cultures was augmented by low potassium stimuli and restrained by LINGO-1 antagonist treatment. Although the protein level of p75(NTR) and Nogo-A were down-regulated in different patterns during apoptosis, neither of them was affected by LINGO-1-Fc application. Taken together, these results suggest a new mechanism of LINGO-1 antagonist regulated neuronal survival involving protein synthesis of LINGO-1 and inactivation of GSK-3 pathway.
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Zhang JZ, Jing L, Guo FY, Ma Y, Wang YL. Inhibitory effect of ketamine on phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 following brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats with hyperglycemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:227-35. [PMID: 17870450 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To determine if the inhibitory effects of ketamine on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 are involved in reduction of the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral ischemic lesion, rats with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or hyperglycemia supplemented with ketamine were subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia, and then, reperfusion for 0.5, 1, and 3h. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the brain tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In rats with normoglycemia, we demonstrated a moderate increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA3 following an ischemic intervention. It quickly dropped to control levels after reperfusion for 0.5h. In rats with hyperglycemia, however, the increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in these areas was significantly higher in all animals reperfused. The neuronal death, detected by the TdT-mediated-dUTP nick end labeling assays, was found in the cingulum cortex (5.23+/-2.34, per high power feild) and hippocampus CA3 areas (6.29+/-3.68, per 1mm(2)) in hyperglycemic group after reperfusion for 3h. With ketamine treatment, the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA1 and CA3 areas was found to be the same as that in normoglycemia rats. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia may increase the ischemic insult through modulation of the signal transduction pathways involving ERK1/2. The inhibitory effects of ketamine on the hyperglycemia-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation are probably through inhibition of the N-methyl d-aspartate-mediated calcium influx, which subsequently reduce the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Immunopathology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Gold(III)-Dithiocarbamato Complexes Induce Cancer Cell Death Triggered by Thioredoxin Redox System Inhibition and Activation of ERK Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:1128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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