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Li F, Ducker M, Sun B, Szele FG, Czernuszka JT. Interpenetrating polymer networks of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate as scaffolds for brain tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:122-135. [PMID: 32512215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells can provide neuro-protection and potentially neuro-replacement to patients suffering from traumatic brain injuries (TBI), with a practical option being delivery via engineered scaffolds. Collagen (Coll) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) have been used as scaffolds for brain tissue engineering yet they often do not support cell differentiation and survival. In this study, we developed interpenetrating polymer network scaffolds comprising Coll, and incorporating two commonly found GAGs in the brain, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and/or hyaluronic acid (HA). We seeded these scaffolds with mouse neural stem cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) niche. Compared to Coll-alone, all other substrates decreased the percent of nestin+ stem cells. Coll-CS-HA was more efficient at suppressing nestin expression than the other scaffolds; all SVZ cells lost nestin expression within 7 days of culture. In contrast to nestin, the percentage of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2+) neurons was greater in scaffolds containing, CS, HA or CS-HA, compared to Coll alone. Finally, Coll-CS increased the percentage of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) astrocytes compared to Coll scaffolds. Overall, this work shows that Coll-HA and Coll-CS-HA scaffolds selectively enhance neurogenesis and may be advantageous in tissue engineering therapy for TBI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Brain injury is devastating yet with few options for repair. Stem cells that reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) only repair damage inefficiently due to poor control of their cellular progeny and unsuitable extracellular matrix substrates. To solve these problems, we have systematically generated collagen (Coll) scaffolds with interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of hyaluronic acid (HA) or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CS) or both. The scaffolds had defined pore sizes, similar mechanical properties and all three stimulated neurogenesis, whereas only CS stimulated astrocyte genesis. Overall, this work suggests that Coll-HA and Coll-CS-HA scaffolds selectively enhance neurogenesis and may be advantageous in tissue engineering therapy for brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxin Li
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Martin Ducker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Jan T Czernuszka
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
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Garitaonandia I, Gonzalez R, Sherman G, Semechkin A, Evans A, Kern R. Novel Approach to Stem Cell Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 27:951-957. [PMID: 29882481 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this commentary we discuss International Stem Cell Corporation's (ISCO's) approach to developing a pluripotent stem cell based treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). In 2016, ISCO received approval to conduct the world's first clinical study of a pluripotent stem cell based therapy for PD. The Australian regulatory agency Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the Melbourne Health's Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) independently reviewed ISCO's extensive preclinical data and granted approval for the evaluation of a novel human parthenogenetic derived neural stem cell (NSC) line, ISC-hpNSC, in a PD phase 1 clinical trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02452723). This is a single-center, open label, dose escalating 12-month study with a 5-year follow-up evaluating a number of objective and patient-reported safety and efficacy measures. A total of 6 years of safety and efficacy data will be collected from each patient. Twelve participants are recruited in this study with four participants per single dose cohort of 30, 50, and 70 million ISC-hpNSC. The grafts are placed bilaterally in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra by magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic surgery. Participants are 30-70 years old with idiopathic PD ≤13 years duration and unified PD rating scale motor score (Part III) in the "OFF" state ≤49. This trial is fully funded by ISCO with no economic involvement from the patients. It is worth noting that ISCO underwent an exhaustive review process and successfully answered the very comprehensive, detailed, and specific questions posed by the TGA and HREC. The regulatory/ethic review process is based on applying scientific and clinical expertise to decision-making, to ensure that the benefits to consumers outweigh any risks associated with the use of medicines or novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Glenn Sherman
- 1 International Stem Cell Corporation , Carlsbad, California
| | | | - Andrew Evans
- 2 Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville, Australia
| | - Russell Kern
- 1 International Stem Cell Corporation , Carlsbad, California.,3 Cyto Therapeutics , Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Sharifi F, Patel BB, McNamara MC, Meis PJ, Roghair MN, Lu M, Montazami R, Sakaguchi DS, Hashemi NN. Photo-Cross-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels: Spherical Microparticles to Bow Tie-Shaped Microfibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18797-18807. [PMID: 31042026 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bow tie-shaped fibers and spherical microparticles with controlled dimensions and shapes were fabricated with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel utilizing hydrodynamic shear principles and a photopolymerization strategy under a microfluidic regime. Decreasing the flow rate ratio between the core and sheath fluids from 25 (50:2) to 1.25 (100:80) resulted in increasing the particles size and reducing the production rate by 357 and 86%, respectively. The width of the fibers increased by a factor of 1.4 when the flow rate ratio was reduced from 2.5 to 1 due to the decrease of the shear force at the fluid/fluid interface. The stress at break and Young's modulus of the fibers were enhanced by 32 and 63%, respectively, when the sheath-to-core flow rate ratio decreased from 100:40 to 100:80. The fiber fabrication was simulated using the finite element method, and the numerical and experimental results were in agreement. Adult hippocampal stem/progenitor cells and bone-marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells were seeded onto the fibrous scaffolds in vitro, and cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were investigated. Microgrooves on the fibers' surface were shown to positively affect cell adhesion when compared to flat fibers and planar controls.
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Taouki I, Tasiudi E, Lalioti ME, Kyrousi C, Skavatsou E, Kaplani K, Lygerou Z, Kouvelas ED, Mitsacos A, Giompres P, Taraviras S. Geminin Participates in Differentiation Decisions of Adult Neural Stem Cells Transplanted in the Hemiparkinsonian Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1214-1222. [PMID: 28557659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have been considered as a source of stem cells that can be used for cell replacement therapies in neurodegenerative diseases, as they can be isolated and expanded in vitro and can be used for autologous grafting. However, due to low percentages of survival and varying patterns of differentiation, strategies that will enhance the efficacy of transplantation are under scrutiny. In this article, we have examined whether alterations in Geminin's expression, a protein that coordinates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, can improve the properties of stem cells transplanted in 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian mouse model. Our results indicate that, in the absence of Geminin, grafted cells differentiating into dopaminergic neurons were decreased, while an increased number of oligodendrocytes were detected. The number of proliferating multipotent cells was not modified by the absence of Geminin. These findings encourage research related to the impact of Geminin on transplantations for neurodegenerative disorders, as an important molecule in influencing differentiation decisions of the cells composing the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Taouki
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eve Tasiudi
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- 3 Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Elias D Kouvelas
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Adamantia Mitsacos
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
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5
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Microtissues in Cardiovascular Medicine: Regenerative Potential Based on a 3D Microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9098523. [PMID: 27073399 PMCID: PMC4814701 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9098523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More people die annually from cardiovascular diseases than from any other cause. In particular, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may be affected by ongoing adverse remodeling processes of the heart that may ultimately lead to heart failure. The introduction of stem and progenitor cell-based applications has raised substantial hope for reversing these processes and inducing cardiac regeneration. However, current stem cell therapies using single-cell suspensions have failed to demonstrate long-lasting efficacy due to the overall low retention rate after cell delivery to the myocardium. To overcome this obstacle, the concept of 3D cell culture techniques has been proposed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and cell engraftment based on the simulation of an in vivo-like microenvironment. Of great interest is the use of so-called microtissues or spheroids, which have evolved from their traditional role as in vitro models to their novel role as therapeutic agents. This review will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of microtissues by addressing primarily cardiovascular regeneration. It will accentuate their advantages compared to other regenerative approaches and summarize the methods for generating clinically applicable microtissues. In addition, this review will illustrate the unique properties of the microenvironment within microtissues that makes them a promising next-generation therapeutic approach.
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Fu MH, Li CL, Lin HL, Chen PC, Calkins MJ, Chang YF, Cheng PH, Yang SH. Stem cell transplantation therapy in Parkinson's disease. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:597. [PMID: 26543732 PMCID: PMC4628010 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective therapeutic treatments and inadequate repair ability in the central nervous system are disturbing problems for several neurological diseases. Fortunately, the development of clinically applicable populations of stem cells has provided an avenue to overcome the failure of endogenous repair systems and substitute new cells into the damaged brain. However, there are still several existing obstacles to translating into clinical application. Here we review the stem-cell based therapies for Parkinson’s disease and discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks. We hope this review may provide suggestions for viable strategies to overcome the current technical and biological issues associated with the application of stem cells in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Division of Breeding and Genetics, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan, 71246 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Marcus J Calkins
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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Transplanted Neural Stem Cells: Playing a Neuroprotective Role by Ceruloplasmin in the Substantia Nigra of PD Model Rats? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:618631. [PMID: 26146528 PMCID: PMC4469843 DOI: 10.1155/2015/618631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although mounting evidence suggests that ceruloplasmin (CP) deficiency and iron deposition are pivotal factors responsible for exacerbating demise of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the Parkinsonism and neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to be excellent candidates for compensating the lost dopaminergic neurons, there are few researches to explore the change of CP expression and of iron deposition in the pathological microenvironment of SN after NSCs transplantation and the ability of grafted NSCs to differentiate directionally into dopaminergic neurons under the changed homeostasis. With substantia nigral stereotaxic technique and NSCs transplantation, we found that tyrosine hydroxylase and CP expression decreased and iron deposition increased in the lesioned SN after 6-OHDA administration compared with control, while tyrosine hydroxylase and CP expression increased and iron deposition decreased after NSCs transplantation compared to 6-OHDA administration alone. Only a small number of embedding NSCs are able to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. These results suggest that grafted NSCs have an influence on improving the content of CP expression, which may play a neuroprotective role by decreasing iron deposition and ameliorating damage of dopaminergic neurons and possibly underline the iron-related common mechanism of Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease.
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Cave JW, Wang M, Baker H. Adult subventricular zone neural stem cells as a potential source of dopaminergic replacement neurons. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:16. [PMID: 24574954 PMCID: PMC3918650 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials engrafting human fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue have demonstrated, in principle, that cell replacement therapy provides substantial long-lasting improvement of motor impairments generated by Parkinson's Disease (PD). The use of fetal tissue is not practical for widespread clinical implementation of this therapy, but stem cells are a promising alternative source for obtaining replacement cells. The ideal stem cell source has yet to be established and, in this review, we discuss the potential of neural stem cells in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) as an autologous source of replacement cells. We identify three key challenges for further developing this potential source of replacement cells: (1) improving survival of transplanted cells, (2) suppressing glial progenitor proliferation and survival, and (3) developing methods to efficiently produce dopaminergic neurons. Subventricular neural stem cells naturally produce a dopaminergic interneuron phenotype that has an apparent lack of vulnerability to PD-mediated degeneration. We also discuss whether olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons derived from adult SVZ neural stem cells are a suitable source for cell replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Cave
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA ; Burke Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA ; Burke Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Harriet Baker
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA ; Burke Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
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9
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Virgone-Carlotta A, Uhlrich J, Akram MN, Ressnikoff D, Chrétien F, Domenget C, Gherardi R, Despars G, Jurdic P, Honnorat J, Nataf S, Touret M. Mapping and kinetics of microglia/neuron cell-to-cell contacts in the 6-OHDA murine model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2013; 61:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Virgone-Carlotta
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Neuro-oncology and Neuroinflammation team; Lyon; 69000; France
| | - Josselin Uhlrich
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Neuro-oncology and Neuroinflammation team; Lyon; 69000; France
| | - Muhammad Numan Akram
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Neuro-oncology and Neuroinflammation team; Lyon; 69000; France
| | | | - Fabrice Chrétien
- IMRB - Inserm U955, Equipe n°10 “Interactions cellulaires dans le système neuromusculaire”; Faculté de Médecine de Créteil - Université Paris 12; 8 rue du général Sarrail; 94011 Créteil; France
| | - Chantal Domenget
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; 46 Allée d'Italie; 69364; Lyon, France
| | - Romain Gherardi
- IMRB - Inserm U955, Equipe n°10 “Interactions cellulaires dans le système neuromusculaire”; Faculté de Médecine de Créteil - Université Paris 12; 8 rue du général Sarrail; 94011 Créteil; France
| | - Geneviève Despars
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; 46 Allée d'Italie; 69364; Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; 46 Allée d'Italie; 69364; Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Neuro-oncology and Neuroinflammation team; Lyon; 69000; France
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10
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Qiu Z, Farnsworth SL, Mishra A, Hornsby PJ. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells in neurological disease modeling: the importance of nonhuman primate models. Stem Cells Cloning 2013; 6:19-29. [PMID: 24426786 PMCID: PMC3850364 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s34798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the technology for derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human patients and animal models has opened up new pathways to the better understanding of many human diseases, and has created new opportunities for therapeutic approaches. Here, we consider one important neurological disease, Parkinson's, the development of relevant neural cell lines for studying this disease, and the animal models that are available for testing the survival and function of the cells, following transplantation into the central nervous system. Rapid progress has been made recently in the application of protocols for neuroectoderm differentiation and neural patterning of pluripotent stem cells. These developments have resulted in the ability to produce large numbers of dopaminergic neurons with midbrain characteristics for further study. These cells have been shown to be functional in both rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Parkinson's disease. Patient-specific iPS cells and derived dopaminergic neurons have been developed, in particular from patients with genetic causes of Parkinson's disease. For complete modeling of the disease, it is proposed that the introduction of genetic changes into NHP iPS cells, followed by studying the phenotype of the genetic change in cells transplanted into the NHP as host animal, will yield new insights into disease processes not possible with rodent models alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Qiu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven L Farnsworth
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Mishra
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Reekmans K, Praet J, Daans J, Reumers V, Pauwels P, Van der Linden A, Berneman ZN, Ponsaerts P. Current challenges for the advancement of neural stem cell biology and transplantation research. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:262-78. [PMID: 21537994 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) is hoped to become a promising primary or secondary therapy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), as demonstrated by multiple pre-clinical animal studies in which functional recovery has already been demonstrated. However, for NSC therapy to be successful, the first challenge will be to define a transplantable cell population. In the first part of this review, we will briefly discuss the main features of ex vivo culture and characterisation of NSC. Next, NSC grafting itself may not only result in the regeneration of lost tissue, but more importantly has the potential to improve functional outcome through many bystander mechanisms. In the second part of this review, we will briefly discuss several pre-clinical studies that contributed to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of NSC grafts in vivo. However, while many pre-clinical animal studies mainly report on the clinical benefit of NSC grafting, little is known about the actual in vivo fate of grafted NSC. Therefore, the third part of this review will focus on non-invasive imaging techniques for monitoring cellular grafts in the brain under in vivo conditions. Finally, as NSC transplantation research has evolved during the past decade, it has become clear that the host micro-environment itself, either in healthy or injured condition, is an important player in defining success of NSC grafting. The final part of this review will focus on the host environmental influence on survival, migration and differentiation of grafted NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Kim MY, Kaduwal S, Yang DH, Choi KY. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 stimulates attachment of neurospheres and astrogenesis of neural stem cells in neurospheres via phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-mediated upregulation of N-cadherin. Neuroscience 2010; 170:8-15. [PMID: 20638445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neurosphere culture system is useful for expanding neural stem cells (NSCs) without affecting self-renewal potential and multipotency. However, the extrinsic signals that affect the formation or dissociation of neurospheres are poorly understood. Here, we found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) induced the attachment of neurospheres, astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. These outcomes were accompanied by Akt activation and upregulation of the adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. A phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) inhibitor (LY294002) blocked attachment of neurosphere, astrocytic differentiation, migration, and N-cadherin upregulation of neurosphre NSCs. The PI3 kinase-Akt pathway appeared to selectively mediate the effects of BMP4, as neurosphere attachment was unaffected by MEK inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Importantly, a neutralizing N-cadherin antibody inhibited BMP4-induced neurosphere attachment, astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. Together, these findings show that BMP4-induced attachment of neurospheres is related to the astrocytic differentiation of these cells and that these effects are attributable, at least in part, to PI3 kinase-Akt pathway-dependent induction of N-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kim
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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13
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Ma XH, Shi Y, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Fan WX, Ge D, Liu TQ, Cui ZF. Slow-freezing cryopreservation of neural stem cell spheres with different diameters. Cryobiology 2010; 60:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Rescue of radiation-induced cognitive impairment through cranial transplantation of human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19150-5. [PMID: 19901336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909293106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation remains a frontline treatment for the control of tumor growth, and individuals surviving such treatments often manifest various degrees of cognitive dysfunction. Radiation-induced depletion of stem/precursor cell pools in the brain, particularly those residing in the neurogenic region of the hippocampus, is believed, in part, to be responsible for these often-unavoidable cognitive deficits. To explore the possibility of ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive impairment, athymic nude rats subjected to head only irradiation (10 Gy) were transplanted 2 days afterward with human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into the hippocampal formation and analyzed for stem cell survival, differentiation, and cognitive function. Animals receiving hESC transplantation exhibited superior performance on a hippocampal-dependent cognitive task 4 months postirradiation, compared to their irradiated surgical counterparts that did not receive hESCs. Significant stem cell survival was found at 1 and 4 months postirradiation, and transplanted cells showed robust migration to the subgranular zone throughout the dentate gyrus, exhibiting signs of neuron morphology within this neurogenic niche. These results demonstrate the capability to ameliorate radiation-induced normal tissue injury using hESCs, and suggest that such strategies may provide useful interventions for reducing the adverse effects of irradiation on cognition.
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15
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Zhu QF, Ma J, Yu LL, Yuan CG. Grafted neural stem cells migrate to substantia nigra and improve behavior in Parkinsonian rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Coppes RP, van der Goot A, Lombaert IMA. Stem cell therapy to reduce radiation-induced normal tissue damage. Semin Radiat Oncol 2009; 19:112-21. [PMID: 19249649 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue damage after radiotherapy is still a major problem in cancer treatment. Stem cell therapy may provide a means to reduce radiation-induced side effects and improve the quality of life of patients. This review discusses the current status in stem cell research with respect to their potential to reduce radiation toxicity. A number of different types of stem cells are being investigated for their potential to treat a variety of disorders. Their current status, localization, characterization, isolation, and potential in stem cell-based therapies are addressed. Although clinical adult stem cell research is still at an early stage, preclinical experiments show the potential these therapies may have. Based on the major advances made in this field, stem cell-based therapy has great potential to allow prevention or treatment of normal tissue damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Woodward WA, Bristow RG, Clarke MF, Coppes RP, Cristofanilli M, Duda DG, Fike JR, Hambardzumyan D, Hill RP, Jordan CT, Milas L, Pajonk F, Curran WJ, Dicker AP, Chen Y. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group translational research program stem cell symposium: incorporating stem cell hypotheses into clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74:1580-91. [PMID: 19540073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
At a meeting of the Translation Research Program of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group held in early 2008, attendees focused on updating the current state of knowledge in cancer stem cell research and discussing ways in which this knowledge can be translated into clinical use across all disease sites. This report summarizes the major topics discussed and the future directions that research should take. Major conclusions of the symposium were that the flow cytometry of multiple markers in fresh tissue would remain the standard technique of evaluating cancer-initiating cells and that surrogates need to be developed for both experimental and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Woodward
- The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Isolation and characterization of human salivary gland cells for stem cell transplantation to reduce radiation-induced hyposalivation. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:466-71. [PMID: 19625095 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we showed that transplantation of 100-300 c-Kit(+) stem cells isolated from cultured salispheres ameliorates radiation-damage in murine salivary glands. The aim of this study is to optimize and translate these findings from mice to man. METHODS Mouse and human non-malignant parotid and submandibular salivary gland tissue was collected and enzymatically digested. The remaining cell suspension was cultured according to our salisphere culture method optimized for murine salispheres. Salisphere cells were tested using 3D matrix culturing for their in vitro stem cell characteristics such as the potential to differentiate into tissue specific cell types. Several potential mouse and human salivary gland stem cells were selected using FACS. RESULTS In human salivary gland, c-Kit(+) cells were only detected in excretory ducts as shown previously in mice. From both human parotid and submandibular gland cell suspensions salispheres could be grown, which when placed in 3D culture developed ductal structures and mucin-expressing acinar-like cells. Moreover, cells dispersed from primary salispheres were able to form secondary spheres in matrigel, a procedure that could be repeated for at least seven passages. Approximately 3000 c-Kit+ cells could be isolated from primary human salispheres per biopsy. CONCLUSION Human salivary glands contain a similar 'putative' stem cell population as rodents, expressing c-kit and capable of in vitro differentiation and self-renewal. In the future, these cells may have the potential to reduce radiotherapy-induced salivary gland dysfunction in patients.
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Fetal striatum- and ventral mesencephalon-derived expanded neurospheres rescue dopaminergic neurons in vitro and the nigro-striatal system in vivo. Neuroscience 2008; 154:606-20. [PMID: 18472226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves ongoing apoptotic loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Local delivery of the trophic factors can rescue dopaminergic neurons and halt the progression of PD. In this study we show that fetal E11 striatum-derived neurospheres and E14.5 ventral mesencephalon (VM) -derived neurospheres (NS E11 and NSvm, respectively) are a source of factors that rescue dopaminergic neurons. First, long-term expanded NS E11 and NSvm rescued primary dopaminergic neurons from serum-deprivation induced apoptosis and promoted survival of dopaminergic neurons for 14 days in vitro and this effect was due to soluble contact-independent factor/s. Second, green fluorescent protein-expressing NS E11 and NSvm grafted into the midbrain of mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonism resulted in partial rescue of the nigro-striatal system and improvement of the hypo-dopaminergic behavioral deficit. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that intact NS E11 and NSvm expressed fibroblast growth factor-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pleiotrophin, neurotrophin-3, but not glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). GDNF expression was also undetectable in vivo in grafted NS E11 and NSvm suggesting that NS-derived factor/s other than GDNF mediated the rescue of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Identification of NS-derived soluble factor(s) may lead to development of novel neuroprotective therapies for PD. An unexpected observation of the present study was the detection of the ectopic host-derived tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -expressing cells in sham-grafted mice and NS E11- and NSvm -grafted mice. We speculate that injury-derived signals (such as inflammatory cytokines that are commonly released during transplantation) induce TH expression in susceptible cells.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the fundamental features of the neurosphere assay (NSA), which was initially described in 1992, and has since been used not only to detect the presence of stem cells in embryonic and adult mammalian neural tissues, but also to study their characteristics in vitro. Implicit in this review is a detailed examination of the limitations of the NSA, and how this assay is most accurately and appropriately used. Finally we will point out criteria that should be challenged to design alternative ways to overcome the limits of this assay. METHODS NSA is used to isolate putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the central nervous system (CNS) and to demonstrate the critical stem cell attributes of proliferation, extensive self-renewal and the ability to give rise to a large number of differentiated and functional progeny. Nevertheless, the capability of neural progenitor cells to form neurospheres precludes its utilisation to accurately quantify bona fide stem cell frequency based simply on neurosphere numbers. New culture conditions are needed to be able to distinguish the activity of progenitor cells from stem cells. CONCLUSION A commonly used, and arguably misused, methodology, the NSA has provided a wealth of information on precursor activity of cells derived from the embryonic through to the aged CNS. Importantly, the NSA has contributed to the demise of the 'no new neurogenesis' dogma, and the beginning of a new era of CNS regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the interpretations arising from the utilisation of the NSA need to take into consideration its limits, so as not to be used beyond its specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic P Deleyrolle
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney L Rietze
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Maass A, von Leithner PL, Luong V, Guo L, Salt TE, Fitzke FW, Cordeiro MF. Assessment of rat and mouse RGC apoptosis imaging in vivo with different scanning laser ophthalmoscopes. Curr Eye Res 2008; 32:851-61. [PMID: 17963105 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701585872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have recently described a novel way of imaging apoptosing retinal ganglion cells in vivo in the rat. This study investigated if this technique could be used in the mouse, and whether the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph II (HRAII) was appropriate. METHODS Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death was induced by intravitreal injections in rat and mouse eyes using staurosporine. Fluorescent-labeled apoptosing cells were detected by imaging with both the HRAII and a prototype Zeiss confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO). Averaged in vivo images were analyzed and results compared with histologic analysis. RESULTS Fluorescent points (FPs) used as a measure of RGC apoptosis in vivo were detected in the mouse eye but only with the HRAII and not the Zeiss cSLO. The HRAII was able to detect 62% more FPs in rat than the Zeiss cSLO. Both cSLOs showed peak FP counts at the 5- to 10-microm range in rat and mouse. Maximal FP counts were detected in the superior and superior temporal regions in the rat, with no obvious pattern of distribution in the mouse. The HRAII was found to have more FP correspondence with histologically identified apoptosing RGCs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of visualized apoptosing RGC in vivo in a mouse. The improved image quality achieved with the HRAII compared with the Zeiss cSLO was validated by histology. This together with its enhanced maneuverability and the fact that it is already commercially available make the HRAII a potential tool for the early detection and diagnosis of glaucomatous disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Maass
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Seth K, Agrawal AK. Zuckerkandl's organ improves long-term survival and function of neural stem cell derived dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:608-23. [PMID: 18272152 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) derived dopamine (DA) neurons has emerged as an alternative approach to fetal neural cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, similar to fetal neural cell, survival of these neurons following transplantation is also limited due to limited striatal reinnervation (graft with dense neuronal core), limited host-graft interaction, poor axonal outgrowth, lack of continuous neurotrophic factors supply and principally an absence of cell adhesion molecules mediated appropriate developmental cues. In the present study, an attempt has been made to increase survival and function of NSC derived DA neurons, by co-grafting with Zuckerkandl's organ (a paraneural organ that expresses neurotrophic factors as well as cell adhesion molecules); to provide continuous NTF support and developmental cues to transplanted DA neurons in the rat model of PD. 24 weeks post transplantation, a significant number of surviving functional NSC derived DA neurons were observed in the co-transplanted group as evident by an increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons, TH-IR fiber density, TH-mRNA expression and TH-protein level at the transplantation site (striatum). Significant behavioral recovery (amphetamine induced stereotypy and locomotor activity) and neurochemical recovery (DA-D2 receptor binding and DA and DOPAC levels at the transplant site) were also observed in the NSC+ZKO co-transplanted group as compared to the NSC or ZKO alone transplanted group. In vivo results were further substantiated by in vitro studies, which suggest that ZKO increases the NSC derived DA neuronal survival, differentiation, DA release and neurite outgrowth as well as protects against 6-OHDA toxicity in co-culture condition. The present study suggests that long-term and continuous NTF support provided by ZKO to the transplanted NSC derived DA neurons, helped in their better survival, axonal arborization and integration with host cells, leading to long-term functional restoration in the rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box-80, M.G. Marg Lucknow-226001, India
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Paynter SJ. Principles and practical issues for cryopreservation of nerve cells. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:1-14. [PMID: 18158089 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nerve cells isolated from the brain have a number of research and clinical applications, not the least of which is their transplantation to patients with Parkinson's disease. Neural primary and precursor cells of several areas of the brain are potential candidates for transplantation and research. However, supply of suitable tissue is one of the major problems associated with the widespread application of such techniques. The ability to store such tissue for prolonged periods would greatly alleviate this problem. Cryopreservation allows indefinite storage, provided the storage temperature is sufficiently low. Whilst many of the potentially usable cell types have been shown to be capable of surviving cryopreservation to some degree, survival post-thaw needs to be considerably improved. Cryopreservation techniques applied to date are mostly crude and often adopted from those used for unrelated cell types. Studies involving cryopreservation of primary neural cells and stem cells are reviewed, the basic principles of cryopreservation explained and suggestions made for improvements to the low temperature storage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Paynter
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Chakrabarty K, Serchov T, Mann SA, Dietzel ID, Heumann R. Enhancement of dopaminergic properties and protection mediated by neuronal activation of Ras in mouse ventral mesencephalic neurones. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1971-81. [PMID: 17439485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The poor differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurones are practical constraints in their therapeutic applications. Here we explored the role of neuronally activated Ras in ventral mesencephalon-derived neurospheres generated from synRas mouse embryos. The expression of Val12 Ha-Ras transgene and enhanced Ras activity was evident after differentiation of the neurospheres with a corresponding activating phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, the target kinase of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, along with phosphorylation of Bad and CREB were enhanced in synRas-derived differentiated neurosphere cultures. Furthermore, increased Nurr1 expression was associated with elevated numbers of dopaminergic neurones in synRas-derived cultures compared with the wild-type. Correspondingly, tyrosine hydroxylase promoter assays revealed enhanced transcriptional activation of the promoter in synRas-derived cultures. synRas-derived dopaminergic neurones were greatly resistant to degeneration induced by various noxious stimuli. Consistently, the transgenic expression of activated Ras attenuated the adverse 6-hydroxydopamine effects on dopaminergic neurones. Dopaminergic neurones derived from both wild-type and synRas cultures expressed voltage-gated potassium and sodium currents, fired action potentials and exhibited electrical network activity. Thus, expression of the transgene promotes survival and enhances differentiation towards a dopaminergic cell fate without altering their basic electrical properties. Our results suggest that intracellular cell therapy mimicking trophic signalling may offer potential benefit in models of human disease associated with dopamine neurone dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chakrabarty
- Department of Molecular Neurobiochemistry, NC7/174, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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