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Terayama R, Tsuji K, Furugen H, Minh DNP, Nakatani A, Uchibe K. Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injury on the Induction of c-Fos and Phosphorylated ERK in the Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclear Complex. Ann Neurosci 2023; 30:177-187. [PMID: 37779546 PMCID: PMC10540764 DOI: 10.1177/09727531231156505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sequential changes in brainstem and spinal cord neurons after traumatic injury to peripheral nerves are related to neuropathic pain symptoms. Purpose This study was conducted to elucidate the influence of nerve insult on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by brainstem neurons. Methods The brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (BTSNC) was examined for neuronal profiles immunolabeled with c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) antibodies elicited by stimulation of the tongue with capsaicin after lingual or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. Results Abundant neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK elicited by capsaicin were distributed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) without nerve injury. The spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) contained limited numbers of these neuronal profiles after stimulation of the tongue. A significant reduction of these neuronal profiles in the ipsilateral Vc was detected after lingual nerve injury. After IAN injury, an increased number of neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos elicited by capsaicin was noted, while that of p-ERK was left unchanged in the ipsilateral Vc. On the both sides of the Vo, an increased number of capsaicin-induced neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK was detected after lingual or IAN injury. Conclusion Differential effects of lingual or IAN injury on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by Vo and Vc neurons may be involved in the complex nature of symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hironori Furugen
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Duong Nguyen Phat Minh
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakatani
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tsujimura T, Nakajima Y, Chotirungsan T, Kawada S, Tsutsui Y, Yoshihara M, Suzuki T, Nagoya K, Magara J, Inoue M. Inhibition of Water-Evoked Swallowing During Noxious Mechanical Stimulation of Tongue in Anesthetized Rats. Dysphagia 2022; 38:965-972. [PMID: 36127446 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia is sometimes accompanied by pain. Because orofacial structures subserve mastication and swallowing, orofacial pain might impair both functions. Tongue biting can occur not only accidentally while eating but also in some pathological conditions. However, it remains unclear whether noxious mechanical stimulation of the tongue affects swallowing. To explore this question, we evaluated the effects of lingual pinch stimulation on the initiation of swallowing evoked by distilled water (DW) infusion with a flow rate of 5.0 µL/s for 20 s into the pharyngolaryngeal region in anesthetized rats. The swallowing reflex was identified by electromyographic (EMG) bursts in the suprahyoid muscles which include the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles, and laryngeal elevation by visual inspection. The number of DW-evoked swallows during pinch stimulation was significantly smaller than that in a control condition or during pressure stimulation. The onset latency of the first swallow during pinch stimulation was significantly longer than that in the control condition. DW-evoked swallowing was almost abolished following bilateral transection of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) compared with the control condition, suggesting that the SLN plays a crucial role in the initiation of DW-evoked swallowing. Finally, electrophysiological data indicated that some SLN-responsive neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) exhibited delayed latency from a single SLN stimulation during lingual pinch stimulation. These results suggest that noxious mechanical stimulation of the tongue inhibits the initiation of swallowing and modulates neuronal activity in the nTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Tsujimura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Yuta Nakajima
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Titi Chotirungsan
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Satomi Kawada
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tsutsui
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshihara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Taku Suzuki
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Kouta Nagoya
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Jin Magara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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Efferent and afferent connections of supratrigeminal neurons conveying orofacial muscle proprioception in rats. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:111-129. [PMID: 34611777 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The supratrigeminal nucleus (Su5) is a key structure for controlling jaw movements; it receives proprioceptive sensation from jaw-closing muscle spindles (JCMSs) and sends projections to the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5). However, the central projections and regulation of JCMS proprioceptive sensation are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the efferent and afferent connections of the Su5 using neuronal tract tracings. Anterograde tracer injections into the Su5 revealed that the Su5 sends contralateral projections (or bilateral projections with a contralateral predominance) to the Su5, basilar pontine nuclei, pontine reticular nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, superior colliculus, caudo-ventromedial edge of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, zona incerta, and lateral hypothalamus, and ipsilateral projections (or bilateral projections with an ipsilateral predominance) to the intertrigeminal region, trigeminal oral subnucleus, dorsal medullary reticular formation, and hypoglossal nucleus as well as the Mo5. Retrograde tracer injections into the Su5 demonstrated that the Su5 receives bilateral projections with a contralateral predominance (or contralateral projections) from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, granular insular cortex, and Su5, and ipsilateral projections (or bilateral projections with an ipsilateral predominance) from the dorsal peduncular cortex, bed nuclei of stria terminalis, central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, parasubthalamic nucleus, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, juxtatrigeminal region, trigeminal oral and caudal subnuclei, and dorsal medullary reticular formation. These findings suggest that the Su5, which receives JCMS proprioception, has efferent and afferent connections with multiple brain regions that are involved in emotional and autonomic functions as well as orofacial motor functions.
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Aging-Related Phenotypic Conversion of Medullary Microglia Enhances Intraoral Incisional Pain Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217871. [PMID: 33114176 PMCID: PMC7660637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia involved in the development of orofacial pain hypersensitivity have two major polarization states. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the aging-related phenotypic conversion of medullary microglia in the enhancement of intraoral pain sensitivity using senescence-accelerated mice (SAM)-prone/8 (SAMP8) and SAM-resistant/1 (SAMR1) mice. Mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured for 21 days post palatal mucosal incision. The number of CD11c-immunoreactive (IR) cells [affective microglia (M1)] and CD163-IR cells [protective microglia (M2)], and tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α)-IR M1 and interleukin (IL)-10-IR M2 were analyzed via immunohistochemistry on days 3 and 11 following incision. The decrease in MHWT observed following incision was enhanced in SAMP8 mice. M1 levels and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 were increased on day 3 in SAMP8 mice compared with those in SAMR1 mice. On day 11, M1 and M2 activation was observed in both groups, whereas IL-10-IR M2 levels were attenuated in SAMP8 mice, and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 cells increased, compared to those in SAMR1 mice. These results suggest that the mechanical allodynia observed following intraoral injury is potentiated and sustained in SAMP8 mice due to enhancement of TNF-α signaling, M1 activation, and an attenuation of M2 activation accompanying IL-10 release.
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Shahsavari F, Abbasnejad M, Raoof M, Esmaeili-Mahani S. The rostral ventromedial medulla orexin 1 receptors and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in hippocampus are involved in modulation of anxiety behavior induced by dental pulp nociception in adult male rats. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 116:104778. [PMID: 32474210 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) orexin 1 receptors (OX1R) on orofacial nociception -induced anxiety and locomotion in rats. DESIGN Forty two adult male Wistar rats (220-270 gr) were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 6) as follows: untreated control, capsaicin, capsaicin vehicle-treated group (sham operation), capsaicin groups pretreated by intra-RVM administration orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) agonist (orexin A) or antagonist (SB-334867) and the capsaicin groups treated by drugs vehicles (DMSO or aCSF). Orofacial nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg) into the incisors of rats. Anxiety level and locomotor activity were measured by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests, respectively. Hippocampal levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated Kinase (p-ERK) was also assessed by western blotting. RESULTS Intradental application of capsaicin significantly increased anxiety and decreased locomotion behaviors. Intra-RVM microinjection of orexin-A significantly prevented capsaicin-induced anxiety-like behavior and increased locomotor activity in the EPM and OF tests. These effects were inhibited by SB-334867. Furthermore, orexin-A significantly increased p-ERK levels in capsaicin-treated rats. This effect was inhibited by pretreatment of the rats with SB-334867. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that both OX1R signaling in the RVM and hippocampal p-ERK signaling are involved in orofacial nociception-induced anxiety as well as locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahsavari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kondo M, Shibuta I. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 as a key molecule in pain research. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:147-149. [PMID: 32224567 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Pain can be divided into nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. It is important to understanding the molecular mechanism of pain signaling in the development of pain relief therapies. Twenty years ago, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, which are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, were identified as molecules activated in neurons by the exposure of peripheral tissues to noxious stimuli. Further studies have revealed that peripheral nerve injury induces ERK activation in glial cells, sensory neurons, and second-order neurons, albeit at different time points. Moreover, inhibition of ERK suppresses pathological pain in animals with peripheral nerve injury. Therefore, ERK is currently recognized as an important molecule in pain signaling and a potential novel target for pain treatment. This review introduces recent advances in revealing the regulation of ERK in pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Li M, Zhu M, Xu Q, Ding F, Tian Y, Zhang M. Sensation of TRPV1 via 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling modulates pain hypersensitivity in a 6-hydroxydopamine induced mice model of Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:868-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Suzuki T, Kondo M, Shibuta I, Nagashima H, Sugano N, Sato S, Iwata K. Medullary neural circuit regeneration after trigeminal nerve transection. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:500-506. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Suzuki
- Division of Applied Oral Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Naoyuki Sugano
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Komiya H, Shimizu K, Ishii K, Kudo H, Okamura T, Kanno K, Shinoda M, Ogiso B, Iwata K. Connexin 43 expression in satellite glial cells contributes to ectopic tooth-pulp pain. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:493-499. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Komiya
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Kae Ishii
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Kudo
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Teinosuke Okamura
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kohei Kanno
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Bunnai Ogiso
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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10
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Komiya H, Shimizu K, Noma N, Tsuboi Y, Honda K, Kanno K, Ohara K, Shinoda M, Ogiso B, Iwata K. Role of Neuron-Glial Interaction Mediated by IL-1β in Ectopic Tooth Pain. J Dent Res 2017; 97:467-475. [PMID: 29131694 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517741253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many reports have demonstrated that ectopic pain develops in the orofacial region following tooth pulp inflammation, which often causes misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment for patients with pulpitis, the precise mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that the functional interaction between satellite glial cells and neurons mediated by interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) is involved in ectopic orofacial pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. The digastric muscle electromyogram (D-EMG) activity elicited by capsaicin administration into the maxillary second molar tooth pulp was analyzed to evaluate the noxious reflex and was significantly increased in rats with inflammation of the maxillary first molar (M1) versus rats injected with saline. A significant increase in the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction containing protein, was observed in activated satellite glial cells surrounding second molar-innervating neurons in the TG after M1 pulpitis. Daily administration of Gap26, a Cx43 mimetic peptide and inhibitor, in the TG significantly suppressed the enhancement of capsaicin-induced D-EMG activity and the percentage of Fluoro-Gold (FG)-labeled cells encircled by glial fibrillary acid protein-immunoreactive (IR) + Cx43-IR cells after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). The percentage of FG-labeled cells encircled by glial fibrillary acid protein-IR + IL-1β-IR cells, IL-1 type I receptor-IR cells labeled with FG, and TRPV1-IR cells labeled with FG significantly increased after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). Daily administration of IL-1ra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, into the TG significantly reduced the enhancement of capsaicin-induced D-EMG activity and the percentage of TRPV1-IR neurons labeled with FG after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). The present findings suggest that satellite glial cell is activated in the TG via activated gap junctions composed of Cx43 following tooth pulp inflammation, which leads to the hyperactivation of remote neurons via IL-1β mechanisms and results in ectopic tooth pulp pain in the adjacent tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komiya
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shimizu
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Noma
- 3 Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tsuboi
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Honda
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kanno
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohara
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shinoda
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Ogiso
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Iwata
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Tabata M, Terayama R, Maruhama K, Iida S, Sugimoto T. Differential induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK by a noxious stimulus after peripheral nerve injury. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:208-218. [PMID: 28918684 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1381697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we compared induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the spinal dorsal horn for noxious heat-induced c-Fos and p-ERK protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR) neuron profiles after tibial nerve injury. The effect of administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) on noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression was also examined after tibial nerve injury. RESULTS A large number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles were induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw in sham-operated animals. A marked reduction in the number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles was observed in the medial 1/3 (tibial territory) of the dorsal horn at 3 and 7 days after nerve injury. Although c-Fos-IR neuron profiles had reappeared by 14 days after injury, the number of p-ERK-IR neuron profiles remained decreased in the tibial territory of the superficial dorsal horn. Double immunofluorescence labeling for c-Fos and p-ERK induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw at different time points revealed that a large number of c-Fos-IR, but not p-ERK-IR, neuron profiles were distributed in the tibial territory after injury. Although administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor to the spinal cord suppressed noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression in the peroneal territory, this treatment did not alter c-Fos induction in the tibial territory after nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS ERK phosphorylation may be involved in c-Fos induction in normal nociceptive responses, but not in exaggerated c-Fos induction after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Tabata
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Ryuji Terayama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kotaro Maruhama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Seiji Iida
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tomosada Sugimoto
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
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Hossain MZ, Shinoda M, Unno S, Ando H, Masuda Y, Iwata K, Kitagawa J. Involvement of microglia and astroglia in modulation of the orofacial motor functions in rats with neuropathic pain. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Jing L, Liu XD, Yang HX, Zhang M, Wang Y, Duan L, Zhang J, Lu L, Yang T, Wang DM, Chen LW, Wang MQ. ERK potentiates p38 in central sensitization induced by traumatic occlusion. Neuroscience 2016; 340:445-454. [PMID: 27865869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the role of p38 activation via ERK1/2 phosphorylation in neurons and microglia of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) in the promotion of orofacial hyperalgesia induced by unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) traumatic occlusion in adult rats. U0126, a p-ERK1/2 inhibitor, was injected intracisternally before UAC implant. The effects of the U0126 injection were compared to those following the injection of SB203580, a p-p38 inhibitor. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated via pressure pain threshold measurements. Brain stem tissues were processed for a Western blot analysis to evaluate the activation of ERK1/2 and p38. Double immunofluorescence was also performed to observe the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in neurons (labeled by NeuN) and microglia (labeled by OX42). The data showed that UAC caused orofacial hyperalgia ipsilaterally on d1 to d7, peaking on d3 (P<0.05). An upregulation of p-ERK1/2 was observed in the ipsilateral Vc on d1 to d3, peaking on d1. An upregulation of p-p38 was also observed on d1 to d7, peaking on d3 (P<0.05). p-ERK1/2 primarily co-localized with NeuN and, to a lesser extent, with OX42, while p-p38 co-localized with both NeuN and OX42. Pretreatment with U0126 prevented the upregulation of both p-ERK1/2 and p-p38. Similarly to an intracisternal injection of SB203580, U0126 pretreatment attenuated the UAC-induced orofacial hyperalgesia. These data indicate that UAC caused orofacial hyperalgesia by inducing central sensitization via the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 in both neurons and microglia in the Vc, potentially impacting the effects of p-ERK1/2 during p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hong-Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontal Disease, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Li Duan
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Mei-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Toyama M, Kudo C, Mukai C, Inoue M, Oyamaguchi A, Hanamoto H, Sugimura M, Niwa H. Trigeminal nervous system sensitization by infraorbital nerve injury enhances responses in a migraine model. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:1317-1328. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416678387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the peripheral and central sensitizations of trigeminal nervous system may be one of the important factors of migraine, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the influence of the sensitization of the second division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the infraorbital nerve (ION) on migraine headache, using the capsaicin-induced migraine model. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: (a) sham surgery and topical-dural vehicle application (Sham + Vehicle) group, (b) CCI-ION and topical-dural vehicle application (CCI-ION + Vehicle) group, (c) sham surgery and topical-dural capsaicin application (Sham + Capsaicin) group, (d) CCI-ION and topical-dural capsaicin application (CCI-ION + Capsaicin) group. Behavioral testing and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results In the behavioral test, the Sham + Capsaicin group showed significantly longer duration of immobilization and shorter duration of exploration compared with the Sham + Vehicle group, which is similar to clinical features of migraine patients. Moreover, CCI-ION enhanced these effects in the CCI-ION + Capsaicin group. Immunohistochemical staining for phospho-extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) containing first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve and the trigeminocervical complex (TCC) revealed that pERK expression was significantly increased in the CCI-ION + Capsaicin group compared with the other groups. However, comparing between effects of the peripheral and central sensitizations (in the TG and TCC), from our results, peripheral sensitization would play a much less or not significant role. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the sensitization of V2 could influence the activation and the sensitization of the first division of the trigeminal nerve in the TCC, subsequently exacerbating pain sensation and pain-related behaviors. We have shown for the first time that the existence of the central sensitization of V2 can be an exacerbating factor for migraine related nociceptive thresholds/activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Toyama
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chiho Kudo
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikako Mukai
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mika Inoue
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aiko Oyamaguchi
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hanamoto
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Involvement of medullary GABAergic system in extraterritorial neuropathic pain mechanisms associated with inferior alveolar nerve transection. Exp Neurol 2015; 267:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Dieb W, Ouachikh O, Durif F, Hafidi A. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic depletion produces orofacial static mechanical allodynia. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:196-205. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Dieb
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - O. Ouachikh
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - F. Durif
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
- Service de Neurologie; CHU Clermont-Ferrand; France
| | - A. Hafidi
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
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17
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Role of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and cyclooxygenase-2 in experimental rat models of migraine. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1803-9. [PMID: 25892078 PMCID: PMC4463979 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although migraine is a common neurological condition, the pathomechanism is not yet fully understood. Activation of the trigeminovascular system (TVS) has an important function in this disorder and neurogenic inflammation and central sensitization are important mechanisms underlying this condition. Nitroglycerin (NTG) infusion in rats closely mimics a universally accepted human model of migraine. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (ESTG) of rats can also activate TVS during a migraine attack. Numerous studies have revealed that phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved in pain and nociceptive pathways. However, few studies have examined whether p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2 are involved in neurogenic inflammation and central sensitization. In the present study, the expression of p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2 was detected in the dura mater, trigeminal ganglion (TG) and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis in NTG-induced rats and ESTG models by immunohistochemistry. The three areas considered were crucial components of the TVS. The selective COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide was used in ESTG rats to examine the association between p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2. The results demonstrated that p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2 mediated neurogenic inflammation and central sensitization in migraine. In addition, the expression of p-ERK and CGRP was attenuated by the COX-2 inhibitor.
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18
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Maegawa H, Morimoto Y, Kudo C, Hanamoto H, Boku A, Sugimura M, Kato T, Yoshida A, Niwa H. Neural mechanism underlying hyperalgesic response to orofacial pain in Parkinson's disease model rats. Neurosci Res 2015; 96:59-68. [PMID: 25637312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the neural mechanism of pain originating from the orofacial region in PD patients, we used PD model rats produced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. We investigated effects of nigrostriatal lesions on the behavioral response (face rubbing) to formalin injection into the upper lip. We also examined expression of c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and expression of c-Fos in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Face rubbings following formalin injection showed a biphasic profile, with the first phase for the first 5 min and the second phase from 10 to 90 min. Rats with 6-OHDA lesions showed increased face rubbings in the second phase when formalin was injected ipsilaterally to the lesion, and c-Fos expression in the Vc increased. When formalin was injected contralaterally, face rubbings were reduced in the first phase, however, expression levels of c-Fos and pERK in the Vc were unchanged. No significant difference was found in c-Fos expression in the PAG between 6-OHDA- and saline-injected rats. These results suggest that unilateral dopamine depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway may be involved in hypersensitivity to noxious stimulation delivered to the orofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Maegawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshinari Morimoto
- Special Patient Oral Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiho Kudo
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hanamoto
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aiji Boku
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Peripheral nerve injury activates convergent nociceptive input to dorsal horn neurons from neighboring intact nerve. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1201-12. [PMID: 25600819 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that peripheral nerve injury induced excessive nociceptive response of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and such change has been proposed to reflect the development of neuropathic pain state. The aim of this study was to examine the spinal dorsal horn for convergence of nociceptive input to second-order neurons deafferented by peripheral nerve injury. Double immunofluorescence labeling for c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was performed to detect convergent synaptic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons after the saphenous nerve injury. c-Fos expression and the phosphorylation of ERK were induced by noxious heat stimulation of the hindpaw and by electrical stimulation of the injured or uninjured saphenous nerve, respectively. Within the central terminal field of the saphenous nerve, the number of c-Fos protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos-IR) cell profiles was significantly decreased at 3 days and returned to the control level by 14 days after the injury. p-ERK immunoreactive (p-ERK-IR) cell profiles were distributed in the central terminal field of the saphenous nerve, and the topographic distribution pattern and number of such p-ERK-IR cell profiles remained unchanged after the nerve injury. The time course of changes in the number of double-labeled cell profiles was similar to that of c-Fos-IR cell profiles after the injury. These results indicate that convergent primary nociceptive input through neighboring intact nerves contributes to increased responsiveness of spinal dorsal horn nociceptive neurons.
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20
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Urata K, Shinoda M, Honda K, Lee J, Maruno M, Ito R, Gionhaku N, Iwata K. Involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in incisional intraoral and extraoral pain. J Dent Res 2015; 94:446-54. [PMID: 25576470 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514565645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in the injured region is a common complication. Although it is well known clinically that thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the oral mucosa is different from that of the skin, the mechanisms underlying injured pain of the oral mucosa remain poorly understood. The transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in primary afferent neurons are known to contribute to pathological pain. Therefore, we investigated whether TRPV1 and/or TRPA1 contribute to thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity following oral mucosa or whisker pad skin incision. Strong heat and mechanical and cold hypersensitivity was caused in the buccal mucosa and whisker pad skin following incisions. On day 3 after the incisions, the number of TRPV1-immunoreactive (IR) and TRPA1-IR trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons innervating the buccal mucosa and whisker pad skin was significantly increased, and the number of TRPV1/TRPA1-IR TG neurons innervating whisker pad skin, but not the buccal mucosa, was significantly increased. Administration of the TRPV1 antagonist, SB366791, to the incised site produced a significant suppression of heat hyperalgesia in both the buccal mucosa and whisker pad skin, as well as mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad skin. Administration of the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031, to the incised site suppressed mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in both the buccal mucosa and whisker pad skin, as well as heat hyperalgesia in the whisker pad skin. These findings indicate that altered expressions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in TG neurons are involved in thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity following the buccal mucosa and whisker pad skin incision. Moreover, diverse changes in the number of TRPV1 and TRPA1 coexpressed TG neurons in whisker pad skin-incised rats may contribute to the intracellular interactions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 associated with whisker pad skin incision, whereas TRPV1 and TRPA1 expression in individual TG neurons is involved in buccal mucosa-incised pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Urata
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Honda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lee
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Maruno
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Ito
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Gionhaku
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan Division of Applied System Neuroscience Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Convergent Nociceptive Input to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:438-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Possible Involvement of Convergent Nociceptive Input to Medullary Dorsal Horn Neurons in Intraoral Hyperalgesia Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:417-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Honda K, Shinoda M, Furukawa A, Kita K, Noma N, Iwata K. TRPA1 contributes to capsaicin-induced facial cold hyperalgesia in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:391-6. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kozue Kita
- Department of Physiology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Noboru Noma
- Department of Oral Diagnosis; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
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24
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Involvement of trigeminal transition zone and laminated subnucleus caudalis in masseter muscle hypersensitivity associated with tooth inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109168. [PMID: 25279551 PMCID: PMC4184877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A rat model of pulpitis/periapical periodontitis was used to study mechanisms underlying extraterritorial enhancement of masseter response associated with tooth inflammation. Periapical bone loss gradually increased and peaked at 6 weeks after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) application to the upper molar tooth pulp (M1). On day 3, the number of Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA rats compared with M1 vehicle (veh) rats in the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc). The number of Fos-IR cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA and masseter (Mass) capsaicin applied (M1 CFA/Mass cap) rats compared with M1 veh/Mass veh rats in the contralateral Vc and Vi/Vc. The number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-IR cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA/Mass cap and M1 veh/Mass cap rats compared to Mass-vehicle applied rats with M1 vehicle or CFA in the Vi/Vc. Pulpal CFA application caused significant increase in the number of Fos-IR cells in the Vi/Vc but not Vc on week 6. The number of pERK-IR cells was significantly lager in the rats with capsaicin application to the Mass compared to Mass-vehicle treated rats after pulpal CFA- or vehicle-application. However, capsaicin application to the Mass did not further affect the number of Fos-IR cells in the Vi/Vc in pulpal CFA-applied rats. The digastric electromyographic (d-EMG) activity after Mass-capsaicin application was significantly increased on day 3 and lasted longer at 6 weeks after pulpal CFA application, and these increase and duration were significantly attenuated by i.t. PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor. These findings suggest that Vi/Vc and Vc neuronal excitation is involved in the facilitation of extraterritorial hyperalgesia for Mass primed with periapical periodontitis or acute pulpal-inflammation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of ERK in the Vi/Vc and Vc play pivotal roles in masseter hyperalgesia after pulpitis or periapical periodontitis.
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25
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Worsley MA, Allen CE, Billinton A, King AE, Boissonade FM. Chronic tooth pulp inflammation induces persistent expression of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and phosphorylated p38 (pp38) in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Neuroscience 2014; 269:318-30. [PMID: 24709040 PMCID: PMC4030309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of tooth pulp activates pERK and pp38 in the trigeminal nucleus Activation is persistent and bilateral, and further increased by acute stimulation This altered signaling may be relevant in the development of chronic pulpitic pain pERK and pp38 are more sensitive markers of central change than Fos expression Sequential activation in different cell types may be linked to pain progression
Background Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are transiently phosphorylated (activated) in the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus by acute noxious stimuli. Acute stimulation of dental pulp induces short-lived ERK activation in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and p38 inhibition attenuates short-term sensitization in Vc induced by acute pulpal stimulation. We have developed a model to study central changes following chronic inflammation of dental pulp that induces long-term sensitization. Here, we examine the effects of chronic inflammation and acute stimulation on the expression of phosphorylated ERK (pERK), phosphorylated p38 (pp38) and Fos in Vc. Results Chronic inflammation alone induced bilateral expression of pERK and pp38 in Vc, but did not induce Fos expression. Stimulation of both non-inflamed and inflamed pulps significantly increased pERK and pp38 bilaterally; expression was greatest in inflamed, stimulated animals, and was similar following 10-min and 60-min stimulation. Stimulation for 60 min, but not 10 min, induced Fos in ipsilateral Vc; Fos expression was significantly greater in inflamed, stimulated animals. pERK was present in both neurons and astrocytes; pp38 was present in neurons and other non-neuronal, non-astrocytic cell types. Conclusions This study provides the first demonstration that chronic inflammation of tooth pulp induces persistent bilateral activation of ERK and p38 within Vc, and that this activation is further increased by acute stimulation. This altered activity in intracellular signaling is likely to be linked to the sensitization that is seen in our animal model and in patients with pulpitis. Our data indicate that pERK and pp38 are more accurate markers of central change than Fos expression. In our model, localization of pERK and pp38 within specific cell types differs from that seen following acute stimulation. This may indicate specific roles for different cell types in the induction and maintenance of pulpitic and other types of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Worsley
- Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - C E Allen
- Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | | | - A E King
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - F M Boissonade
- Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
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Participation of the central p38 and ERK1/2 pathways in IL-1β-induced sensitization of nociception in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:98-104. [PMID: 23867467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the participation of central mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the central sensitization produced by a subcutaneous injection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Formalin-induced responses were evaluated 24h after an IL-1β injection. A subcutaneous injection of 10ng of IL-1β elevated the formalin-induced scratching response significantly in the second phase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Pretreatment with an IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced the IL-1β-induced sensitization. Pretreatment with IL-1β increased the p-ERK and p-p38 expression induced by the formalin injection. Double immunofluorescence data revealed increases in phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) immunoreactive cells that co-localize with neuronal nuclei (NeuN), a neuronal marker, and in phospho-p38 (p-p38) immunoreactive cells that co-localize with NeuN and OX42, a microglia marker. The intracisternal administration of minocycline (50μg), a microglia inhibitor, attenuated the increased formalin-induced scratching responses in the IL-1β-treated rats. The intracisternal administration of PD98059 (1, 10μg), a MEK inhibitor, and SB203580 (1, 5μg), a p38 inhibitor, also attenuated the number of formalin-induced scratches in the second phase in the IL-1β-treated rats. These results suggest that the IL-1β-induced central sensitization of nociception is mediated by the central MAPK pathways, which are activated differentially in the neurons and microglia under inflammatory pain conditions. Therefore, blockade of the MAPK pathways can be as a potential therapeutic target for the central sensitization of inflammatory pain.
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27
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Iwashita T, Shimizu T, Shibata M, Toriumi H, Ebine T, Funakubo M, Suzuki N. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the trigeminal ganglion following both treatment of the dura mater with capsaicin and cortical spreading depression. Neurosci Res 2013; 77:110-9. [PMID: 23962823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is known to be phosphorylated after exposure to noxious stimuli. In this study, we investigated the response in the dura mater to nociceptive stimulation, which is thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of headaches, including migraines. We also examined the level of ERK phosphorylation in the trigeminal ganglion following cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is thought to play an important role in migraine pathophysiology. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses showed a significant increase in the ERK phosphorylation levels 3 min following an application of 10mM capsaicin to the dura mater. This increase was inhibited after an application of the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine or a MEK inhibitor. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that most of the small-sized trigeminal ganglion neurons with TRPV1-immunoreactivity that innervate the dura mater exhibited pERK-immunoreactivity, suggesting that these neurons had responded to nociceptive stimulation. CSD increased the level of ERK phosphorylation 30 min after its elicitation, and this response was inhibited by a prior intraventricular administration of TRPV1 antagonist. These results indicate that CSD can activate dural TRPV1 to send nociceptive signals to the trigeminal system, and they provide important clues regarding the relationship between CSD and the trigeminovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Iwashita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan.
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Kramer PR, Bellinger LL. Reduced GABAA receptor α6 expression in the trigeminal ganglion enhanced myofascial nociceptive response. Neuroscience 2013; 245:1-11. [PMID: 23602886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the GABAA receptor results in inhibition of neuronal activity. One subunit of this multi-subunit receptor termed alpha 6 (Gabrα6) contributed to inflammatory temporomandibular joint (TMJ) nociception but TMJ disorders often include myofascial pain. To address Gabrα6 role in myofascial pain we hypothesized that Gabrα6 has an inhibitory role in myofascial nociceptive responses similar to inflammatory TMJ arthritis. To test this hypothesis a, myofascial nociceptive response was induced by placing a ligature bilaterally on the tendon attachment of the anterior superficial part of a male rat's masseter muscle. Four days after ligature placement Gabrα6 expression was reduced by infusing the trigeminal ganglia (TG) with small interfering RNA (siRNA) having homology to either the Gabrα6 gene (Gabrα6 siRNA) or no known gene (control siRNA). After siRNA infusion nociceptive behavioral responses were measured, i.e., feeding behavior and head withdrawal after pressing upon the region above the ligature with von Frey filaments. Neuronal activity in the TG and trigeminal nucleus caudalis and upper cervical region (Vc-C1) was measured by quantitating the amount of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). Total Gabrα6 and GABAA receptor contents in the TG and Vc-C1 were determined. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion reduced Gabrα6 and GABAA receptor expression and significantly increased the nociceptive response in both nociceptive assays. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion also significantly increased TG p-ERK expression of the ligated rats. From these results we conclude GABAA receptors consisting of the Gabrα6 subunit inhibit TG nociceptive sensory afferents in the trigeminal pathway and have an important role in the regulation of myofascial nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, United States.
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Suzuki I, Tsuboi Y, Shinoda M, Shibuta K, Honda K, Katagiri A, Kiyomoto M, Sessle BJ, Matsuura S, Ohara K, Urata K, Iwata K. Involvement of ERK phosphorylation of trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis neurons in thermal hypersensitivity in rats with infraorbital nerve injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57278. [PMID: 23451198 PMCID: PMC3579857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms, this study assessed nocifensive behavior evoked by mechanical or thermal stimulation of the whisker pad skin, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons, and Vc neuronal responses to mechanical or thermal stimulation of the whisker pad skin in rats with the chronic constriction nerve injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI). The mechanical and thermal nocifensive behavior was significantly enhanced on the side ipsilateral to the ION-CCI compared to the contralateral whisker pad or sham rats. ION-CCI rats had an increased number of phosphorylated ERK immunoreactive (pERK-IR) cells which also manifested NeuN-IR but not GFAP-IR and Iba1-IR, and were significantly more in ION-CCI rats compared with sham rats following noxious but not non-noxious mechanical stimulation. After intrathecal administration of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 in ION-CCI rats, the number of pERK-IR cells after noxious stimulation and the enhanced thermal nocifensive behavior but not the mechanical nocifensive behavior were significantly reduced in ION-CCI rats. The enhanced background activities, afterdischarges and responses of wide dynamic range neurons to noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation in ION-CCI rats were significantly depressed following i.t. administration of PD98059, whereas responses to non-noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation were not altered. The present findings suggest that pERK-IR neurons in the Vc play a pivotal role in the development of thermal hypersensitivity in the face following trigeminal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuboi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kiyomoto
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Barry J. Sessle
- Department of Oral Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shingo Matsuura
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Ohara
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Urata
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Applied System Neuroscience Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 contributes to inflammatory tongue pain via extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation 2012. [PMID: 23181395 PMCID: PMC3543209 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the orofacial region, limited information is available concerning pathological tongue pain, such as inflammatory pain or neuropathic pain occurring in the tongue. Here, we tried for the first time to establish a novel animal model of inflammatory tongue pain in rats and to investigate the roles of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in this process. Methods Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was submucosally injected into the tongue to induce the inflammatory pain phenotype that was confirmed by behavioral testing. Expression of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and mGluR5 in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) were detected with immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. pERK inhibitor, a selective mGluR5 antagonist or agonist was continuously administered for 7 days via an intrathecal (i.t.) route. Local inflammatory responses were verified by tongue histology. Results Submucosal injection of CFA into the tongue produced a long-lasting mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia at the inflamed site, concomitant with an increase in the pERK immunoreactivity in the Vc and C1-C2. The distribution of pERK-IR cells was laminar specific, ipsilaterally dominant, somatotopically relevant, and rostrocaudally restricted. Western blot analysis also showed an enhanced activation of ERK in the Vc and C1-C2 following CFA injection. Continuous i.t. administration of the pERK inhibitor and a selective mGluR5 antagonist significantly depressed the mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in the CFA-injected tongue. In addition, the number of pERK-IR cells in ipsilateral Vc and C1-C2 was also decreased by both drugs. Moreover, continuous i.t. administration of a selective mGluR5 agonist induced mechanical allodynia in naive rats. Conclusions The present study constructed a new animal model of inflammatory tongue pain in rodents, and demonstrated pivotal roles of the mGluR5-pERK signaling in the development of mechanical and heat hypersensitivity that evolved in the inflamed tongue. This tongue-inflamed model might be useful for future studies to further elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathological tongue pain such as burning mouth syndrome.
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Hasegawa M, Kondo M, Suzuki I, Shimizu N, Sessle B, Iwata K. ERK is Involved in Tooth-pressure-induced Fos Expression in Vc Neurons. J Dent Res 2012; 91:1141-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512462397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discomfort and pain encountered during orthodontic treatment are major problems for patients, but the details of the underlying neural processes and molecular mechanisms are not well-understood. Here we show that noxious tooth mechanical pressure induced by orthodontic elastics resulted in a rapid and transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc), trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and upper cervical spinal cord (Vc/C2). The phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was observed in neurons but not in astroglia and microglia. Single-plane scanning analysis indicated that the pERK was localized to the nucleus of Vc neurons. In addition, the tooth mechanical pressure led to Fos expression in the pERK-positive Vc neurons that would be suppressed by intrathecal administration of an MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of the ERK signaling cascade following noxious mechanical pressure on the teeth regulates Fos expression in Vc neurons and may thereby contribute to pain associated with orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hasegawa
- Departments of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Kondo
- Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - I. Suzuki
- Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - N. Shimizu
- Departments of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda Tokyo, Japan
| | - B.J. Sessle
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg. 3302, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - K. Iwata
- Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Miyamoto M, Tsuboi Y, Honda K, Kobayashi M, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Kondo M, Shinoda M, Sessle BJ, Katagiri A, Kita D, Suzuki I, Oi Y, Iwata K. Involvement of AMPA receptor GluR2 and GluR3 trafficking in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and C1/C2 neurons in acute-facial inflammatory pain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44055. [PMID: 22937151 PMCID: PMC3427165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of trafficking of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluR2 and GluR3 subunits in an acute inflammatory orofacial pain, we analyzed nocifensive behavior, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and Fos expression in Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 in GluR2 delta7 knock-in (KI), GluR3 delta7 KI mice and wild-type mice. We also studied Vc neuronal activity to address the hypothesis that trafficking of GluR2 and GluR3 subunits plays an important role in Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 neuronal activity associated with orofacial inflammation in these mice. Late nocifensive behavior was significantly depressed in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice. In addition, the number of pERK-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly decreased bilaterally in the Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice compared to wild-type mice at 40 min after formalin injection, and was also significantly smaller in GluR3 delta7 KI compared to GluR2 delta7 KI mice. The number of Fos protein-IR cells in the ipsilateral Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 was also significantly smaller in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice compared to wild-type mice 40 min after formalin injection. Nociceptive neurons functionally identified as wide dynamic range neurons in the Vc, where pERK- and Fos protein-IR cell expression was prominent, showed significantly lower spontaneous activity in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice than wild-type mice following formalin injection. These findings suggest that GluR2 and GluR3 trafficking is involved in the enhancement of Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 nociceptive neuronal excitabilities at 16-60 min following formalin injection, resulting in orofacial inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Miyamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuboi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kogo Takamiya
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Integrative Physiology Faculty of medicine, Graduate School of Medicine University of Miyazaki, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Barry J. Sessle
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiju Kita
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Alba-Delgado C, Borges G, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Ortega JE, Horrillo I, Mico JA, Meana JJ, Neto F, Berrocoso E. The function of alpha-2-adrenoceptors in the rat locus coeruleus is preserved in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:53-65. [PMID: 22038538 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Peripheral neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that may produce plastic changes in several brain regions. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is a crucial component of ascending and descending pain pathways, both of which are frequently compromised after nerve injury. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to examine whether chronic constriction injury (CCI), a model of neuropathic pain, alters noradrenergic activity in the rat LC. METHODS Activity in the LC was assessed by electrophysiology and microdialysis, while protein expression was monitored in western blots and by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The pain threshold had dropped in injured rats 7 days after inducing neuropathy. While alpha-2-adrenoceptors mediate activity in the LC and in its terminal areas, no alterations in either spontaneous neuronal activity or extracellular noradrenaline levels were observed following CCI. Moreover, alpha-2-adrenoceptor activity in the LC of CCI rats remained unchanged after systemic administration of UK14,304, RX821002 or desipramine. Accordingly, extracellular noradrenaline levels in the LC were similar in CCI and control animals following local administration of clonidine or RX821002. In addition, there were no changes in the expression of the alpha-2-adrenoceptors, Gαi/z subunits or the regulators of G-protein signaling. However, pERK1/2 (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2) expression augmented in the spinal cord, paragigantocellularis nucleus (PGi) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) following CCI. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathic pain is not accompanied by modifications in tonic LC activity after the onset of pain. This may indicate that the signals from the PGi and DRN, the excitatory and inhibitory afferents of the LC, cancel one another out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alba-Delgado
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain
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Puri J, Vinothini P, Reuben J, Bellinger LL, Ailing L, Peng YB, Kramer PR. Reduced GABA(A) receptor α6 expression in the trigeminal ganglion alters inflammatory TMJ hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 2012; 213:179-90. [PMID: 22521829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal ganglia neurons express the GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha 6 (Gabrα6) but the role of this particular subunit in orofacial hypersensitivity is unknown. In this report the function of Gabrα6 was tested by reducing its expression in the trigeminal ganglia and measuring the effect of this reduction on inflammatory temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypersensitivity. Gabrα6 expression was reduced by infusing the trigeminal ganglia of male Sprague Dawley rats with small interfering RNA (siRNA) having homology to either the Gabrα6 gene (Gabrα6 siRNA) or no known gene (control siRNA). Sixty hours after siRNA infusion the rats received a bilateral TMJ injection of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce an inflammatory response. Hypersensitivity was then quantitated by measuring meal duration, which lengthens when hypersensitivity increases. Neuronal activity in the trigeminal ganglia was also measured by quantitating the amount of phosphorylated ERK. Rats in a different group that did not have TMJ inflammation had an electrode placed in the spinal cord at the level of C1 sixty hours after siRNA infusion to record extracellular electrical activity of neurons that responded to TMJ stimulation. Our results show that Gabrα6 was expressed in both neurons and satellite glia of the trigeminal ganglia and that Gabrα6 positive neurons within the trigeminal ganglia have afferents in the TMJ. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion reduced Gabrα6 gene expression by 30% and significantly lengthened meal duration in rats with TMJ inflammation. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion also significantly increased p-ERK expression in the trigeminal ganglia of rats with TMJ inflammation and increased electrical activity in the spinal cord of rats without TMJ inflammation. These results suggest that maintaining Gabrα6 expression was necessary to inhibit primary sensory afferents in the trigeminal pathway and reduce inflammatory orofacial nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Shibuta K, Suzuki I, Shinoda M, Tsuboi Y, Honda K, Shimizu N, Sessle BJ, Iwata K. Organization of hyperactive microglial cells in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical spinal cord associated with orofacial neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2012; 1451:74-86. [PMID: 22459040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate spatial organization of hyperactive microglial cells in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1), and to clarify the involvement in mechanisms underlying orofacial secondary hyperalgesia following infraorbital nerve injury. We found that the head-withdrawal threshold to non-noxious mechanical stimulation of the maxillary whisker pad skin was significantly reduced in chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI) rats from day 1 to day 14 after ION-CCI. On day 3 after ION-CCI, mechanical allodynia was obvious in the orofacial skin areas innervated by the 1st and 3rd branches of the trigeminal nerve as well as the 2nd branch area. Hyperactive microglial cells in Vc and C1 were observed on days 3 and 7 after ION-CCI. On day 3 after ION-CCI, a large number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-immunoreactive (IR) cells were observed in Vc and C1. Many hyperactive microglial cells were also distributed over a wide area of Vc and C1 innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The intraperitoneal administration of minocycline significantly reduced the activation of microglial cells and the number of pERK-IR cells in Vc and C1, and also significantly attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, enhanced background activity and mechanical evoked responses of Vc wide dynamic range neurons in ION-CCI rats were significantly reversed following minocycline administration. These findings suggest that activation of microglial cells over a wide area of Vc and C1 is involved in the enhancement of Vc and C1 neuronal excitability in the early period after ION-CCI, resulting in the neuropathic pain in orofacial areas innervated by the injured as well as uninjured nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Shibuta
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Liu J, Fu W, Yi W, Xu Z, Liao Y, Li X, Chen J, Liu X, Xu N. Extrasegmental analgesia of heterotopic electroacupuncture stimulation on visceral pain rats. Brain Res 2010; 1373:160-71. [PMID: 21163255 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture has been applied in the clinic to treat visceral pain for a long time. However, the underlying mechanism still remains unknown. In the present study, extrasegmental analgesia of electroacupuncture (EA) at orofacial acupoints on visceral pain rats was investigated. The results revealed that nociceptive EA stimulation applied at heterotopic acupoints or nonacupoints to activate A(δ) and/or C fibers induced c-fos expression in the paratrigeminal nucleus (PTN) and significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). However, non-nociceptive EA or non-EA stimulation applied at heterotopic acupoints was totally ineffective. After infraorbital nerves transaction or pretreated by capsaicin, the EA analgesia was dramatically inhibited. Snake venom pretreatment had no influence on this analgesia. Consequently, heterotopic EA stimulation trigger the pain-inhibiting effect of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), in which PTN-NTS secondary neural pathway may be involved and small-diameter (A(δ) and/or C) fibers are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Adachi K, Shimizu K, Hu JW, Suzuki I, Sakagami H, Koshikawa N, Sessle BJ, Shinoda M, Miyamoto M, Honda K, Iwata K. Purinergic receptors are involved in tooth-pulp evoked nocifensive behavior and brainstem neuronal activity. Mol Pain 2010; 6:59. [PMID: 20860800 PMCID: PMC3146069 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate whether P2X receptors are involved in responses to noxious pulp stimulation, the P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor agonist α,β-methyleneATP (α,β-meATP) was applied to the molar tooth pulp and nocifensive behavior and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), trigeminal spinal subnucleus interpolaris (Vi), upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) and paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) neurons were analyzed in rats. Results Genioglossus (GG) muscle activity was evoked by pulpal application of 100 mM α,β-meATP and was significantly larger than GG activity following vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline PBS) application (p < 0.01). The enhanced GG muscle activity following 100 mM α,β-meATP was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by co-application of 1 mM TNP-ATP (P2X1, P2X3 and, P2X2/3 antagonist). A large number of pERK-LI cells were expressed in the Vc, Vi/Vc, C1/C2 and Pa5 at 5 min following pulpal application of 100 mM α,β-meATP compared to PBS application to the pulp (p < 0.05). The pERK-LI cell expression and GG muscle activity induced by 100 mM α,β-meATP pulpal application were significantly reduced after intrathecal injection of the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD 98059 and by pulpal co-application of 1 mM TNP-ATP (p < 0.05). Conclusions The present findings suggest that activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in the tooth pulp is sufficient to elicit nociceptive behavioral responses and trigeminal brainstem neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Adachi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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Kobayashi M, Fujita S, Takei H, Song L, Chen S, Suzuki I, Yoshida A, Iwata K, Koshikawa N. Functional mapping of gustatory neurons in the insular cortex revealed by pERK-immunohistochemistry and in vivo optical imaging. Synapse 2010; 64:323-34. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fukuda T, Hisano S, Tanaka M. Licking Decreases Phosphorylation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord After a Formalin Test. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1318-22. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b0fe05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Astroglia in medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis) are involved in trigeminal neuropathic pain mechanisms. J Neurosci 2009; 29:11161-71. [PMID: 19741123 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3365-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether astroglia in the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis; Vc) may be involved in orofacial neuropathic pain following trigeminal nerve injury. The effects of intrathecal administration of the astroglial aconitase inhibitor sodium fluoroacetate (FA) were tested on Vc astroglial hyperactivity [as revealed by glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) labeling], nocifensive behavior, Vc extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK), and Vc neuronal activity in inferior alveolar nerve-transected (IANX) rats. Compared with sham-control rats, a significant increase occurred in GFAP-positive cells in ipsilateral Vc at postoperative day 7 in IANX rats, which was prevented following FA administration. FA significantly increased the reduced head withdrawal latency to high-intensity heat stimulation of the maxillary whisker pad skin in IANX rats, although it did not significantly affect the reduced escape threshold to low-intensity mechanical stimulation of the whisker skin in IANX rats. FA also significantly reduced the increased number of pERK-like immunoreactive cells in Vc and the enhanced Vc nociceptive neuronal responses following high-intensity skin stimulation that were documented in IANX rats, and glutamine administration restored the enhanced responses. These various findings provide the first documentation that astroglia is involved in the enhanced nociceptive responses of functionally identified Vc nociceptive neurons and in the associated orofacial hyperalgesia following trigeminal nerve injury.
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Stabile A, Stuani M, Leite-Panissi C, Rocha M. Effects of short-term acetaminophen and celecoxib treatment on orthodontic tooth movement and neuronal activation in rat. Brain Res Bull 2009; 79:396-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Teraishi T, Miura K. Toward anin situphospho-protein atlas: phospho- and site-specific antibody-based spatio-temporally systematized detection of phosphorylated proteinsin vivo. Bioessays 2009; 31:831-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shoda E, Kitagawa J, Suzuki I, Nitta-Kubota I, Miyamoto M, Tsuboi Y, Kondo M, Masuda Y, Oi Y, Ren K, Iwata K. Increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in trigeminal nociceptive neurons following propofol administration in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:573-85. [PMID: 19398380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although propofol (PRO) is widely used in clinic as a hypnotic agent, the underlying mechanisms of its action on pain pathways is still unknown. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to receive PRO or pentobarbital (PEN) and were divided into 2 groups as LIGHT and DEEP hypnotic levels based on the EEG analysis. Rats in each hypnotic level received capsaicin injection into the face and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) immunohistochemistry was performed in subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord. In the rats with PEN or PRO administration, a large number of pERK-like immunoreactive (LI) cells was observed in the trigeminal spinal subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc), middle Vc, and transition zone between Vc and upper cervical spinal cord (Vc/C2) following capsaicin injection into the whisker-pad region. The number of pERK-LI cells in Vi/Vc, middle Vc, and Vc/C2 was significantly larger in rats with PRO infusion than those with PEN infusion. The number of pERK-LI cells was increased following an increase in the dose of PRO but not in PEN. The pERK-LI cells were mainly distributed in the Vi/Vc, middle Vc, and Vc/C2 after the bolus infusion of PRO. The expression of pERK-LI cells was depressed after the intravenous lidocaine application before bolus PRO infusion. The present findings suggest that PRO induced an enhancement of the activity of trigeminal nociceptive pathways through nociceptors innervating the venous structure, as indicated by a lidocaine-sensitive increase in pERK. This may explain deep pain around the injection regions during intravenous bolus infusion of PRO. PERSPECTIVE The effect of propofol administration on ERK phosphorylation in the subregions of the spinal trigeminal complex and upper cervical spinal cord neurons were precisely analyzed in rats with PRO infusion. A large number of pERK-LI cells was observed following intravenous PRO administration, suggesting an enhancement of trigeminal nociceptive activity and that PRO may produce pain through nociceptors innervating the venous structures during infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Shoda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Imbe H, Okamoto K, Donishi T, Kawai S, Enoki K, Senba E, Kimura A. Activation of ERK in the locus coeruleus following acute noxious stimulation. Brain Res 2009; 1263:50-7. [PMID: 19368817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the locus coeruleus (LC) following injection of formalin or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the rat hindpaw was examined in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying the dynamic changes in the descending pain modulatory system after acute noxious stimulation or chronic inflammation. In naive rats there were few phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-immunoreactive (p-ERK-IR) neurons in the LC. Formalin-, CFA- and saline-injections induced an increase in p-ERK-IR in the LC. The number of p-ERK-IR neurons in the LC in the formalin group was significantly higher than those in all other groups from 5 min to 1 h after the injection (p<0.05). CFA injection induced only a transient significant increase in the number of p-ERK-IR neurons and there was no significant difference in the number of p-ERK-IR neurons between the CFA and saline groups. At 5 min after formalin injection, almost all p-ERK-IR neurons in the LC were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -positive. These findings suggest that activation of ERK in the LC is induced by acute noxious stimulation, such as formalin injection, but not by CFA-induced chronic inflammation. The activation of ERK in the LC may be involved in the plasticity of the descending pain modulatory systems following acute noxious stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Imbe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan.
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Liverman CS, Brown JW, Sandhir R, Klein RM, McCarson K, Berman NEJ. Oestrogen increases nociception through ERK activation in the trigeminal ganglion: evidence for a peripheral mechanism of allodynia. Cephalalgia 2009; 29:520-31. [PMID: 19210515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), is activated in experimental models of chronic pain, and is also activated by oestrogen. We used an established model of inflammatory trigeminal pain, injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle, to determine whether ERK activation may play a role in hormone-related trigeminal pain disorders. We measured withdrawal responses to stimulation of the masseter (V3, primary allodynia) and whisker pad (V2, secondary allodynia) using graded monofilaments. Oestrogen treatment in the presence of inflammation increased withdrawal response to stimulation of both masseter and whisker pad compared with inflammation alone, indicating an additive effect of inflammation and oestrogen on both primary and secondary allodynia. We examined ERK activation in trigeminal ganglia from each treatment group using western blot and immunohistochemistry. Both masseter inflammation and oestrogen treatment increased ERK activation, and combined treatment had an additive effect. Both masseter inflammation and oestrogen increased the percentage of pERK immunoreactive neurons in divisions 1 and 2 (V1/2), and combined treatment increased pERK immunoreactivity in V1/2 compared with inflammation alone. We stereotactically administered ERK antagonist U0126, or inactive control U0124, to the trigeminal ganglion of CFA+E2-treated rats. U0126 decreased withdrawal responses to mechanical stimulation of the whisker pad compared with U0124-treated rats. Because the secondary allodynia in V2 after inflammation in V3 was reduced by antagonizing ERK activation in the periphery, these data suggest a peripheral component to secondary allodynia mediated through ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Liverman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Tsujimura T, Kondo M, Kitagawa J, Tsuboi Y, Saito K, Tohara H, Ueda K, Sessle BJ, Iwata K. Involvement of ERK phosphorylation in brainstem neurons in modulation of swallowing reflex in rats. J Physiol 2009; 587:805-17. [PMID: 19124539 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.165324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the neuronal mechanisms underlying functional abnormalities of swallowing in orofacial pain patients, this study investigated the effects of noxious orofacial stimulation on the swallowing reflex, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemical features in brainstem neurons, and also analysed the effects of brainstem lesioning and of microinjection of GABA receptor agonist or antagonist into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) on the swallowing reflex in anaesthetized rats. The swallowing reflex elicited by topical administration of distilled water to the pharyngolaryngeal region was inhibited after capsaicin injection into the facial (whisker pad) skin or lingual muscle. The capsaicin-induced inhibitory effect on the swallowing reflex was itself depressed after the intrathecal administration of MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor. No change in the capsaicin-induced inhibitory effect was observed after trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis lesioning, but the inhibitory effect was diminished by paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) lesioning. Many pERK-like immunoreactive neurons in the NTS showed GABA immunoreactivity. The local microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol into the NTS produced a significant reduction in swallowing reflex, and the capsaicin-induced depression of the swallowing reflex was abolished by microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline into the NTS. The present findings suggest that facial skin-NTS, lingual muscle-NTS and lingual muscle-Pa5-NTS pathways are involved in the modulation of swallowing reflex by facial and lingual pain, respectively, and that the activation of GABAergic NTS neurons is involved in the inhibition of the swallowing reflex following noxious stimulation of facial and intraoral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Tsujimura
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Donnerer J, Liebmann I, Schuligoi R. Capsaicin- and Mustard Oil-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation in Sensory Neuronsin vivo: Effects of Neurokinins 1 and 2 Receptor Antagonists and of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:11-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important for intracellular signal transduction and play critical roles in regulating neural plasticity and inflammatory responses. The MAPK family consists of three major members: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which represent three separate signaling pathways. Accumulating evidence shows that all three MAPK pathways contribute to pain sensitization after tissue and nerve injury via distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms. Activation (phosphorylation) of MAPKs under different persistent pain conditions results in the induction and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity via non-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation. In particular, ERK activation in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by nociceptive activity, via multiple neurotransmitter receptors, and using different second messenger pathways plays a critical role in central sensitization by regulating the activity of glutamate receptors and potassium channels and inducing gene transcription. ERK activation in amygdala neurons is also required for inflammatory pain sensitization. After nerve injury, ERK, p38, and JNK are differentially activated in spinal glial cells (microglia vs astrocytes), leading to the synthesis of proinflammatory/pronociceptive mediators, thereby enhancing and prolonging pain. Inhibition of all three MAPK pathways has been shown to attenuate inflammatory and neuropathic pain in different animal models. Development of specific inhibitors for MAPK pathways to target neurons and glial cells may lead to new therapies for pain management. Although it is well documented that MAPK pathways can increase pain sensitivity via peripheral mechanisms, this review will focus on central mechanisms of MAPKs, especially ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, MRB 604, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Honda K, Kitagawa J, Sessle BJ, Kondo M, Tsuboi Y, Yonehara Y, Iwata K. Mechanisms involved in an increment of multimodal excitability of medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn neurons following cutaneous capsaicin treatment. Mol Pain 2008; 4:59. [PMID: 19019214 PMCID: PMC2661045 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to evaluate mechanisms that may underlie the sensitization of trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc; the medullary dorsal horn) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) nociceptive neurons to heat, cold and mechanical stimuli following topical capsaicin treatment of the facial skin, nocifensive behaviors as well as phosphorylation of extracellular regulated-kinase (pERK) in Vc and C1-C2 neurons were studied in rats. RESULTS Compared to vehicle application, capsaicin application to the lateral facial skin produced 1 hour later a flare in the skin, and also induced significantly greater nocifensive behaviors to heat, cold or mechanical stimulus of the lateral facial skin. The intrathecal (i.t.) injection of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 markedly attenuated the nocifensive behaviors to these stimuli in capsaicin-treated rats. Moreover, the number of pERK-like immunoreactive (pERK-LI) cells in Vc and C1-C2 was significantly larger following the heat, cold and mechanical stimuli in capsaicin-treated rats compared with vehicle-treated rats. The number of pERK-LI cells gradually increased following progressive increases in the heat or mechanical stimulus intensity and following progressive decrease in the cold stimulus. The ERK phosphorylation in Vc and C1-C2 neurons was strongly inhibited after subcutaneous injection of the capsaicin antagonist capsazepine in capsaicin-treated rats. CONCLUSION The present findings revealed that capsaicin treatment of the lateral facial skin causes an enhancement of ERK phosphorylation in Vc and C1-C2 neurons as well as induces nocifensive behavior to heat, cold and mechanical simulation of the capsaicin-treated skin. The findings suggest that TRPV1 receptor mechanisms in rat facial skin influence nociceptive responses to noxious cutaneous thermal and mechanical stimuli by inducing neuroplastic changes in Vc and C1-C2 neurons that involve in the MAP kinase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniya Honda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan.
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Suzuki I, Kitagawa J, Noma N, Tsuboi Y, Kondo M, Honda K, Kanda K, Hasegawa M, Saito K, Okamoto R, Iwata K. Attenuation of naloxone-induced Vc pERK hyper-expression following capsaicin stimulation of the face in aged rat. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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